2020高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)同步攻關(guān) 語(yǔ)法部分 第8講 定語(yǔ)從句學(xué)案

第8講 定語(yǔ)從句1. 定語(yǔ)從句：修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句稱(chēng)為定語(yǔ)從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面2. 先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的那個(gè)名詞或代詞稱(chēng)為先行詞3. 關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱(chēng)為關(guān)系詞關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, that, as等；關(guān)系副詞：where, when, why等關(guān)系詞常有三個(gè)作用：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；代替先行詞；在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分例如：Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read. (that I have read是定語(yǔ)從句；novel是先行詞；that 是關(guān)系代詞，代替先行詞novel，在從句中作have read的賓語(yǔ))關(guān)系詞指代人或物以及在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞株P(guān)系詞指代人或物定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞株P(guān)系代詞that人或物主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)which物或主句內(nèi)容主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)who人主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)whom人賓語(yǔ)whose人或物定語(yǔ)as人或物或主句內(nèi)容主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)where地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)why原因狀語(yǔ)4. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句限制性定語(yǔ)從句形式上不用逗號(hào)和主句隔開(kāi)，是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確，翻譯成先行詞的定語(yǔ)，“……的……”。

非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，通常翻譯成主句的并列句關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.他那個(gè)現(xiàn)在是律師的哥哥總是鼓勵(lì)他上大學(xué)他還有其他的哥哥)His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥，現(xiàn)在是律師，總是鼓勵(lì)他上大學(xué)他只有一個(gè)哥哥)一、關(guān)系代詞的使用【例句觀察】①She is the woman (whom / that / who)I wanted to see yesterday.她是我昨天想看的那個(gè)女的②The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你扛著的包裹馬上要拆開(kāi)③Obama won the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 2020;2020, which we hadn't expected.Obama在2020;2020年得諾貝爾和平獎(jiǎng)是大家都沒(méi)想到的。

④Your parents are the ones to whom you can turn when you are in trouble.你父母是你困難時(shí)可以求助的人例句分析】①whom / that / who指人，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作wanted to see的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略②which / that指物，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作are carrying的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略③which指前面主句內(nèi)容，在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，但不能省略④whom前有介詞to，雖然作賓語(yǔ)，但不能省略結(jié)論1】關(guān)系代詞若在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)并且前面無(wú)介詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略，其他情況不可省完成例句】(1)我，你的好朋友，當(dāng)你陷入困境的時(shí)候會(huì)幫你的I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.(2) 《哈利·波特》是最受青少年歡迎的暢銷(xiāo)書(shū)之一Harry Potter is one of the best－sellers that are popular with teenagers.《哈利·波特》是唯一一本讓作者成為億萬(wàn)富翁的暢銷(xiāo)書(shū)。

Harry Potter is the only one of the best－sellers that makes the author a billionaire.(3)他通過(guò)了考試，這使我們很驚訝He has passed the exam, which makes us surprised.眾所周知，中國(guó)發(fā)生了巨大的變化Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.(4)每家有臺(tái)電視,30年前我們認(rèn)為是不可能的，現(xiàn)在實(shí)現(xiàn)了To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 30 years ago, now has become true.【結(jié)論2】定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致問(wèn)題(1)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致2) one of ＋ 復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋ 關(guān)系代詞＋ 復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞；而the only one of ＋ 復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋ 關(guān)系代詞＋ 單數(shù)動(dòng)詞3)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，由關(guān)系代詞as或which代替整個(gè)主句時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)。

4)關(guān)系代詞和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)要看關(guān)系代詞的指代完成例句】(5)所有能做的都做了All that can be done has been done.(6)這就是我想要買(mǎi)的電影This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.(7)他們?cè)趥惗貐⒂^的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.(8)站在那兒的是誰(shuí)？Who is the man that is standing there?(9) They have set up a company, which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.他們創(chuàng)立了一家環(huán)保公司10)杭州不再是過(guò)去的杭州了Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be.【結(jié)論3】指物時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用that的情況：①當(dāng)先行詞為everything, anything, nothing, the one, none, all, much, few, any, little等不定代詞時(shí)，只用that。

②當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, all, much, few, any, little, no修飾時(shí)，只用that③當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或者先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，只用that先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，只用that④當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞who或which時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)要用that⑤有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用which，另一個(gè)宜用that⑥當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ)，而關(guān)系代詞也在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，只用that完成例句】(11)那棵四百年的老樹(shù)很有名The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.(12)我們自給自足We depend on the land from which we get our food.(13)這本書(shū)是關(guān)于我們要去參觀的那座有名的建筑嗎？Is this the book that refers to the famous building which we will go to visit?【結(jié)論4】只能用 which的情況：①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能用which。

②介詞后只用which，且不能省略③有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用that，另一個(gè)宜用which完成例句】(14)有人愿意幫助受傷的人嗎？Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person?(15)這就是那位幫助在事故中受傷的人的醫(yī)生嗎？Is this the doctor that helped the people who were injured in the accident?【結(jié)論5】指人時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用who的情況：①當(dāng)先行詞是anyone, those時(shí)，只用who②有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句皆指人時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用that，另一個(gè)宜用who完成例句】(16)那個(gè)門(mén)破了的教室在二樓The classroom whose door / the door of which / of which the door is broken is on the second floor. 【結(jié)論6】whose可以指代人或物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)， 后跟名詞指物時(shí)，whose ＋ 名詞＝ of which ＋名詞 ＝ 名詞＋ of which。

完成例句】(17)我們都知道，吸煙有害健康① As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health.太陽(yáng)照射地球，這對(duì)我們是很重要的②The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.(18)①她和她妹妹穿一樣的衣服She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.②這不是我們想到的那所房子This house is not such as I expect.(19)就像我們指出的那樣，這種物質(zhì)是有毒的As was pointed out, this kind of substance is poisonous.【結(jié)論7】關(guān)系代詞as和which在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，as和which可代替整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that二者的區(qū)別主要在于：①as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有時(shí)還可以在插入句中，常帶有“正如……，正像……”的意思而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后，翻譯成“這”。

②as常用于以下固定搭配中：the same＋名詞＋as “和……同樣的”，such＋名詞＋as“像……一樣的，像……之類(lèi)的”，…such as…“這樣的人 / 物”such為代詞，作先行詞； as在從句中作賓語(yǔ))③在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般也用as:as (it)appears, as (it)seems, as (it)often happens, as (it)was pointed out / said / reported / announced, as (it)was said earlier, as I remember (it), as is well－known, as is known to all, as anybody can see等完成例句】(20)這就是我一直在找的書(shū)This is the book which / that / 不填I(lǐng) am looking for.(21)他深?lèi)?ài)對(duì)他慈愛(ài)的父母He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.＝He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.(22)我沒(méi)有足夠的錢(qián)去買(mǎi)那條昂貴的裙子。

I don't have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.(23)從1998年到2020;2020年Mike在這所大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)，在此期間，他學(xué)習(xí)很努力并當(dāng)選為學(xué)生會(huì)主席Mike studied at the university from 1998 to 2020;2020, during which time he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students' Union.【結(jié)論8】“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom，指物時(shí)用which①某些帶有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，介詞可以提至關(guān)系代詞之前，但是在一些固定搭配的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中，由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可以分割，因此不能將介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前，如take care of, look for, look after, care for等②“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞，有時(shí)數(shù)詞或代詞也可以放在“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”之后。

③介詞＋which / whom＋to do結(jié)構(gòu)這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以改為：介詞＋which / whom＋定語(yǔ)從句④在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，which可作定語(yǔ)，指先行詞(短語(yǔ)或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介詞＋which ＋名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，相當(dāng)于and in / at / during this / that＋名詞二、關(guān)系副詞的使用【完成例句】(24)我仍然記得我們第一次上學(xué)的那天I still remember the day when / on which we first came to the school.(25)十年前我住的房子已經(jīng)被推倒了The house where / in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.(26)我不知道他今天看起來(lái)不高興的原因I don't know the reason why / for which he looks unhappy today.【結(jié)論1】關(guān)系副詞的分類(lèi)和作用①when指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；when＝表示時(shí)間的介詞(in / at / on / during…)＋which。

②where指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，where＝表示地點(diǎn)的介詞(in / at / on / under…)＋which③why指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)， why＝表示原因的介詞(for)＋which翻譯句子】(27)他回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題的方式是令人驚訝的The way in which / that / 不填he answered the question was surprising.(28) The way which / that he explained to us was quite simple.【結(jié)論2】在以the way為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句中，若the way 在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)，則通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷匀魌he way 在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，則通常由which或that引導(dǎo)完成例句】(29)中國(guó)是風(fēng)箏的起源地，并從那里傳播到日本、韓國(guó)、泰國(guó)和印度China is the birth place of kites, from where kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.【結(jié)論3】有時(shí)為了表達(dá)更清楚，可以在關(guān)系副詞where / when前加上介詞to, from等。

疑難】There is one point that we must insist on.有一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)我們必須堅(jiān)持定語(yǔ)從句可還原為：we must insist on the point，所以先行詞point在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，故用that / which或省略)We're just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.我們正努力做到能讓雙方坐下來(lái)對(duì)話 (定語(yǔ)從句可還原為：at the point both sides will sit down together and talk, 故先行詞point在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，所以關(guān)系詞用where / at which)【疑難剖析】一些特殊的先行詞如situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等要注意具體情況具體分析，作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)用that / which，作狀語(yǔ)用where / when / 介詞＋which三、關(guān)系代 / 副詞的選擇技巧【完成例句】(30)我會(huì)記住我們一起度過(guò)的日子。

I will remember the days that / which / 省略 we spent together.(根據(jù)把定語(yǔ)從句還原成we spent the days together，判斷出the days作spent的賓語(yǔ))(31) 6月7日是我們開(kāi)始高考的日子June 7 is the day when / on which we begin to take the college entrance examination.(根據(jù)把定語(yǔ)從句還原成we begin to take the college entrance examination on the day，判斷出on the day作狀語(yǔ))(32 )這是他工作過(guò)10年的地方This is the place where / in which he worked for ten years.(根據(jù)把定語(yǔ)從句還原成he worked in the place for ten years，判斷出in the place作狀語(yǔ))【結(jié)論】①用還原法：將先行詞放入定語(yǔ)從句中，找到它的原有位置，判斷它做什么成分以及判斷先行詞指人還是指物。

②一般說(shuō)來(lái)，作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞；作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞或介詞＋which；作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，用whose四、定語(yǔ)從句和其他句型之間的關(guān)系【例句觀察】He is such a good boy that everyone likes him. (不缺句子成分，that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)他是如此好的一位男孩以至于大家都喜歡他He is such a good boy as everyone likes. (likes缺賓語(yǔ)，用as充當(dāng)并引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句)他是一個(gè)大家都喜歡的男孩The great white shark is so fierce a fish as eats most of the others. (as充當(dāng)eats的主語(yǔ)，并引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句)大白鯊是大多數(shù)魚(yú)都吃的一種兇狠的魚(yú)結(jié)論】區(qū)別such / so…as…引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句和such / so…that…引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句判斷用that還是as, 只要看從句的結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整即可如果從句缺了主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)就是定語(yǔ)從句；如果從句的結(jié)構(gòu)完整，就是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句疑難1】區(qū)別非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與并列句— He wrote a lot of novels, none of ______ were popular.— It's the same with his wife. She wrote some plays, but none of ______ was a success.A. these; them B. which; whichC. those; which　 D. which; them【疑難剖析1】此題應(yīng)選 D。

很容易誤選A、B選對(duì)該題的關(guān)鍵是：要注意前面一句的 none of…沒(méi)有并列連詞(說(shuō)明它才是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，所以其后填which)，而后面一句的none of…前有一并列連詞but (說(shuō)明它與前面一句構(gòu)成并列句，所以其后填them)疑難2】區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句與名詞性從句①As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth.②It is known to all that the moon travels around the earth.③That the moon travels around the earth is known to all.④What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.【疑難剖析2】①as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句；②it作形式主語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句；③that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句；④what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句， that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句疑難3】區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句與地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句①When you read the book, you'd better make a mark in the place where you have any questions.②When you read the book, you'd better make a mark where you have any questions.③Please put the book in the place where you got it.④Please put the book where you got it.【疑難剖析3】①定語(yǔ)從句修飾place; ②地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句；③定語(yǔ)從句修飾place；④地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。

疑難4】區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句、狀語(yǔ)從句①I(mǎi)t was this small village (that / which) we got to know each other.②It was in this small village that we got to know each other.③It was 1914 when the war broke out.④It was in 1914 that the war broke out.⑤It was 1914, when the war broke out.【疑難剖析4】①定語(yǔ)從句；②強(qiáng)調(diào)句；③時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；④強(qiáng)調(diào)句；⑤非限制性定語(yǔ)從句疑難5】定語(yǔ)從句中含有插入語(yǔ)①He made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science.②The Chinese government has decided to develop the west of China, which, I dare say, will benefit the people there, especially those who are still leading a poor life.【疑難剖析5】①I(mǎi) think作插入語(yǔ)；②I dare say作插入語(yǔ)。