職稱英語教材理工類新增文章內(nèi)容

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1、2013年職稱英語教材理工類新增文章內(nèi)容第四部分 閱讀理解第十一篇When Our Eyes Serve Our StomachOur senses arent just delivering strict view of whats going on in the world； theyre affected by whats going on in our heads1. A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people whove just eaten.Psycholo

2、gists have known for decades that whats going on inside our head affects our senses. For example, poorer children think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter. Remi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis2，F(xiàn)rance，wanted to investigate how this happ

3、ens. Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brains high-level thinking processes get involved.Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index3. On the day of his or her test, each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after th

4、ree or four hours of not eating. Then they were told there was a delay. Some were told to come back in 10 minutes; others were given an hour to get lunch first. So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.For the experiment, the participant looked

5、at a computer screen. One by one, 80 words flashed on the screen for about l/300th of a second each. They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive. A quarter of the words were food-related. After each word，each person was asked how bright the word was and asked to

6、 choose which of two words theyd seen a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat. Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food- related words. Because the word appeared too

7、 quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception5, not in thinking processes, Radel says.“This is something great to me. Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for. From the experiment, I know that our brain can really be at the disposal o

8、f6 our motives and needs,” Radel says.詞匯：threshold n.起點，開端；門檻 disposal n.處理,處置;配置neutral adj.中性的；中立的 motive n.動機，目的strive v.努力，力求;斗爭 注釋：1. Our senses arent just delivering a strict view of . in our heads: 這個句子的大概意思是: 我們的五官感覺不僅僅讓我們感知世界；五官感覺還受大腦活動的影響。2. University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis:法國尼斯索菲亞安提波利斯

9、大學(xué)，簡稱尼斯大學(xué)，1965年經(jīng)法國政令正式宣布成立。尼斯大學(xué)在尼斯市設(shè)有7處主校園，另外，還在索菲亞 安提波利斯市(Sophia Antipolis)、戛納市（Cannes)和芒東市（Menton)設(shè)有校區(qū)。索菲亞 安提波利斯是位于尼斯市西南側(cè)的科技園區(qū)，是許多髙等學(xué)府的所在地。3. body mass index:身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)4. at the threshold of:當(dāng)快要開始時5. in perception：感知6. at the disposal of:受到的控制練習(xí)：1. What does the new study mentioned in Paragraph 1 find

10、?A Hungry people see every word more clearly than ordinary people.B Hungry people are always thinking of food-related words.C Hungry people are more sensitive to food-related words than stomach-full people.D Hungry people do not have lower-level of thinking process.2. Why was there a delay on the da

11、y of the experiment?A Because hungry people needed time to fill their stomach.B Because Radel wanted to create two groups of tastes, hungry and non-hungry.C Because noon was not the right time for any experiment.D Because Radel needed time to select participants in terms of body mass index.3. What d

12、oes the writer want to tell us?A Human9s senses arent just delivering a strict view of whats going on in the world.B Whats perceived by our senses affects our way of thinking.C Human brains can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs.D Thinking processes guarantee the normal functions of

13、our senses.4. What did the results of the experiment indicate?A 80 words flashed on the screen too fast for the participant to intentionally perceive.B Hungry people were better at identifying neutral words.C People who had just eaten were better at identifying food-related words.D The participants

14、could barely perceive what they needed or what they strived for.5. What can we infer from the passage?A 42 participants are too small a number for a serious investigation.B An experiment with hungry and non-hungry participants is not reliable.C Our thinking processes are independent of our senses.D

15、Humans can perceive what they need without involving high-level thinking processes.答案與題解：1. C第一段第二句是本題答案的依據(jù)。饑腸轆轆的人只是看food-related words比較清楚，選項C的句意與上述句子的意思完全一致，是答案。選項A說的是every word, 所以不是答案。選項B和D文章中沒有提到。2. B答案的根據(jù)可在第三段找到。Radel為了保證42名學(xué)生到達實驗室時是空腹，所以要求他們中午到達。然后告訴一部分學(xué)生實驗時間推遲了，請他們10分鐘后再來。他又請另外一部分學(xué)生用午餐。Radel

16、用推遲實驗的方法造就了兩組實驗者，即饑餓組與飽食組。選項 B是答案。3. C 雖然A、B、D選項均可在文中找到對應(yīng)部分，但只屬于細(xì)節(jié)，而非主旨，因此不能選。本文最后一句給出了直接的答案。4. A第四段第三行中consciously與A項中的intentionally是同義詞。B項neutral意思為“中性的”，在本文中的意思是與food-related相對的，即“與食物不相關(guān)的”，因此是錯誤選擇; C 項不符合課文原意; D項barely意為“僅僅，勉強，幾乎沒有”，因此也不符合句意。5. D選項A所說的實驗樣本的大小與本題主旨無關(guān)，不是答案，而是干擾項;B、C內(nèi)容也不能直接從短文中推斷出來。

17、選項D是答案。最后一段第二句的“Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for” 為選擇 D 項提供了依據(jù)。參考譯文：我們的視覺服務(wù)于我們的胃口我們的五官不僅僅讓我們感知世界；還受大腦活動的影響。一項新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：比起那些剛剛用過餐的人，饑餓的人能更清晰地看到與食品有關(guān)的詞。數(shù)十年以來，心理學(xué)家已經(jīng)知道我們的心理活動直接影響到我們的視覺。例如，貧窮的孩子看到的硬幣比實際的要大；饑餓的人看到的食物圖片更明亮。法國的尼斯索菲亞安提波利斯大學(xué)試圖調(diào)查這一現(xiàn)象：發(fā)生這種情況的時間是在大腦從眼睛接收到視覺信號的當(dāng)時還是稍后

18、些，這時高級思維活動已經(jīng)介入了。雷戴爾招募了健康指數(shù)正常的42位學(xué)生作為被試者。在測試的當(dāng)天，每個學(xué)生被告知在中午到達實驗室，這時距上一次的用餐時間有34個小時。等他們到達實驗室時，他們被告知實驗時間有延遲。一半學(xué)生被告知十分鐘后再回來;其余的給1個小時的時間先吃午飯。所以一半學(xué)生餓著肚子，另一半學(xué)生飽腹參加了此次實驗。實驗的步驟如下：要求被試者看電腦屏幕。屏幕上的80個字以1/300秒的頻率閃動。由于字體非常之小，被試者只能憑感覺捕捉到字形。1/4的字是與食物有關(guān)的。每閃動一個字，被試者回答字體的亮度并選擇看到的是哪類詞：一類是和食物有關(guān)的詞，比如“蛋糕”；一類是中性詞，比如“船”。由于每個

19、詞的閃動在瞬間完成，被試者根本看不清楚那個詞是什么。饑餓的人看到與食物有關(guān)的詞更明亮，且能更好地辨認(rèn)出與食物有關(guān)的詞。由于每個詞的閃動太快，其實那些被試者根本不會確切地看到什么，這就說明：他們只是感覺不同，根本沒經(jīng)過思考。雷戴爾給出了這樣的解釋。雷戴爾說：“這就是重點所在。人類可以真正感知到自身的需要或者為之奮斗的目標(biāo)。該實驗使我了解這樣的事實，即我們的大腦是受我們的動機和需要所支配的?！钡谑牌狹usical Robot Companion Enhances Listener ExperienceShimi, a musical companion developed by Georgia

20、Techs1 Center for Music Technology, recommends songs, dances to the beat and keeps the music pumping2 based on listener feedback. The smartphone-enabled3, one-foot-tall robot is billed as4 an interactive musical friend.Shimi is designed to change the way that people enjoy and think about their music

21、, said Professor Gil Weinberg, the robots creator. He will unveil the robot at the June 27th Google I/O conference in San Francisco. A band of three Shimi robots will perform for guests, dancing in sync with music created in the lab and composed according to its movements.Shimi is essentially a dock

22、ing station5 with a brain powered by an Android6 phone. Once docked7 the robot gains the sensing and musical generation capabilities8 of the users mobile device. In other words, if theres an app9 for that, Shimi is ready. For instance, by using the phones camera and face-detecting software, Shimi ca

23、n follow a listener around the room and position itsears, or speakers, for optimal sound. Another recognition feature is based on rhythm and tempo. If the user taps a beat10, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phones musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestions. Once th

24、e music starts, Shimi dances to the rhythm.Many people think that robots are limited by their programming instructions, said Music Technology Ph. D. candidate Mason Bretan, Shimi shows us that robots can be creative and interactive. Future apps in the works11 will allow the user to shake their head

25、in disagreement or wave a hand in the air to alert Shimi to skip to the next song or increase/decrease the volume. The robot will also have the capability to recommend new music based on the users song choices and provide feedback on the music play list.Weinberg hopes other developers will be inspir

26、ed to create more apps to expand Shimis creative and interactive capabilities. I believe that our center is ahead of a revolution that will see more robots in homes. Weinberg said,Weinberg is in the process of commercializing Shimi through an exclusive licensing agreement will Georgia Tech. Weinberg

27、 hopes to make the robot available to consumers by the 2013 holiday season. If robots are going to arrive in homes, we think that they will be this kind of machines- small, entertaining and fun, Weinberg said. They will enhance your life and pave the way for more intelligent service robots12 in our

28、lives.詞匯:pump v. 用抽水機抽：不斷播放(音樂） scanv. 掃描；瀏覽sync n. 同步，同時；iv. 使同步 skip v. 輕跳，跳躍tempo n. 速度；節(jié)奏注釋：1. Georgia Tech ：全稱是Georgia Institute of Technology ，佐治亞理工學(xué)院，建于1885 年，位于亞特蘭大市中心。佐治亞理工學(xué)院是美國南部最大的公立理工學(xué)院，也是全美最頂尖的理工學(xué)院之一 排名僅次于麻省理工學(xué)院(MTT) 和加州理工學(xué)院( CalTech) 。2. pump ：不斷播放(音樂 ) 。例如：This radio station recently

29、pumps out pop music. ( 這家廣播電臺近來連續(xù)播放流行音樂。)3. smartphone-enabled：由智能手機系統(tǒng)支持的4. is billed as ：相當(dāng)于is advertised as ,意為“被標(biāo)榜為”5. docking station：插接站，擴充基座，擴展插口6. Android：(科幻小說里的)機器人。本文指用于智能手機和便攜式計算機移動設(shè)備的一種以Linus為基礎(chǔ)的開放源代碼操作系統(tǒng)，通過接口和插槽連接多種外部設(shè)備。目前Android尚未有統(tǒng)一中文譯名, 國內(nèi)較多人翻譯成“安卓”或“安致”。據(jù)2012年2月數(shù)據(jù)，Android占據(jù)全球智能手機操作系

30、統(tǒng)市場52.5%的份額，中國市場占有率為68.4%。7. dock ： 對接8. the sensing and musical generation capabilities ：傳感和音樂生成能力9. app：應(yīng)用程序( =application)10. if the user taps a beat ：如果用戶打出某個( 音樂) 拍子11. in the works：正在準(zhǔn)備階段：在進行中或準(zhǔn)備中12. intelligent service robots ：智能服務(wù)型機器人練習(xí)：1. Which of the following is NOT true according to the

31、first three paragraphs?A Shimi is a one-foot tall robot.B Shimi is the creator of the musical companion.C Shimi is a docking station with a brain powered by an Android phone.D Shimi can gain the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the users mobile device.2. What does Shimi do if the user

32、taps a beat?A It stores the beat in the musical library.B It transmits the beat to the docking station.C It Positions its speakers for optimal sound.D It selects a perfectly-matched song and plays it in sync with that beat.3. Which of the following about Shimi is true?A Robots are limited by their p

33、rogramming instructions, and Shimi is no exception.B Present apps allow the user to shake their head to alert Shimi to skip to the next song.C Existing apps allow the user to wave a band to alert Shimi to turn up/down the volume.D Shimi can be creative and interactive.4. What does the author want to

34、 tell us?A The research center is developing a stronger and more versatile Shimi.B Weinberg only expects staffs from Georgia Tech. to develop more apps for Shimi.C Shimi is not yet technologically ready for commercialization.D Robots such as Shimi are created for large corporations rather than homes

35、.5. Which of the following is Weinbergs assertion?A Shimi as a robotic musical companion can be applied to all types of smart phones.B human lives will be filled with more fun if Shimi is going to arrive in homes.C Shimis creative and interactive capabilities are appreciated by most of its users.D W

36、einberg has reached an agreement with Georgia Tech to commercialize Shimi.答案與題解：1.B 在前三段中均可找到與選項A、C、D 相應(yīng)的句子，強調(diào)Shimi是一種電子設(shè)備；B 與原文不符，Shimi不是該機器人的發(fā)明者，Gi1 Weinberg 教授才是the robots creator。2.D 選項D 簡要地表述了第三段的倒數(shù)第二句“If the user taps a beat，Shimi analyzes it， scans the phones musical library and immediately p

37、lays the song that best matches the suggestion”的意思，所以是答案。選項A、B、C 都不符合上述句子的含義。3.D 選項A 的意思與原文相反，雖然人們認(rèn)為機器人受到程序指令的限制，但Shimi 卻表現(xiàn)出具有創(chuàng)造能力和互動能力，所以A 不是答案。選項D 的意思與原文相同. 因而是答案。第四段第三句指的是未來的應(yīng)用程序：future apps in the works，而選項B，C 是指目前的應(yīng)用程序，兩者的表述均與原文有出入。4.A 第三段介紹Shimi的多種功能，第四段和第五段說Weinberg 還在開發(fā)更多的應(yīng)用程序來豐富Shimi 的功能，還希

38、望其他研發(fā)者也參與開發(fā)，因此，A 是答案。選項B 說Weinberg僅僅希望Georgia Tech 員工參與開發(fā)更多的應(yīng)用軟件.這與原文不符。文章最后一段告訴我們，Weinberg 正在與Georgia Tech 進行有關(guān)Shimi 商業(yè)化的談判. 選項C 的意思與此相反，不會是答案。選項D 也與原文不符。5. B 選項A、C 和D 的內(nèi)容Weinberg 都沒有說過。第三段告訴我們，Shimi是Android smart phone 的擴充基座，并不適用于所有智能手機，所以A 選項不正確；Shimi 尚未進人市場，還談不上公眾對Shimi 欣賞與否的問題，因此選項C 不符合原意；Shimi

39、正在進行商業(yè)化運作，但絕非已經(jīng)完成，所以D 也不是正確選項。本題的答案是B 依據(jù)是最后一段倒數(shù)第二句。參考譯文：音樂機器人伴侶提升音樂欣賞體驗Shimi是由佐治亞理工大學(xué)音樂技術(shù)中心研發(fā)的一款音樂伴侶。它可以根據(jù)聽者的反饋推薦合乎節(jié)拍的歌曲、舞蹈；并且不斷播放音樂。這款髙1英尺的機器人是由智能手機系統(tǒng)支持的，因此被標(biāo)榜為“一個可以互動的音樂朋友”。GilWeinberg教授是該機器人的發(fā)明者，他解釋說：“Shimi設(shè)計的宗旨是改變?nèi)藗冃蕾p音樂、認(rèn)識音樂的方式?！彼麑⒃诮衲?月27日在舊金山的谷歌I/O大會上展示這款機器人。一個由三個機器人組成的樂隊將為來賓演奏，并伴隨音樂起舞。而音樂是根據(jù)不同

40、的運動形式編制的。Shimi實際上是一個擴充基座，它的“大腦”由安卓手機控制。一旦連接上，機器人便從用戶的移動裝置獲得傳感和音樂生成能力。換言之，只要有應(yīng)用程序，機器人便能使用。例如，通過手機的照相機和辨認(rèn)臉型的軟件，Shimi就能在房間周圍跟蹤到聽眾，然后安置好它的“耳朵”或揚聲器，以確保輸送最佳聲音。另外一種識別特征是基于節(jié)奏和速度。如果用戶打出某個（音樂）拍子，Shimi會對此進行分析，然后瀏覽手機的音樂庫，并立即演奏最符合要求的音樂。一旦音樂響起來，Shimi就隨韻律起舞?！霸S多人認(rèn)為機器人受到程序指令的限制，而Shimi給我們展示了機器人可以具有創(chuàng)造力和與人交互的能力?！币魳芳夹g(shù)博士

41、研究生MasonBretan如是說。正在研發(fā)中的程序?qū)⑹褂脩裟芡ㄟ^搖頭或擺手表示不同意，來提醒Shimi跳到下一首歌或增減音量。機器人還可根據(jù)用戶對歌曲的選擇推薦新音樂，并對音樂播放列表提供反饋。Weinberg希望其他研發(fā)者會因此獲得靈感，開發(fā)更多的應(yīng)用程序，來擴展Shimi的創(chuàng)新和交互功能。他說：“我認(rèn)為我們中心正在引領(lǐng)這場將更多機器人應(yīng)用到家庭中去的變革。”Weinberg正在通過獲得佐治亞理工學(xué)院的獨家授權(quán)來對Shimi進行商業(yè)推廣。Weinberg希望到2013年的節(jié)日季消費者可購買到Shimi。Weinberg說：“如果機器人進入家庭，我們認(rèn)為就應(yīng)該是這種類型的機器人：小巧、令人愉

42、快和有趣，它們能提高我們的生活質(zhì)量，為更多智能服務(wù)型機器人進入我們的生活做好準(zhǔn)備。+第四十八篇Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking UprightMost of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us dont question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond fr

43、om GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences1 have discovered that human walking upright , may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high-quality resources. The team of researchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-d

44、ay chimpanzees as they competed for food resources, in an effort to understand what ecological settings2 would lead a large ape - one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees - to walk on two legs.These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological c

45、onditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, said Dr. Richmond.The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to carry much mor

46、e at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time, intense bursts of bipedal activity3 may have led to anatomical changes4 that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea, The first

47、study was conducted by the team in Kyoto Universitys5 outdoor laboratory in a natural clearing in Bossou6 Forest. Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nutthe oil palm nut7, which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is

48、 not. The chimpanzees behavior was monitored in three situations: (a) when only oil palm nuts were available, (b) when a small number of coula nuts were available, and (c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource.When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanz

49、ees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely.In such high-competition settings, the frequenc

50、y of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four8. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource ,but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go9 by using everything avai

51、lable - even their mouths.The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University10 was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rate and unpredictable resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of

52、 bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.詞匯：scarce adj. 缺乏的，不足的;稀有的 bipedal adj. 二足的chimpanzee n. 黑猩猩 anatomical adj. 解剖的ape n. 無尾猿；類人猿 coula nuts( coula 也可寫作cola 或kola) 可樂果注釋：1. GWs Columbian College of Arts a

53、nd Sciences ：喬治華盛頓大學(xué)哥倫比亞藝術(shù)與科學(xué)學(xué)院。喬治華盛頓大學(xué)( George Washington University ) 的英文簡稱為GW ，是美國頂尖的私立大學(xué)之一，于1821年建校，位于美國首都華盛頓。2. ecological settings ：生態(tài)環(huán)境3. bipedal activity ：雙足活動4. anatomical change ：解剖學(xué)上的變化5. Kyoto University ：京都大學(xué)，是繼東京大學(xué)之后成立的日本第二所國立大學(xué)，于1897 年建校。 京都大學(xué)主要校區(qū)位于日本歷史名城京都市。6. Bossou ：博蘇，幾內(nèi)亞的一個地名。博蘇森

54、林生活著黑猩猩群落。7. oil palm nut：油棕櫚堅果8. increased by a factor of four ：增加了四倍9. in one go：一口氣10. Oxford Brookes University ：牛津布魯克斯大學(xué)，創(chuàng)立于1865 年，是英國最具特色的綜合性大學(xué)之一。牛津布魯克斯大學(xué)位于世界學(xué)術(shù)名城牛津。這里學(xué)風(fēng)濃郁、精英薈萃，歷來為求學(xué)圣地。練習(xí)：1. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs?A Many people quest

55、ion the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.B Chimpanzees behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs.C Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources.D Our ancestors ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees.2. Dr. Richm

56、ond conducted the experiment with the purpose of findingA when humans began walking on two legs.B What made our ancestors walk upright.C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors.D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources。3. Kyoto Universitys study discovered that chi

57、mpanzeesA regarded both types of nut as priced resources.B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts.C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.D ignored both types of nut altogether.4. Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto Universitys experiment?A Because they imitated the human way

58、of walking just for fun.B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them.C Because they wanted to get to the nut-rich forest faster-by walking that way.D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5. What can we infer from the reading passage?A Chimpan

59、zees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were.B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors.C Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages.D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.答案與題解：1.A 第一段第一句和第二句說明，大多數(shù)人對人類直立行走習(xí)以為常，并不質(zhì)疑這種

60、習(xí)慣。而A 的內(nèi)容正好與此相反，所以是答案。其他選項所述內(nèi)容均可從第一段和第二段推斷出來.2.B 文章報道，科學(xué)家通過實驗證實黑猩猩直立行走是為了解放前肢，讓前肢搬運對其生命至關(guān)重要的資源，從而推斷出人類祖先也經(jīng)歷了從四足到二足的進化過程?？茖W(xué)家想通過對黑猩猩的實驗解釋人類直立行走的成因。所以B 是答案，A 、C、D 選項不是科學(xué)家進行研究的目的。3. C 第五段明白無誤地描述了黑猩猩全然不顧油棕櫚堅果(ignored the oil palm nuts altogether) ，集中精力搶運可樂果。所以C 是答案，B 、C 、D 的內(nèi)容不符合文章原意。4.D 黑猩猩用后肢直立行走，搬運資源的

61、效率提高了四倍。選項D 符合原意，是答案。選項A、B 、C 的內(nèi)容文章中沒有提到，所以不是答案。5. D 了解了通篇文章的意思，就會選擇選項D，人類直立行走是受生態(tài)環(huán)境所迫，是人類生存的一種手段.直立行走是自然選擇的結(jié)果。選項A 和C 的內(nèi)容文章中沒有涉及. 文章中有選項B 的內(nèi)容，但它不是文章的主旨。參考譯文：研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)人類開始直立行走的原因我們大多數(shù)人每天都走路而且手里搬著東西。這樣的活動看似太簡單，大多數(shù)人沒有疑問。但是一個國際研究者（包括喬治華盛頓大學(xué)哥倫比亞藝術(shù)與科學(xué)學(xué)院的Richmond博士）團隊已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類直立行走可能源于數(shù)百萬年以前適應(yīng)搬運稀有的、高質(zhì)量的資源。這些來自美國

62、、英國、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了當(dāng)代黑猩猩爭搶食物時的行為特征，試圖對什么樣的生態(tài)環(huán)境竟然導(dǎo)致大猿（一種我們與現(xiàn)存的黑猩猩一樣的600萬年前的祖先）直立行走做出解釋。“這些黑猩猩居住的生態(tài)環(huán)境和我們最早的祖先開始直立行走時是相同的，”Richmond博士說。研究結(jié)果顯示，當(dāng)黑猩猩需要獨占一種資源時，它們就從四肢行走轉(zhuǎn)換為直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它們的雙手，這使得它們能搬更多的東西。久而久之，雙足活動的強烈爆發(fā)可能導(dǎo)致了解剖學(xué)上的變化，因此這種變化也就成為自然選擇的主題，在那種情況下，對食物或其他資源的爭奪是十分激烈的。有兩項研究是在幾內(nèi)亞完成的。第一項研究是在京都大學(xué)博蘇森林的一塊天然

63、空地“室外實驗室”進行的。研究者們允許森林里的黑猩猩能得到兩種不同的堅果，一種叫油棕櫚堅果，自然界隨處可見，一種叫可樂果，自然環(huán)境中不常見。人們監(jiān)控黑猩猩在下列三種情形下的行為：(a)只有油棕櫚堅果；（b)只有少量的可樂果，大多數(shù)是油棕櫚堅果;(c)大多數(shù)是可樂果，少數(shù)是油棕櫚堅果。當(dāng)稀有的可樂果數(shù)量很少時，黑猩猩一次就會拿得多。同樣，當(dāng)大部分是可樂果時，黑猩猩對油棕櫚堅果根本視而不見。黑猩猩認(rèn)為可樂果才是珍貴的資源，并為得到可樂果激烈競爭。處于這種激烈競爭的環(huán)境中，黑猩猩直立行走的頻率增加了四倍。很顯然，雙足行走可以使它們拿走更多的稀有資源，而且，為了盡可能地一口氣多拿，它們積極利用可用到的

64、任何方法，甚至嘴巴。第二項研究是在牛津布魯克斯大學(xué)的KimberleyHockings進行的。該研究歷時14個月，主題是博蘇的黑猩猩搶劫糧食，場景是它們不得不為稀有和不可預(yù)知的資源競爭。在這項研究中，黑猩猩35%的活動是直立行走。而這一次研究再一次證實了黑猩猩的直立行走與它們試圖一次搬走盡可能多的東西有關(guān)。第六部分 完形填空第三篇GiantStructuresIt is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modem world since every year more _1_ constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our _2_ although they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders. The Petronas Twin Towers1The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the