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1、2 Sound system:Phonetics&PhonologyTeaching ObjectiveCritical ThinkingPresent and Solve ProblemsPresent and Solve ProblemsUnderstand MacroscopicallySound systemSound systemUnderstand MicroscopicallyQuestion Time!Puzzling Question!Interesting Question!Serious question!All Questions Are WelcomeAmazing
2、Question!2.3 PhonologyThink about:Produce“p”in“peak”and“speak”!Find out the differences.Does it influence the meaning if we pronounce“speak”in the way of producing“peak”concerning“p”?Namely,is sphi:k different from spi:k?語音SpeechSound語音系統(tǒng)Sound system語音學語音學語音的發(fā)生、傳遞、感知不涉及到意義基本單位：音素（或者可以區(qū)別可以區(qū)別意義意義、或者不可
3、區(qū)別意義）音位學音位學有區(qū)別意義的語音的組合規(guī)律涉及到意義基本單位：音位 音段單位：音位 組合規(guī)律 超音段音位學2.3.1 Phonology and phonetics2.3.1 Phonology and phoneticsSemantically relevant speech soundsSound patterns vary from language to language.All languagesLanguage-specific2.3.2 Phone,phoneme,and allophone2.3.2 Phone,phoneme,and allophonePhone(Pho
4、ne(音素）音素）:a phonetic unit or segment.They are speech sounds produced and heard during linguistic communication.e.g.pit,spit;feel,leaf ph,p;,l-phonetic unit-not distinctive of meaning-physical as heard and produced-marked with phonemephoneme:the minimum phonemic unit that is not further analyzable in
5、to smaller units.-phonological unit-distinctive of meaning-abstract,not physical;it is presented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context,such as/p/.-marked with/e.g./l/can be realized as dark ,and clear lRules to determine different phonemesRules to determine different phonemes:
6、the substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning,e.g.pig/big Allophones(Allophones(Allophones(Allophones(音位變體音位變體音位變體音位變體)pp=,p,ph h are two different are two different phonesphones and are and are variants of the variants of the phonemephoneme/p/.Such variants /p/.Such variants
7、 of a phoneme are called of a phoneme are called allophonesallophones of the of the same phoneme.same phoneme.成為同一個成為同一個phoneme phoneme 的的allophones allophones 的條件的條件 Phonetic similarityPhonetic similarity They are in They are in complementary distributioncomplementary distribution,namely namely the
8、y never occur in the same context.For they never occur in the same context.For example,p occurs after s,while pexample,p occurs after s,while ph h occurs occurs in other places.in other places.2.3.2 Phone,phoneme,and allophone2.3.2 Phone,phoneme,and allophone2.2.3.3 Minimal Pairs(3.3 Minimal Pairs(最
9、小對立體)，phonemic contrast phonemic contrast（音位對立）Minimal pairMinimal pair is a basic procedure in establishing the phonemic inventory of a language or a test for phonemes.Two expressions(words or morphemes)can be called a minimal pair if and only if(1)they have different meanings,(2)and they are ident
10、ical in every way except for only one sound sound segmentsegment,(3)which occurs in the same place in the string.A typical case is the pair mail vs nail.The two sound strings meil neil are identical in every way except for the segments m and n,which occur at the initial place and make two word compl
11、etely different in meaning.(參考語言與語言學辭典：306；胡壯麟)如何做一個概念陳述？判斷下列是否是最小對立體 tip&lip?mail&aild?foot&feet?tip/tip/,lip/lip/-There is a phonemic distinction between them.No,the different sound segments do not occur in the same place of the string.Yes,they are minimal pair.u&i:are the only different sound seg
12、mentsHappening in a the same place of the string,and for their different two words Are distinguished in meaning.A minimal pair:A minimal pair:A minimal pair:A minimal pair:如：如：beanbean and and deandean 這一小對確立了這一小對確立了/b/b/和和/d/d/這兩個音位這兩個音位Minimal set:Minimal set:Minimal set:Minimal set:如：如：bean,dean,
13、mean,leanbean,dean,mean,lean.這一組詞的語音串上只有一這一組詞的語音串上只有一這一組詞的語音串上只有一這一組詞的語音串上只有一個音素不同，且發(fā)生在同一位置上，是他們區(qū)別了意義。個音素不同，且發(fā)生在同一位置上，是他們區(qū)別了意義。個音素不同，且發(fā)生在同一位置上，是他們區(qū)別了意義。個音素不同，且發(fā)生在同一位置上，是他們區(qū)別了意義。這一組單詞，使得這一組單詞，使得這一組單詞，使得這一組單詞，使得/b,d,m,l/b,d,m,l/b,d,m,l/b,d,m,l/這些音素得以區(qū)別開來。這些音素得以區(qū)別開來。這些音素得以區(qū)別開來。這些音素得以區(qū)別開來。再如：再如：Each vow
14、el represents a phonemeEach vowel represents a phoneme，which can be which can be determined either by minimal pairs or minimal set.determined either by minimal pairs or minimal set.要區(qū)/b/和/p/好像不一定要bill 和pill.Bay 和pay 也可以呀？對！區(qū)別音位或確定音位的還可以是最小對比組！minimal setsminimal sets 請你結合語音學的知識思考：請你結合語音學的知識思考：是什么決定了
15、/p/和/b/可以區(qū)別了bill 和pill 的意義？因為p和b 的_是不同的！具體而言：p_,而b _ articulation可見，這兩個音位對應的語音發(fā)音具有區(qū)別性的特征（distinctive feature）。語言與語言學辭典:Distinctive Feature is a（1）Class of phonetically defined（2）components of phonemes（3）that function to distinguish meaning(134).1616可編輯可編輯PresentationPresentation of distinctive of di
16、stinctive featuresfeaturesDistinctive features are presented in Distinctive features are presented in binary opposition.binary opposition.The features can be shown either present+or absent-.e.g.+nasal,-nasal.s in seal-voiced,z in zeal+voicedb in bet +oral or-nasal,n in net+nasal2.3.4 Some rules of p
17、honologyRule 1 sequential rules(序列規(guī)則):the rules governing the combination of sounds in a particular languageObserve the following arrangement!Can you find any rules?like,love,look,right,rough,root/l/and/r/must be followed by _.spring,street,screw,splendid,squeal,studentIf three consonants should clu
18、ster together,the combination should obey the following three rules:The first phoneme must be _.The second phoneme must be _.The third phoneme must be _.a vowel./s/p,t/or/k/l,r,w/or/j/2.3.4 Some phonological rulesRule 2:Rule 2:assimilation rule assimilation rule(同化規(guī)則同化規(guī)則)The pronunciation of a phone
19、 may be assimilated to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones more similar.Regressive assimilation:the following sound influencing the proceeding sound Progressive assimilation:the proceeding sound influencing the following sound,Assimilation can occur across
20、 syllable or word boundaries e.g.sunglass,five past Pronounce the following words to feel the differences of the same sound in the different phonological environments!c ca ap and cp and ca an;sin;sin n and si and sin nk,k,a at t and mand ma ap pYou can find that You can find that a a is is _by the _
21、by the sounds before or after it.sounds before or after it.assimilated2.3.4 Some rules of phonologyRule 2:assimilation rule Assimilation may result in nasalization(e.g.Assimilation may result in nasalization(e.g.t ta an,cn,ca an),dentalization(e.g.ten),dentalization(e.g.ten nth,nith,nin nth),th),vel
22、arization(e.g.sivelarization(e.g.sin nk,mik,min nk),devoicing(e.g.k),devoicing(e.g.hahas s to),etc.Thus there exist to),etc.Thus there exist nasalization nasalization rule,rule,dentalizationdentalization rule,rule,velarizationvelarization rule,rule,devoicingdevoicing rule,etc.rule,etc.e.g.te e.g.ten
23、 nth,nith,nin nth;sith;sin nk,mik,min nk;hak;has s a book,ha a book,has s to to 2.3.4 Some rules of phonologyRule 2:Rule 2:assimilation rule assimilation rule 如：如：nasalization nasalization rule rule -nasal +nasal/-nasal +nasal/A vowel is nasalized when it is followed A vowel is nasalized when it is
24、followed by a by a nasal consonant.e.g t nasal consonant.e.g ta an n 2.3.4 Some rules of phonologyRule 3:deletion rule(省略規(guī)則)A sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.Compare the pronunciations of the two groups.Can you find any rule?(1)signature,designation,paradigmatic(2)
25、sign,design,paradigmIn the second group,/g/is _.deleted2.2.3.5 Suprasegmental Features(3.5 Suprasegmental Features(超音段特征超音段特征)Distinctive features can also be found over phonemic segments,this is what we will consider SUPRASEGMENTAL FATURES.They are those aspects of speech that involve more than sin
26、gle sound segmentsThe principal suprasegmantal features are syllable,stress,tone,syllable,stress,tone,and intonationintonation.2.3.5.1 Syllable2.3.5.1 Syllable 2.3.5.2 Stress2.3.5.2 Stress 2.4.5.3 Tone2.4.5.3 Tone 2.4.5.42.4.5.4 Intonation Intonation 2.3.5.1 Shape/structure of syllablee.g.e.g.b be e
27、d d,d deaead d,f fe ed d,h heaead d,l le ed d,r re ed d,s saiaid d,w we ed d,thrthreaead d,w we ed d A syllable is divided intoA syllable is divided into onsetonset,rhymerhyme and/orand/or codacoda.A syllable must have a nucleus or peak,which A syllable must have a nucleus or peak,which is often the
28、 task of a vowel.Syllables are is often the task of a vowel.Syllables are represented by symbols like CVC.represented by symbols like CVC.A syllable has no coda is known asA syllable has no coda is known as open open syllablesyllable while a syllable with coda is while a syllable with coda is known
29、asknown as closed syllableclosed syllable.In English only In English only tense vowels(long vowels and diphthongs)tense vowels(long vowels and diphthongs)can occur in open syllables.can occur in open syllables.Some syllables have an onset and no coda.k i:t2.3.5.2 StressTypes:word stress,sentence str
30、ess.Function:distinguish lexical meaningdistinguish lexical meaningconverse distinguishment(p27)converse distinguishment(p27)Compound distinguishment(p27-28)(including Compound distinguishment(p27-28)(including ing form)ing form)Emphasize sth in a sentence apart from Emphasize sth in a sentence apar
31、t from part-of-speech stress convention(p29)part-of-speech stress convention(p29)2.3.5.3 ToneTones are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.They function to distinguish meanings,such as Chinese level(陰平)，the second rise(陽平)，the third fall-rise(上聲),
32、and the fourth fall(去聲),in 媽，麻，馬，罵.English is not a tone language.2.3.5.3 Three major types of English intonation:a.falling tone:straight-forward,matter-of-factThats not the book he wants.b.rising tone:a questionThats not the book he wants.c.fall-rise tone:implied messageThats not the book he wants.
33、語音SpeechSound語音系統(tǒng)Sound system語音學語音學語音的發(fā)生、傳遞、感知不涉及到意義基本單位：音素（或者可以區(qū)別可以區(qū)別意義意義、或者不可區(qū)別意義）音位學音位學有區(qū)別意義的語音的組合規(guī)律涉及到意義基本單位：音位 音段單位：音位 組合規(guī)律 超音段音位學2.3.1 Phonology and phonetics2.3.1 Phonology and phoneticsSemantically relevant speech soundsSound patterns vary from language to language.All languagesLanguage-specific3131可編輯可編輯
《簡明語言學教程》課件-第二章-音系學
