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1、專題一閱讀理解專題一閱讀理解閱讀理解篇閱讀理解篇第三講主旨大意類第三講主旨大意類第一部分 主旨大意題是閱讀理解中考生失分最多的題目，因為該類試題不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會大意的能力，也對考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求，文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù)，需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。此類題目可分為三大類，即標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。1 1題 型 特 點題 型 特 點3 3分 類 例 析分 類 例 析4 4復(fù) 習(xí) 練 案復(fù) 習(xí) 練 案2 2解 題 流 程解 題 流 程題題 型型 特特 點點 一、主旨大意題常見的命題方式 1What is t
2、he best title for this passage? 2Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? 3Whats the main idea of the text? 4The main idea of the second paragraph is probably that_. 二、主旨大意題正確選項的特征 1涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文。 2確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。 3精確性強，不會改變語言表意的程度及色彩。解解 題題 流流 程程 叮囑考生：永遠(yuǎn)把主旨大意題放在最后做。因為考生需要讀完全文才能把握
3、文章主題，所以在解答此類題目時，考生不要急于去找答案，不論它出現(xiàn)在什么位置都把它作為最后一道題來做。在做完另外幾道題目后，無疑會有助于考生加深對整篇文章的理解。 第一步確定文章的主題詞 通過文章閱讀和其他題目的解答，確定文章的主題詞。文章通常圍繞主題詞展開，主旨題的正確答案當(dāng)然要包括文章主題詞或主題詞的同義改寫詞。 第二步確定文章的主題句 主題句常處的四種位置： 1首段或首句開門見山指出中心或討論的問題。 2文章中間或段落中間給出中心。 3文章末段或段落末句對全文進行總結(jié)歸納。 4文章或段落中不明確給出中心，考生要根據(jù)各段中心或各句的內(nèi)容進行總結(jié)， 自己推出主旨。 主題句通常具有下面一些特征：
4、 1舉例子的句子不是主題句，前后句可能是主題句。 2問句不是主題句，回答句可能是主題句。 3首段轉(zhuǎn)折處常為文章的主題句。 4主題句常包含文章的主題詞。 5主題句常包含主次之分的表達(dá)(A rather than B等)。 6主題句常包含時間提示詞(recently，today等)。 7定義型的句子(be called as，be known as，is, are等)。 8強調(diào)型的句子(stress, focus等)。 9總結(jié)型的句子(research indicates，study suggests等)。 第三步總結(jié)文章的主旨 根據(jù)文章的主題詞和主題句，概括文章主旨，并與選項進行比對確定正確答案
5、。如果文章全文都沒有明確的主題句，那么主題思想要通過各段的主要內(nèi)容進行歸納。這時考生要著重閱讀各段的首尾句進行總結(jié)歸納。分分 類類 例例 析析 1歸納文章標(biāo)題(2017全國，C)Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehiclenamed the Transitionhas two
6、seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the gr
7、ound, it gets 35 miles per gallon. Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But dont expect it to show up
8、in too many driveways. Its expected to cost $ 279,000. And it wont help if youre stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway. Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to m
9、aking the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards. Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation
10、Administrations decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilo
11、ts would find relatively easy to meet. Q：What is the best title for the text? AFlying Car at Auto Show. BThe Transitions First Flight CPilots Dream Coming True. DFlying Car Closer to Reality 解題思路 第一步速讀全文，找出中心句 Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringi
12、ng the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. 第二步對比選項，確定答案 關(guān)鍵詞復(fù)現(xiàn)：_ 嘗試解答：_ 本文是一則新聞報道，介紹了一種新型的飛行汽車。新聞報道的主題句通常是第一句話，本文的第一句中提到了flying car和closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year，由此可知，飛行汽車快要變成現(xiàn)實了，故選D項。flying car; closer to its goalD 干擾項分析 A項以偏
13、概全，該項雖然有flying car，但出現(xiàn)在汽車展覽會上是以后的事，并不是文章重點；B項以偏概全，這款飛行汽車在上個月的飛行只是在第一段提到，并不能概括全文；C項張冠李戴，最后一段雖然提到了飛行員，但開飛行汽車不是他們的夢想。 2概括文章/段落大意(2016浙江，C片段)Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why d
14、o young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort the desire to explore, explain, and understand our worldis simply something that comes from our babyhood.Perhaps evolution(進化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to
15、explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children.The same cognitive(認(rèn)知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists.As some psychologists put it, “It is not that children a
16、re little scientists but that scientists are big children.” Q：What is the main idea of the last paragraph? AThe world may be more clearly explained through childrens play. B_ may lead to a better understanding of _. CChildren may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists. DOnes drive
17、 for scientific research may become stronger as he grows. 解題思路 第一步讀本段文字，試找出本段的主題句，并標(biāo)出能總結(jié)段落大意的關(guān)鍵詞 Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. 第二步根據(jù)該題選項的特點以及找到的主題句補全選項B _ may lead to a be
18、tter understanding of _Studying babies playscience(2017全國，C片段)Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehiclenamed the Transitionhas two seats, four wheels and wing
19、s that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per
20、gallon. Q：What is the first paragraph mainly about? AThe basic data of the Transition. BThe advantages of flying cars. CThe potential market for flying cars. DThe designers of the Transition. 解題思路 第一步無主題句，尋找關(guān)鍵詞 two seats; four wheels and wings; flew at 1,400 feet; reach around 70 miles; using a 23gallon. 第二步審視選項，概括主題句 嘗試解答：_ 根據(jù)第一段中提到飛行汽車的兩個座位、四個輪子以及車架、飛行速度、油耗等情況可知，該段是在介紹飛行汽車Transition的基本數(shù)據(jù)，故選A項。A 干擾項分析 B項曲解文意，該段最后三句只是列舉了這款飛行汽車在路上和在空中行駛時的一些數(shù)據(jù)對比，并沒有提及其優(yōu)勢；C項無中生有，該段并沒有提及這款飛行汽車的潛在市場問題；D項以偏概全，文中確實提到了飛行汽車的設(shè)計者，但它不是本段的主要內(nèi)容。復(fù)復(fù) 習(xí)習(xí) 練練 案案
英語第一部分 閱讀理解篇 1 閱讀理解 第3講 主旨大意類
