數(shù)控機(jī)床改造外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯

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1、 外文文獻(xiàn)The Numerical Control Engine Bed Transformsnumerical control system development summary brief history and tendency In 1946 the first electronic accounting machine was born in the world, this indicated the humanity created has been possible to strengthen and partially to replace the mental labor

2、 the tool. It with the humanity these which in the agriculture, the industry society created only is strengthens the physical labor the tool to compare, got up the quantitive leap, entered the information society for the humanity to lay the foundation. After 6 years, in 1952, computer technology app

3、lied to the engine bed , the first numerical control engine bed were born in US. From this time on, the traditional engine bed has had the archery target change. Since nearly half century, the numerical control system has experienced two stages and six generation of development. Numerical control (N

4、C) stage (1952 1970) The early computer operating speed is low, was not big to then science computation and the data processing influence, but could not adapt the engine bed real-time control request. The people can not but use numeral logic circuit to build to become an engine bed special purpose c

5、omputer to take the numerical control system, is called the hardware connection numerical control (HARD-WIRED NC), Jian Chengwei numerical control (NC). Along with the primary device development, this stage has had been through repeatedly three generations, namely 1952 first generation of - electron

6、 tube; 1959 second generation of - transistor; 1965 third generation - small scale integration electric circuit. Computer numerical control (CNC) stage (in 1970 present) In 1970, the general minicomputer already appeared and the mass production. Thereupon transplants it takes the numerical control s

7、ystem the core part, from this time on entered the computer numerical control (CNC) the stage (which should have computer in front of the general two characters to abbreviate). In 1971, American INTEL Corporation in the world first time the computer two most cores part - logic units and the controll

8、er, used the large scale integrated circuit technology integration on together the chip, called it the microprocessor (MICROPROCESSOR), also might be called the central processing element (to be called CPU). The microprocessor is applied to 1974 in the numerical control system. This is because minic

9、omputer function too strong, controlled an engine bed ability to have wealthily (therefore once uses in controlling the Taiwan engine bed at that time, called it group control), was inferior to used the microprocessor economy to be reasonable. Moreover then small machine reliability was not ideal. T

10、he early microprocessor speed and the function although insufficiently are also high, but may solve through the multi-processor structure. Because the microprocessor is the general-purpose calculator core part, therefore still was called the computer numerical control. In 1990, PC machine (personal

11、computer, domestic custom had called microcomputer) the performance has developed to the very high stage, may take the numerical control system core part the request. The numerical control system henceforth entered based on the PC stage. In brief, the computer numerical control stage has also experi

12、enced three generations. Namely 1970 fourth generation of - minicomputer; 1974 five dynasties - microprocessor and 1990 sixth generation - (overseas was called PC-BASED) based on PC. Also must point out, although overseas already renamed as the computer numerical control (namely CNC). Also must poin

13、t out, although overseas already renamed as the computer numerical control (namely CNC), but our country still the custom called the numerical control (NC). Therefore we daily say numerical control, the materially already was refers to computer numerical control. the numerical control future will de

14、velop tendency 1 open style continues to, to develop based on the PC sixth generation of direction 2 approaches and the high accuracy development 3 develops to the intellectualized direction (1) applies the adaptive control technology (2) introduces the expert system instruction processing (3) intro

15、duces the breakdown to diagnose the expert system (4) intellectualized numeral servo drive engine bed numerical control transformation necessity From on microscopic looked below that, the numerical control engine bed has the prominent superiority compared to the traditional engine bed, moreover thes

16、e superiority come from the computer might which the numerical control system contains. 1 may process the traditional engine bed cannot process the curve, the curved surface and so on the complex components.2 may realize the processing automation, moreover is the flexible automation, thus the effici

17、ency may enhance 3 7 times compared to the traditional engine bed.3 processings components precision high, size dispersion degree small, makes the assembly to be easy, no longer needs to make repairs.4 may realize the multi- working procedures centralism, reduces the components in engine bed between

18、 frequent transporting. 5 has auto-alarm, the automatic monitoring, automatic compensation and so on the many kinds of autonomy function, thus may realize long time nobody to safeguard the processing. 6 advantage which derives by above five. 中文譯文數(shù)控機(jī)床改造數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史及趨勢(shì) 1946年誕生了世界上第一臺(tái)電子計(jì)算機(jī)，這表明人類(lèi)創(chuàng)造了可增強(qiáng)和部分代替

19、腦力勞動(dòng)的工具。它與人類(lèi)在農(nóng)業(yè)、工業(yè)社會(huì)中創(chuàng)造的那些只是增強(qiáng)體力勞動(dòng)的工具相比，起了質(zhì)的飛躍，為人類(lèi)進(jìn)入信息社會(huì)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。6年后，即在1952年，計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)應(yīng)用到了機(jī)床上，在美國(guó)誕生了第一臺(tái)數(shù)控機(jī)床。從此，傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床產(chǎn)生了質(zhì)的變化。近半個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)經(jīng)歷了兩個(gè)階段和六代的發(fā)展。 數(shù)控（NC）階段（19521970年） 早期計(jì)算機(jī)的運(yùn)算速度低，對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的科學(xué)計(jì)算和數(shù)據(jù)處理影響還不大，但不能適應(yīng)機(jī)床實(shí)時(shí)控制的要求。人們不得不采用數(shù)字邏輯電路搭成一臺(tái)機(jī)床專(zhuān)用計(jì)算機(jī)作為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，被稱(chēng)為硬件連接數(shù)控（HARD-WIRED NC），簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為數(shù)控（NC）。隨著元器件的發(fā)展，這個(gè)階段歷經(jīng)了三代，即1952年

20、的第一代-電子管；1959年的第二代-晶體管；1965年的第三代-小規(guī)模集成電路。 計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控（CNC）階段（1970年現(xiàn)在） 到1970年，通用小型計(jì)算機(jī)業(yè)已出現(xiàn)并成批生產(chǎn)。于是將它移植過(guò)來(lái)作為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的核心部件，從此進(jìn)入了計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控（CNC）階段（把計(jì)算機(jī)前面應(yīng)有的通用兩個(gè)字省略了）。到1971年，美國(guó)INTEL公司在世界上第一次將計(jì)算機(jī)的兩個(gè)最核心的部件-運(yùn)算器和控制器，采用大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)集成在一塊芯片上，稱(chēng)之為微處理器（MICROPROCESSOR），又可稱(chēng)為中央處理單元（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)CPU）。 到1974年微處理器被應(yīng)用于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。這是因?yàn)樾⌒陀?jì)算機(jī)功能太強(qiáng)，控制一臺(tái)機(jī)床能力有富裕（故當(dāng)

21、時(shí)曾用于控制多臺(tái)機(jī)床，稱(chēng)之為群控），不如采用微處理器經(jīng)濟(jì)合理。而且當(dāng)時(shí)的小型機(jī)可靠性也不理想。早期的微處理器速度和功能雖還不夠高，但可以通過(guò)多處理器結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)解決。由于微處理器是通用計(jì)算機(jī)的核心部件，故仍稱(chēng)為計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控。 到了1990年，PC機(jī)的性能已發(fā)展到很高的階段，可以滿足作為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)核心部件的要求。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)從此進(jìn)入了基于PC的階段。 總之，計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控階段也經(jīng)歷了三代。即1970年的第四代-小型計(jì)算機(jī)；1974年的第五代-微處理器和1990年的第六代-基于PC（也就是為PC-BASED）。 數(shù)控未來(lái)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì) 1繼續(xù)向開(kāi)放式、基于PC的第六代方向發(fā)展 基于PC所具有的開(kāi)放性、低成本、高可靠性、

22、軟硬件資源豐富等特點(diǎn)，更多的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠家會(huì)走上這條道路。至少采用PC機(jī)作為它的前端機(jī)，來(lái)處理人機(jī)界面、編程、聯(lián)網(wǎng)通信等問(wèn)題，由原有的系統(tǒng)承擔(dān)數(shù)控的任務(wù)。PC機(jī)所具有的友好的人機(jī)界面，將普及到所有的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。遠(yuǎn)程通訊，遠(yuǎn)程診斷和維修將更加普遍。 2向高速化和高精度化發(fā)展 這是適應(yīng)機(jī)床向高速和高精度方向發(fā)展的需要。 3向智能化方向發(fā)展 隨著人工智能在計(jì)算機(jī)領(lǐng)域的不斷滲透和發(fā)展，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的智能化程度將不斷提高。 （1）應(yīng)用自適應(yīng)控制技術(shù) 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)能檢測(cè)過(guò)程中一些重要信息，并自動(dòng)調(diào)整系統(tǒng)的有關(guān)參數(shù)，達(dá)到改進(jìn)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)的目的。 （2）引入專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)指導(dǎo)加工 將熟練工人和專(zhuān)家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，加工的一般規(guī)律和特

23、殊規(guī)律存入系統(tǒng)中，以工藝參數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)為支撐，建立具有人工智能的專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)。 （3）引入故障診斷專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng) （4）智能化數(shù)字伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置 可以通過(guò)自動(dòng)識(shí)別負(fù)載，而自動(dòng)調(diào)整參數(shù)，使驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)獲得最佳的運(yùn)行。 機(jī)床數(shù)控化改造的必要性 從微觀上看，數(shù)控機(jī)床比傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床有以下突出的優(yōu)越性，而且這些優(yōu)越性均來(lái)自數(shù)控系統(tǒng)所包含的計(jì)算機(jī)的威力。 1 可以加工出傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床加工不出來(lái)的曲線、曲面等復(fù)雜的零件。 由于計(jì)算機(jī)有高超的運(yùn)算能力，可以瞬時(shí)準(zhǔn)確地計(jì)算出每個(gè)坐標(biāo)軸瞬時(shí)應(yīng)該運(yùn)動(dòng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)量，因此可以復(fù)合成復(fù)雜的曲線或曲面。 2 可以實(shí)現(xiàn)加工的自動(dòng)化，而且是柔性自動(dòng)化，從而效率可比傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床提高37倍。 由于計(jì)算機(jī)有記憶和存儲(chǔ)能力，可以將輸入的程序記住和存儲(chǔ)下來(lái)，然后按程序規(guī)定的順序自動(dòng)去執(zhí)行，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化。數(shù)控機(jī)床只要更換一個(gè)程序，就可實(shí)現(xiàn)另一工件加工的自動(dòng)化，從而使單件和小批生產(chǎn)得以自動(dòng)化，故被稱(chēng)為實(shí)現(xiàn)了柔性自動(dòng)化。 3 加工零件的精度高，尺寸分散度小，使裝配容易，不再需要修配。 4 可實(shí)現(xiàn)多工序的集中，減少零件 在機(jī)床間的頻繁搬運(yùn)。 5 擁有自動(dòng)報(bào)警、自動(dòng)監(jiān)控、自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償?shù)榷喾N自律功能，因而可實(shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間無(wú)人看管加工。 6 由以上五條派生的好處。