2020年高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 名詞學(xué)案

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1、課題名稱(chēng)名詞教學(xué)目標(biāo)：了解名詞的各種用法。重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)：名次與冠詞的綜合運(yùn)用一、 高考考查內(nèi)容定位名詞在高考中占有重要地位。考查內(nèi)容主要有：抽象名詞具體化、名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)問(wèn)題、名詞作定語(yǔ)、名詞所有格、名詞詞義辨析以及常見(jiàn)名詞的固定搭配等。此外，還涉及很多冠詞與名詞共同考查的問(wèn)題。二、高考考查內(nèi)容揭密（一）抽象名詞的具體化與冠詞1.抽象名詞具體或特定時(shí)，前面應(yīng)有不定冠詞。（1）表示某種特性、狀態(tài)、行為的具體表現(xiàn)，常用a/an+抽象名詞；a/an+adj.+抽象名詞的形式表示具體行為、一個(gè)方面。如：A pity/pleasure/surprise/success/failure/shame/an

2、 honor等；A bright future, a strong character, a great help, a length of one metre ,a waste of time, a height of fifty feet ,a knowledge of English等。（2）狀態(tài)、思維行為的一次、一種、一類(lèi)、一頓，常與have/take/get等詞搭配。如：take a look/have a sleep/have a life/die a death/get a high opinion/make an apology/take a great interest等。經(jīng)

3、典考題It is often said that _teachers have _very easy life. (2020;2020北京卷)A. 不填；不填 B. 不填；a C. the； 不填 D. the ；a解析 B 根據(jù)句意：（人們）常說(shuō)老師過(guò)著簡(jiǎn)樸的生活。抽象名詞life在此處明顯被具體化了，因此，第二空與前后構(gòu)成have a very easy life過(guò)著簡(jiǎn)樸的生活。第一空為名詞的復(fù)數(shù)表示的類(lèi)指。（3）表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、特點(diǎn)、情感、情緒的人和事等。She is a success in cause but a failure in marriage.她在事業(yè)上是個(gè)成功者，

4、但在婚姻上卻是個(gè)失敗者。2.抽象名詞有前置或后置修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，前面用不定冠詞，使之具體化。如：A happy life, a good education in that university, a wide knowledge of nature 等。注意：抽象名詞表示泛指時(shí)一般不與冠詞連用。如：what fun, fine weather, common knowledge, foreign trade。但如受of 短語(yǔ)修飾或在上下文中給予限定特指時(shí)，則在名詞前加the經(jīng)典考題 If you grow up in _large family ,you are more likely to de

5、velop_ ability to get on well with_ others.(2020;2020江西卷)A./;an ; the B. a ;the ;/ C. the ;an ;the D. a ;the ;the解析 B 抽象名詞ability被后置定語(yǔ)to get on well with _others 修飾，故抽象名詞ability須具體化表特指即在其前加the 。而下文的others 強(qiáng)調(diào)泛指。第一空其實(shí)也是泛指“一個(gè)大家庭”。（二）名詞的數(shù)和所有格名詞的數(shù)主要包括名詞的可數(shù)與不可數(shù)、可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)問(wèn)題、名詞的類(lèi)指以及名詞復(fù)數(shù)的使用。1.可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)（1）可數(shù)名詞復(fù)

6、數(shù)形式的基本變化：（2）不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，若計(jì)量時(shí)，通常使用“數(shù)詞或a/an/many+單位詞+of +不可數(shù)名詞”。如：There are two pieces of work for you to do: to buy a bowl of rice and to make three cups of tea.有兩項(xiàng)工作給你做：去買(mǎi)一碗米飯，去沏三杯茶。經(jīng)典考題The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but is has _all over the country.（2020;2020遼寧卷）A. companies B. branch

7、es C. organizations D. businesses解析B 本題是一個(gè)多點(diǎn)考查題。既考查了名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的不同變化，又考查了名詞的辨析。以輔音字母加Y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)：變Y為i再加es;以-ch, -sh,-s,-x等結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)：在其后加-es，少數(shù)直接加-s。再根據(jù)名意可知：這家銀行的總部在北京，但它在世界各地都有很多分部。四個(gè)名詞中branches有“分部、分店、支流”的意思，合句意。經(jīng)典考題He gained his_ by printing _of famous writers.A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths;

8、 work D. wealth; works解析D 考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。wealth表示財(cái)富，是不可數(shù)名詞；works作工廠、作品講時(shí)，單、復(fù)數(shù)相同。而work意為“工作”，是不可數(shù)名詞。經(jīng)典考題The commander said that two_ would be sent to Iraq front the next day.A. womens doctor B. women doctors C. womens doctors D. women doctor解析 B man/woman作定語(yǔ)修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，將它們變?yōu)閙en/women。2.名詞所有格名詞所有格通?？煞譃槿N：(1).

9、-s型所有格，主要用于生物名詞，也可用于表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等無(wú)生命名詞的所有格，如：todays newspaper;如果已是復(fù)數(shù)形式結(jié)尾的名詞，則在其后加“”。(2).of 短語(yǔ)型所有格，主要用于無(wú)生命名詞的所屬關(guān)系，有時(shí)表示邏輯上的主謂、動(dòng)賓、或同位關(guān)系。(3).of短語(yǔ)型與-s型并用的雙重所有格，即被修飾的名詞前如有一個(gè)表示數(shù)量的詞，如：a ,two, some, any, several, few, no, many, this, that, these, those等（常不能用the ）修飾時(shí)，可用“of+所有格（或名詞性物主代詞）”，如：This is a pi

10、cture of his grandfather.這是他爺爺?shù)囊粡堈掌?。只表示他爺爺?shù)囊粡堈掌⒎请p重所有格而屬of短語(yǔ)型所有格。再如：This is a picture of his grandfathers(pictures).這是他爺爺照片中的一張。強(qiáng)調(diào)他爺爺照片中的其中一張，屬雙重所有格。經(jīng)典考題_car broke down on the way home, but luckily they knew how to fix it . A. Toms and Jims B. Toms and JimC. Tom and Jims D. Tom and Jim解析C 考查所有格。由下文

11、的they knew how to fix it 可知：兩人都在車(chē)上，因此，為他們共有。而Toms and Jims即Toms car and Jims car則表明兩人分別擁有的兩輛車(chē)。故選Tom and Jins。經(jīng)典考題 My grandfather used to be a general in the famous army. Look! Here are_ . A. some pictures of his B. some pictures of him C. some his pictures D. his some of pictures解析A 考查雙重所有格。根據(jù)雙重所有格“

12、of+所有格（或名詞性物主代詞）”原則可知此空應(yīng)該是some pictures of his(pictures),此句句意為：這是他照片中的一些（照片）。經(jīng)典考題 The railway station is _from our school.A. two hours drive B. two hours driveC. two hour drive D. two hours drive解析 B 考查復(fù)數(shù)形式的所有格。復(fù)數(shù)形式的所有格只在S后加“”。（三）名詞作定語(yǔ)經(jīng)典考題The _is just around the corner and you wont miss it.(2001上海卷)

13、A. bicycles shop B. bicycle shopC. bicycles shop D. bicycle shop解析 B 考查名詞作定語(yǔ)。在此bicycle是起修飾作用的名詞，不表示所有關(guān)系而表示類(lèi)別，且名詞作定語(yǔ)須用單數(shù)形式，故bicycle shop正確。經(jīng)典考題 The little boy asked her grandpa to buy him a nice pair of _,so the grandpa went some_ stores.A. shoes; shoes B. shoes; shoeC. shoe; shoes D. shoe; shoe解析 B

14、多點(diǎn)考查題即名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)及名詞作定語(yǔ)的用法。第一空的名詞被a pair of 修飾，表示 “一雙“，強(qiáng)調(diào)復(fù)數(shù)，故選shoes,由此，可判斷正確選項(xiàng)在A、B中。而第二空由于受some干擾，考生會(huì)誤選A。其實(shí)，名詞作定語(yǔ)須用單數(shù)形式，some修飾的中心詞是stores。(四)集合名詞與謂語(yǔ)1.某些集體名詞，如：family, team, class, club, audience, committee, crowd, government, party, public, enemy, group, population, couple等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果作為一個(gè)整體看，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果作為一個(gè)個(gè)成

15、員講，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：His family has moved to a new flat.他一家已搬到新房了。His whole family are watching TV now.他一家人正在看電視。經(jīng)典考題His family _in Shanghai and his family _all music-lovers.A. live; is B. lives; isC. live; are D. lives; are解析D 考查特殊類(lèi)群體名詞與謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系。第一個(gè)His family強(qiáng)調(diào)群體，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用單數(shù)；第二個(gè)his family強(qiáng)調(diào)每個(gè)成員，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用復(fù)數(shù)。因此，正確選

16、項(xiàng)為D。2.某些集體名詞，如：people, police, cattle等，只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The police are searching for him.警察們正在搜尋他。但people作民族講時(shí)，用作單數(shù)。如：The Chinese people is a great people.中華民族是一個(gè)偉大的民族。經(jīng)典考題Many cattle your father is raising now_ kept on the farm.A. is B. was C. are D. were解析C 考查特殊類(lèi)群體名詞與謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系。名中your father is raisin

17、g now已暗示該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)且作定語(yǔ)，修飾many cattle,而cattle是被看作復(fù)數(shù)概念的集體名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用復(fù)數(shù)。故選C。三、小試牛刀（共20小題， 10分鐘完成）1. Many people agree that _ knowledge of English is a must in _ international trade todayA. a; 不填B. the; anC. the; theD. 不填; the2. Have you see _ pen? I left it here this morning Is it _ black one? I think I saw

18、 it somewhere.A. a; theB. the; theC. the; aD. a; a3. Paper money was in _ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _ thirteenth centuryA. the; 不填B. the; theC. 不填; theD. 不填; 不填4. Most animals have little connection with _ animals of _ different kind unless they kill them for foodA. the; aB

19、. 不填; aC. the; theD. 不填; the5. The warmth of _ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _ wool usedA. the; theB. the; 不填C. 不填; theD. 不填; 不填6. Jumping out of _ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _ exciting experience .A. 不填；theB. 不填；anC. an; anD. the; the7. The sign reads “In case of _

20、fire，break the glass and push _red button ”.A. 不填；a B. 不填；the C. the；the D. a；a8. When you come here for your holiday next time, dont go to _ hotel; I can find you _ bed in my flat .A. the; aB. the; 不填C. a; theD. a; 不填9. It is _world of wonders, world where anything can happen .A. a ;the B. a; a C.

21、the ; aD. 不填；不填10. For a long time they walked without saying word. Jim was the first to break _ silence .A. the; a B. a; the C. a; 不填 D. the; 不填11. The Wilsons live in _ A-shaped house near the coast. It is _ 17th century cottage .A. the; 不填 B. an; the C. 不填; the D. an; a12. If you go by _ train, y

22、ou can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get _ first one. .A. the; theB. 不填; aC. the; aD. 不填; 不填13. I cant remember when exactly the Rohinsons left _city. I only remember it was _Monday .A. the, the B. a; the C. a; a D. the; a14. After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson _ ride to _ Capi

23、tal Airport.A. the; a B. a; the C. 不填; a D.不填; the15. This book tells _ life story of John Smith, who left _ school and worked for a newspaper in the age of 16.A. the; theB. a; theC. the; 不填D. a; 不填16. Mrs. Taylor has _ 8-year-old daughter who has _ gift for painting she has won two national prizes.

24、A. a; aB. an; theC. an; aD. the; a17. I know you dont like _ music very much. But what do you think of _ music in the film we saw yesterday?A. 不填；不填B. the; theC. the; 不填D. 不填; the18. Dont worry. If you cant come to _ party, Ill _ cake for you.A. the; someB. a; muchC. the; anyD. a; little19. Of all _ reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my fathers advice was _ most important one.A. the; aB. 不填; aC. 不填; theD. the; the20. For him _ stage is just _ means of making a living.A. a; a B. the; aC. the; the;D. a; the