2022年高考英語 基礎(chǔ)知識練習(xí) 動詞的講解與訓(xùn)練

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1、2022年高考英語 基礎(chǔ)知識練習(xí) 動詞的講解與訓(xùn)練 知識要點英語動詞的分類。1. 按詞義和句中的作用，動詞可以分為四類。見下表:類別特點意義舉例實義動詞 (vt. vi.)及物動詞跟賓語須跟賓語一起才能表達完整的意思I have a book.不及物動詞不能直接接賓語能獨立作謂語She always es late.系動詞(link-v)跟表語不能獨立做謂語，跟表語構(gòu)成完整意思I am a student.助動詞(aux. v.)跟動詞原形或分詞（無詞匯意義）不能獨立做謂語，跟實義動詞構(gòu)成謂語，表示疑問，否定及各種時態(tài)He doesnt speak Chinese.I am watching

2、TV.情態(tài)動詞 (mod. v.) 跟動詞原形（有自己的詞匯意思）不能獨立做謂語。表示說話人語氣、情態(tài)，無人稱和數(shù)的變化We can do it by ourselves.That would be better.式如下。構(gòu)成方式舉例動詞+介詞look at, look after, care about, refer to動詞+副詞give up, put away, throw out, e in 動詞+副詞+介詞catch up with, look down upon, add up to 動詞+名詞+介詞take care of, pay attention to , pay a v

3、isit toBe+形容詞+介詞be proud of, be afraid of , be careful for 復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)make up ones mind, wind ones way3. 按動詞的形式可以分為謂語動詞和非謂語動詞。（1）謂語動詞形式意義與特征舉例人稱與主語在人稱一致I am reading now. 第一人稱數(shù)與主語在數(shù)上一致He writes well. 第三人稱單數(shù)時態(tài)表示動作發(fā)生的時間He wrote a letter to me last month. 過去時態(tài)語態(tài)主語是動作的發(fā)出者或者承受者We study English. 主動The road was pl

4、eted last month. 被動語氣說話人表達事實、要求、愿望、假設(shè)等He has flown to America. 事實I wish I could fly to the moon some day. 愿望（2） 非謂語動詞形式功能用法舉例不定式起形容詞、副詞和名詞作用可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語It takes me 20 minutes to go to school.動名詞起形容詞、名詞作用作主語、定語和賓語She likes reading.分詞現(xiàn)在分詞起形容詞、副詞作用，表主動作表語、定語、狀語、賓語補足語The cup is broken.過去分詞起形容詞、副詞作用，

5、表被動The steam is seen rising from the wet clothes.疑難突破1. 助動詞和情態(tài)動詞 （1）助動詞：用于構(gòu)成各種時態(tài), 語態(tài), 語氣以及否定或疑問等結(jié)構(gòu)。它們本身沒有詞義，只和實義動詞的一定形式構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語。1）be (am, is, are, were, been)“be + -ing”構(gòu)成進行時態(tài)；“be + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)；“be + 動詞不定式”構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語：表示按計劃安排要發(fā)生的事。The prime minister is to visit Japan next year. 用于命令。Youre to do your homewo

6、rk before you watch TV.2）have (has, had)“have+過去分詞”構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。如：Have you visited the place ? “have been + -ing”構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)。如：What have you been doing these days? 3）do (does, did)“do/ does/ did not + 動詞原形”構(gòu)成行為動詞的否定式。如：His uncle doesnt like playing football.；“Do/ Does/ Did+ 主語 + 動詞原形”構(gòu)成行為動詞的一般疑問句。Does he

7、 go to work by bike every day? “do/did/does + 動詞原形”用于祈使句或陳述句中表示加強語氣。如：I did go to see her, but she wasnt in我確實去看望她了，但她不在家。Do do some work. 請一定做點什么；代替前面剛出現(xiàn)的動詞以避免重復(fù)。My mother told me to go to bed early. So I did.4）will, shall (would, should)“will (shall+動詞原形”構(gòu)成一般將來時，一般來說shall用于第一人稱，will用于第二人稱或第三人稱，口語中

8、常用will代替shall，如：We will have a meeting to discuss the problem. （2）情態(tài)動詞：表示說話人對某一動作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度，可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必須”或“應(yīng)當(dāng)”等之意。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。但不能單獨作謂語動詞用，必須和不帶to的不定式連用構(gòu)成謂語動詞(ought除外)。 1）情態(tài)動詞的否定式，疑問式與簡答 can能力（體力，智力，技能）；允許或許可（口語中常用）；可能性（表猜測，用于否定句或疑問句中）。常用表達及句式如下：can not / cannot /cant do 例如：I can not / cannot

9、 /cant do such a foolish thing. 我不可能做這樣的傻事。Can/ Coulddo? 例如：Can/ Could I join your team? 我可以加入你的隊伍嗎？Yes,can.No,/cant. 可以的/不行。could/ couldnt do例如：I could/ couldnt do the work. 我能/不能做這項工作。 may可以（問句中表示請求）；可能，或許（表推測）；祝愿（用于倒裝句中）may not do 例如：You may not do the work in time.你也許不能及時完成這項工作。Maydo? Yes,may. N

10、o,mustnt/cant. 例如：-May I e in? 我可以進來嗎？-Yes, you may/can.可以的。（No, you mustnt/cant.不行，你不能進來。）Might 也許/可能（可能性較小，在兩可之間，同could）might not do Mightdo? Yes,might No,might not.例如：You might be wrong because you cant think it over.你也許錯了，因為你沒有仔細考慮。- I feel it so hot. Might the weather rain? 我感覺天這么熱。天會下雨嗎？ Yes,

11、it might. 也許會的。 No,might not.不會吧。 must必須，應(yīng)該（表主觀要求）；肯定，想必（肯定句中表推測） must not/mustnt do Mustdo? Yes,must. No,neednt/dont have to.例如：-You must go now. Or, you will be late.你必須現(xiàn)在動身，否則會遲到的。-Yes, I must./No, I neednt. I can ride my bike.是的，我應(yīng)該現(xiàn)在動身。/不必了，我可以騎自行車。 have to只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時態(tài)人稱變化）dont have to do 例

12、如：You dont have to hurry because there is fifteen minutes left. 你不必匆匆忙忙，因為還有十五分鐘。Dohave to do? Yes,do. No,dont. 例如：-Do you have to finish it tonight? 你必須今晚完成嗎？-Yes,I do./No, I dont.是的， 我必須今晚完成。/不必了。 ought to應(yīng)當(dāng)（表示義務(wù)責(zé)任，口語中多用shouldought not to/oughtnt to do Oughtto do? Yes,ought. No,oughtnt. 例如：When yo

13、ur mother is busy, you ought to help her do some housework.當(dāng)你媽很忙的時候，你應(yīng)該幫她做點家務(wù)。 shall將要，會。用于一三人稱征求對方意見；用于二、三人稱表示許諾、命令、警告、威脅等。shall not/shant do Shalldo? Yes,shall. No,shant. 例如：You shant move, or I will shoot at you. 你不許動，否則我會朝你開槍。-Shall he e into your office?他可以進你的辦公室嗎？ -Yes, he shall./ No, he shant

14、.可以/不行，不可以進來。 should應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該（表義務(wù)責(zé)任）；本該（含有責(zé)備意味）。should not/shouldnt do Shoulddo? 例如：You should not/shouldnt surf the internet day and night. 你不應(yīng)該整日整夜地上網(wǎng)。-Should we do anything for the old granny? 我們應(yīng)該為那位老奶奶做點什么嗎？-Yes, we should.是的，應(yīng)該。You should have learned these new words by heart yesterday.你昨天本應(yīng)該背下這些生

15、詞（實際并未背）。 will意愿，決心；請求，建議，用在問句中would比較委婉。will not/wont do would not/wouldnt Will/woulddo? Yes,will/would.No,wont/wouldnt.例如：-Will/Would you please have a dance with me?請你跟我跳個舞好嗎？-Yes, Id like to. /Im sorry. I wont/wouldnt because Im too tired.好的，我很樂意(對不起，我不想跳，我太累了)。I will keep on working hard till s

16、uccess.我會堅持努力，直到最后成功。 dare敢（常用于否定句和疑問句中）dare not/darent do Daredo? Yes,dare. No,darent.例如：I dare not/darent tell my teacher the truth because Im afraid that he will scold me.我不敢告訴老師這件事的真相，因為我怕他責(zé)備我。-Dare you swim in this river? 你敢在這河里游泳嗎？ -Yes, I dare. /No, I darent because the water is too deep.我敢。/

17、不敢，因為河水太深。 need需要；必須（常用于否定句和疑問句中）need not/neednt do Needdo? Yes,must. No,neednt.例如：-Must you finish your homework before you go home?你需要在回家之前完成作業(yè)嗎？-No, I neednt. I can do it at home.不必了。我可以在家里做。注意： used to過去常常（現(xiàn)在已不再）used not/ usednt/ didnt use to do Usedto do? Yes,used. No,use(d)nt.Diduse to do? Yes

18、,did. No,didnt.例如：Tom used to get up lately. 湯姆過去常起床晚（現(xiàn)在不是這樣）。-Used Mike to be late for school? 邁克過去常常上學(xué)遲到嗎？-No, he didnt use to.Yes, he used to.沒有啊，他不常遲到。(是啊，他常遲到。） 2）情態(tài)動詞must, may, might, could, can表示推測：以must為例。must + do(be)是推測現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進行；must + be doing 推測可能正在進行的事情；must +have done是推測可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情。 m

19、ust“肯定，一定”語氣強，只用于肯定句中。例如：He must be a man from America. 和一定是來自美國。He must be talking with his friend. 他一定在跟朋友一起談話。 He seems to be tired and he must have stayed up too late last night. 他顯得很疲勞，他昨晚一定熬夜太晚。 may和might“也許”，后者語氣弱，更沒有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。例如：He may not be at school. / They might have finished their w

20、ork. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及cant語氣強，用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。例如：The weather in that area could be cold now. 現(xiàn)在那個地方的天氣可能很冷。We could have walked there; it was so near.（推測某事本來可能發(fā)生，但實際上沒有發(fā)生）距離很近，我們本可以步行到那里。-Can he be in the office now? 他現(xiàn)在會在辦公室里嗎？(語氣很強，常用于疑問句和否定句中)-No, he cant be there, for I saw him in the

21、library just now. 他不可能在那里，因為我剛在圖書管理看到了他。 注意： can和be able to:都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達“某事終于成功”，而can無法表達此意。Be able to有更多的時態(tài)。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。 used to和would: used to表示過去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣，而would只表示過去的習(xí)慣或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。 need和dare作情態(tài)動詞和實義動詞的區(qū)別：兩者作情態(tài)動詞時常用于否定句和疑問句。其形式為：neednt/darent do；Need/daredo?做實義動詞時可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問句。其形式為：

22、need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, dont(doesnt/didnt) need/dare to do had better意為“最好”，后接不帶to的不定式。例如：We had better go now. 我們最好現(xiàn)在動身。 would rather意為“寧愿”，表選擇，后接不帶to的不定式。例如：Id rather not say anything./ Would you rather work on a farm?- Would you rather stay here? 你愿意呆在這里嗎？- No, I would not. Id

23、 rather go there. 不愿意。我想去那里。由于would rather表選擇，因 而后可接than，例如：I would rather work on a farm than in a factory.2. 連系動詞 連系動詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，說明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況及其與其它詞連用時所表達的特殊意義。連系動詞，本身有詞義，但不能單獨用作謂語，后邊必須跟表語（亦稱補語）構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。（1）狀態(tài)系動詞：用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如： He is an engineer. 他是一名工程師。（is與補足語一起說明主語的身份。）（2）持續(xù)系動詞：用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況

24、或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always keeps silent at meeting. 他開會時總保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一個謎。（3）表像系動詞：用來表示“看起來像”這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。例如：He looks tired. 他看起來很累。 He seems (to be) very happy. 他看起來很高興。（4）感官系動詞：感官系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。 例如： This kind of cl

25、oth feels very soft. 這種布手感很軟。 This flower smells very sweet. 這朵花聞起來很香。（5）變化系動詞：這些系動詞表示主語變成什么樣。變化系動詞主要有bee, grow, turn, fall, get, go, e, run. 例如：He became mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。 The bread went bad within a short time. 那面包沒多長時間就發(fā)霉了。（6）終止系動詞：表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, turn out等，表達“證實”，“變成”之意。例如： The rumor

26、 proved false. 這謠言證實有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的計劃終于成功了。（turn out表終止性結(jié)果）3. 動詞的時態(tài) 動詞的時態(tài)一般分為現(xiàn)在時、過去時、將來時、完成時和進行時等：（1）動詞時態(tài)的種類：1）一般現(xiàn)在時，一般過去時，一般將來時，過去將來時ask / asks，asked，shall/will ask，should/would ask 例如：He often gets up at 7 oclock.他常在七點起床。She got up at 6 oclock yesterday.她昨天在六點起床。Tom will get u

27、p at 8 oclock tomorrow.湯姆明天將會在八點起床。Mike said that he would e to see me soon.邁克說他不久將會來看我。2）現(xiàn)在進行時，過去進行時，將來進行時am/is/are asking，was/were asking，shall/will be asking，should/would be asking 例如：He is doing homework now. 他現(xiàn)在正在做作業(yè)。She was reading a book at this time yesterday.她昨天這個時候正在讀書。He will be riding on

28、 a plane home at this time tomorrow.他明天這個時候?qū)⒄谧w機回家。3）現(xiàn)在完成時，過去完成時，將來完成時，過去將來完成時have/has asked，had asked，shall/will have asked，should/would have asked例如：So far, he has just finished writing a half of his position.到現(xiàn)在為止，他剛寫完了作文的一半。She had finished her task before we got to her office this morning.今天上午

29、，我們到她辦公室之前她已經(jīng)完成了任務(wù)。He will have finished reading this English story by this time tomorrow.到明天此時他將會看完這本英語小說。She said that Mike would have learned Book 3 of Senior English by this time next year.她說到明年這個時候，邁克將會學(xué)完高中英語必修三。4）現(xiàn)在完成進行時，過去完成進行時，將來完成進行時，過去將來完成進行時have/has been asking，had been asking，shall/will

30、have been asking，should/would have been asking例如：Since then, we have been learning American English.從那時以來，我們一直在學(xué)習(xí)美國英語。By 11 oclock last night, he had been learning to set up an internet station.到昨晚十一點以前，他一直在學(xué)習(xí)建網(wǎng)站。By 8 oclock tomorrow, I will have been working on writing a paper.明天八點前，我將一直在寫一篇論文。She

31、said that she would have been working on this project by the end of next month.她說下個月底之前她將一直在做這項工程。（2）現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：1）現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強調(diào)的是對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。簡言之，利用過去，說明現(xiàn)在。例如：I have already seen the film directed by the world-famous director. (已經(jīng)看過，且了解這部電影的內(nèi)容) 我已經(jīng)看過

32、這部由世界著名導(dǎo)演導(dǎo)演的影片。2）一般過去時只表示過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，它可和表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“過”，“了”等詞。簡言之，僅談過去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如：I read the story last year (只說明去年看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只說明在北京住過十年，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)）（3）現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示“從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，在含義上如著重表示動作的結(jié)果時，多用現(xiàn)在完成時，如著重表示動作一直在進行，即動作的延續(xù)性時，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。一般不能用于進行時的動詞也不能

33、用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時。I have read that novel.我讀過那篇小說了。I have been reading that novel all the morning. 我早上一直在讀那篇小說。（4）一般將來時的表達方式：1）will/shall+動詞原形：表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。如：My son will be eight next year.2）be to + 動詞原形：表示按計劃進行或征求對方意見。如：Were to meet at the school gate at noon.3）be + doing 進行時表示將來。如：go, e, start, move, le

34、ave, arrive等詞可用進行時表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作。He is leaving for London. Are they going to Beijing? 4）be about to + 動詞原形 ：表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動作，后面一般不跟時間狀語。如：I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to start.5）be going to+動詞原形：含有“打算，計劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事。如：Its going to rain. Were going to have a pa

35、rty tonight.6）一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來：時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。如：The class ends at five oclock. The plane leaves at five this evening.4. 動詞的語態(tài)英語語態(tài)用來表示主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系，分為主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)兩種。如果主語是謂語動詞所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者就用主動語態(tài)，反之，如果主語是謂語動詞所表示的動作的承受者，則用被動語態(tài)。另外非謂語動詞也有主動和被動形式。（1）動詞的主動語態(tài)（見“動詞的時態(tài)”部分）。（2）動詞的被動語態(tài)：常用時態(tài)被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：（1）一般現(xiàn)在時 am/is/a

36、re asked 如：I am asked to answer the question.我被要求回答那個問題。（2）過去進行時 was/were being asked 如：I was being questioned about the case by a policeman.當(dāng)時，我正在被一個警察詢問有關(guān)那個案件的情況。（3）一般過去時 was/were asked 如：He was asked to solve the problem yesterday afternoon.他被要求昨天下午解決那個問題。（4）現(xiàn)在完成時 have/has been asked 如：So far, a

37、half of the project has been finished.到目前為止，那項工程已被完成了一半。（5）一般將來時 shall/will be asked 如：Tom will be asked to do some cleaning tomorrow.湯姆明天將被要求搞一些清潔工作。（6）過去完成時 had been asked 如：When we got to the station, the train had left.當(dāng)我們到達車站的時候，火車已經(jīng)離開了。（7）過去將來時 should/would be asked 如：Mike said that part of th

38、e project would be finished next month.邁克說下個月這項工程的部分工作將被完成。（8）將來完成時 will/would have been asked例如：We will have finished learning Book8 of Senior English by this time next year.到明年此時我們將學(xué)完高中英語選修八。（9）現(xiàn)在進行時 am/is/are being asked 如：Tom is being scolded by his father for his failure in the exam.湯姆因這次考試不及格正

39、在受他爸爸責(zé)備。（10）含有情態(tài)動詞的can/must/may be asked 如：This task must be finished this afternoon.這項任務(wù)應(yīng)該在今天下午完成。注意: 被動語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not，短語動詞的被動態(tài)不可漏掉其中的介詞或副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)be going to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)時，只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)。例如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmat

40、es.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示。例如：It is believed that 據(jù)相信 It is generally considered that 人們認(rèn)為 It is said that 據(jù)說It is well known that 眾所周知 It must be pointed out that 應(yīng)該被指出 It is supposed that 假定It is reported that 據(jù)報道 It must be admitted that應(yīng)該承認(rèn)

41、 It is hoped that人們希望 下面主動形式常表示被動意義。例如：The bike wants/needs/requires repairing. 這輛自行車需要修理。The novel is worth reading twice.這部小說值得看兩遍。The door wont shut. 這門打不開。/ The play wont act. 這部戲演不成。 The clothes washes well. 這衣服經(jīng)洗。/ The book sells well.這書很暢銷。The chicken tastes delicious. 這雞肉味道好。/ Water feels ve

42、ry cold.這水感覺很涼。 下面詞或短語(不及物)沒有被動態(tài)：leave, enter, reach, bee, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, e about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等。例如：I will leave for Beijing.我將要離開，去北京。He failed again i

43、n the maths examination.他又一次在數(shù)學(xué)考試中不及格。A war broke out between the south and north.南方和北方之間爆發(fā)了一場戰(zhàn)爭。Although she failed in the English exam, she didnt lose heart.雖然她在英語考試中不及格，但是她并不灰心。即學(xué)即練 1. Some people who dont like to talk much are not necessarily shy;they just _ be quiet people. A. must B. may C. sh

44、ould D. would2.He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he_ it differently. A. could express B. would express C. could have expressed D. must have expressed3. Daniels family their holiday in Huangshan this time next week. A. are enjoying B. are to enjoy C. will enjoy D. will be enjoying4.

45、John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather _ with them to school. A. took B. had taken C. were taking D. would take 5. Because the shop_, all the T-shirts are sold at half price. A. has closed down B. closed down C. is closing down D. had closed down6. Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you

46、 cant have time to _ before the party.A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change7. The window is dirty.I know. It _ for weeks. A. hasnt cleaned B. didnt clean C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned 8. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _ going back to school, but she hasnt decided

47、 yet. A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider9. Whats that noise?Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine _. A. was testedB. will be tested C. is being tested D. has been tested10. In recent years many football clubs _as business to make a profit.A. have run

48、B. have been run C had been run D. will run動詞 即學(xué)即練 1.B。may表示“可能，也許”是一種可能性的推測。2.C。could have expressed表示過去本可以做，實際上沒有做。3.D。will be doing表示將來的一種趨勢。4.C。his father and grandfather _ with them to school.作定語從句修飾the same suitcase，據(jù)句意情景是他的父親和爺爺正在拿著的。故答案選C。5.C。現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)表示將要發(fā)生的動作：商店關(guān)閉。6.A?！癵et 過去分詞”也是被動結(jié)構(gòu)，這里表示更換衣服。7.D。for weeks暗示用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)；結(jié)合語境應(yīng)用被動形式。8.B。后半句說明“考慮返?！边@個動作一直在進行，并沒有結(jié)束。 9.C。說話時機器正在被檢測。10.B。從In recent years理解是用現(xiàn)在完成時，從句意理解使用被動語態(tài)；故答案選B。