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1、,單擊此處編輯母版標題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,第八節(jié),玉米需水與灌溉,一、玉米需水量,定義:玉米每生產(chǎn)一個單位的干物質(zhì)所消耗的水分量,幾種主要作物的蒸騰系數(shù):谷子293、高粱322、玉米368、小麥513、燕麥597、馬鈴薯636、水稻710、豌豆788、蠶豆794,玉米的水分利用效率:比較高,一蒸騰系數(shù),二玉米生理需水量,定義:玉米一生維持正常的生命活動所需要的水分量,一株玉米一生所需要的水分當中,98.96%用于蒸騰,0.92%作為組成成分,0.12%用作反響媒介,三玉米需水量,定義,:又叫田間耗水量,指玉米一生所消耗的水分量,包括,:植株蒸騰量
2、和棵間蒸發(fā)量(滲漏、徑流),單位,:m,3,、噸、mm,玉米耗水量,:280300 m,3,/畝,影響因素,:產(chǎn)量水平、品種特性、氣候因素、土壤條件、栽培技術(shù)等,產(chǎn)量公斤/畝,需水量mm,玉米產(chǎn)量與需水量的關(guān)系鄭卓琳等,1992,二、玉米需水規(guī)律,苗期需水較少,占一生的18%19%,穗期需水較多,占一生的37%38%,花粒期需水最多,占一生的43%44%,抽雄、吐絲期需水強度最大,高產(chǎn)夏玉米不同生育時期對水分的需求,鄭卓琳等,1992,三、玉米不同生育時期對干旱的反響,苗期、灌漿后期對干旱反響不敏感,吐絲對干旱反響最敏感,離吐絲期越近對干旱反響越敏感,吐絲期是玉米需水“臨界期,“開花不灌、減產(chǎn)
3、一半,“前旱不算旱、后旱減一半,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,12/7,22/7,1/8,12/8,22/8,31/8,產(chǎn)量克/株,日期日/月,玉米不同生育時期缺水對單株產(chǎn)量的影響,Classen&Shaw,1970,Control,Water Stress,Silking,四、玉米澇害,拔節(jié)前怕澇,拔節(jié)以后抗?jié)承暂^強,播種至三葉期對澇害最敏感芽澇,五、玉米灌溉技術(shù),一灌溉時期,底墑水,春玉米:播前灌溉,套種夏玉米:麥黃水麥收前1015天,免耕播種夏玉米:蒙頭水播后灌溉,作用:保證正常出苗,2.大喇叭口水,方式:常結(jié)合穗肥進行,作用:促進果穗發(fā)育、促進小花分化,干旱危害:雄穗抽出困
4、難、造成雌雄不協(xié)調(diào)卡脖旱,3.開花水,時間,:抽雄吐絲期灌溉,作用,:保證正常授粉和受精、減少籽粒敗育、提高結(jié)實率和千粒重,干旱危害,:花粉活力低、花絲活力下降,4.灌漿水,時間,:籽粒灌漿期間灌溉,作用,:保證籽粒正常灌漿、提高結(jié)實率和千粒重,干旱危害,:粒重降低,華北地區(qū)常常出現(xiàn)秋旱,二灌溉方式,The End!,Jw(fRYJIoA1!6ZNr!ep5j5iKnMU8!zE(f4de)o$rktw%j3Z!sWlryFxTh1V6%bwL6G4ym)V9!wGjXvo8dS#f2HN%LnB#dX2DKqH+EfuK(chgGqRsIlXUm3ca+i2Os2ObU2NrB+zIxWiD
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