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1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-----傾情為你奉上
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings. A wider definition would include within its scope the design of the total built environment, from the macro level of town planning, urban design and landscape to the microlevel of furniture and product design. Architectur
2、e, equally importantly, also refers to the product of such a design.
建筑學（或建筑設計）是設計建筑的藝術和科學。一個更廣泛的定義是包括建筑范圍內(nèi)的總體環(huán)境設計，宏觀上包括城市規(guī)劃，城市和景觀設計，微觀上包括家具和產(chǎn)品設計。建筑也是指像這樣設計而成的產(chǎn)品.
Architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, including within its fold mathematics, science, art, technology, social sciences,
3、politics, history, philosophy, and so on. In Vitruvius' words, "Architecture is a science, arising out of many other sciences, and adorned with much and varied learning: by the help of which a judgment is formed of those works which are the result of other arts".
建筑是一個多學科領域，包括在其倍數(shù)學，科學
4、，藝術，技術，社會科學，政治，歷史，哲學，等等。維特魯威認為"建筑學是產(chǎn)生于多種學科的一門科學，充滿了深邃且豐富的學問：建筑學是人們借助于多學科融合而成的知識體系而形成的一種判斷體系，是其他藝術成果發(fā)展的結晶。
Theory is the result of that reasoning which demonstrates and explains that the material wrought has been so converted as to answer the end proposed.
理論是推理的結果，它展示并解釋了那些已經(jīng)加工過的材料再被轉
5、變是為了達到最終合理的結果.
自己翻譯的不是很準僅供參考by:肖瑩瑩
In Europe in the Classical and Medieval periods, buildings were not attributed to specific individual architects who remained anonymous. Guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trade.
古典和中世紀時期在歐洲，建筑不會由那些特定的不知名的個體建筑師設計。建筑都是由&#
6、160;
工匠門所組成的公會去設計建造. by肖瑩瑩
With the Renaissance and its emphasis on the individual and humanity rather than religion, and with all its attendant progess and achievements, a new chapter began.
隨著文藝的復興越發(fā)的強調(diào)人本主義，而不是宗教，與此同時也取得了很大的進步和成就，一個新的篇章開始了。
At this stage,
7、it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved were within the scope of the generalist.
在這個階段，一個藝術家仍有可能參與橋梁的設計,其涉及的結構計算的水平是在通才(所涉及的范圍)之內(nèi)的. by肖瑩瑩
Architecture now required a team of professionals in its making, an arc
8、hitect being one among the many, sometimes the leader, sometimes not. This is the state of the profession today.
現(xiàn)在在設計建筑時需要專業(yè)的團隊，建筑師是其中的一員，有時充當領導者，有時不是。這是該行業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀。
However,most of them are still designed by people themselves or masons as in developing countries,or through standardised
9、production as in developed countries.
然而，大多數(shù)還是通過發(fā)展中國家的人民或是工匠自己設計，或者在發(fā)達國家進行標準化的設計。
The order of a classical building is like the mode or key of classical music. It is established by certain modules like the intervals of music, and it raises certain expectations in an audience attuned to its
10、language. The orders are like the grammar or rhetoric of a written composition.
古典建筑的柱式就像是古典音樂的韻律或者音調(diào)一樣。它由確定的構件組成,類似音樂中的音程，它會提高觀眾的某種期望使之與它的語言相協(xié)調(diào)。柱式就像一篇作文中的語法或修辭
關于音樂方面的術語就請教張子木吧
A column is divided into a shaft, its base and its capital. In classical buildings the horizontal structure that
11、 is supported on the columns like a beam is called an entablature. The entablature is commonly divided into the architrave, the frieze and the cornice. To distinguish between the different Classical orders, the capital is used, having the most distinct characteristics.
一個柱子可以分為柱身，柱基和柱頭。在古典建筑的水平結構中，
12、像梁一樣起支撐作用的結構叫做柱上楣構。 柱上楣構一般分為楣梁，中楣和檐口。通常用柱頭來區(qū)分不同古典柱式，因為每個柱頭有各自明顯的特點。
In Roman and post-Renaissance work, the entablature may be carried from column to column in the form of an arch that springs from the column that bears its weight, retaining its divisions and sculptural enrichment, if
13、 any.
在后來羅馬的文藝復興開始時，柱上楣構是可以從一個柱子搭到另一個柱子上形成拱結構來支撐重量，如果可能的話還可以保留原有的裝飾和雕刻。
There are three distinct orders in Ancient Greek architecture: Doric, Ionic, and, later, Corinthian. These three were adopted by the Romans, who modified their capitals. The Roman adoption of the Greek orders took plac
14、e in the 1st century BC.
在古希臘建筑中有三種截然不同的柱式：多立克，愛奧尼和后來的科林斯。羅馬修改了一下他們的柱頭并引為己用。在公元前1世紀羅馬采用了希臘的柱式。
The Romans adapted all the Greek orders and also developed two orders of their own, basically modification of Greek orders. The Romans also invented the superposed order.
羅馬采用了希臘所有的柱式，基于希臘
15、的柱式羅馬自己還開發(fā)了兩種新的柱式。此外，羅馬人還發(fā)明了疊柱。
Ancient Chinese architecture styles vary greatly, depending on the social class an individual owner belonged to.
古代中國的建筑風格變化很大，因為社會階級的不同而獨具特色。
Even the style of the roof shows the power of the sovereign, with the ridges engraved with the immortal or
16、 beasts symbolizing stateliness.
即使是屋頂?shù)娘L格也通過在屋脊上雕刻不朽的神獸來象征最高統(tǒng)治者的權利。
One obvious difference lies in the fact that there were no ornaments around the door symbolic of official position in ancient Chinese hierarchical society.
在中國古代封建社會、一個明顯的不同之處在于，（商人）的大門上沒有象征官職的特殊裝飾。
Numbers
17、 can be divided into odds and evens, which fall into the categories of Yang and Yin respectively according to the Yin-Yang principle (concerning opposing elements). Within the less than 10, 9 is the largest one and 5 ranks in the middle. Accordingly, both 9 and 5 connoted the supreme imperial
18、power in ancient China.
數(shù)字可以分為奇數(shù)和偶數(shù)，根據(jù)陰陽法則可以歸納為陰和陽（關于對立的元素）。在小于10的奇數(shù)中，9是最大的，而5是處于中間的。因此，9日和5在古代的中國都可以代表最高權利。
There is no clear proof that the design of Chinese palaces was influenced by Western architectural ideas. Anyway, the employment of the Golden Section Rule in both China and the Wes
19、t is a testifies to its reasonableness, and also reveals that human beings, regardless of nationalities, share commonness in the pursuit of beauty.
沒有清楚的證據(jù)證明，中國宮殿的設計是由西方建筑思潮的影響。無論如何，在中國和西方對于黃金分割比的應用都證明了其合理性，也揭示了人類不論民族，對追求美的標準是有共性的。
1、Architecture？
2、The difference between archit
20、ecture and building ？
The difference between architecture and building is a subject matter that has engaged the attention of many. According to Nikolaus Pevsner, European historian of the early 20th century, " A bicycle shed is a building, Lincoln Cathedral is a piece of architecture". In
21、current thinking, the division is not too clear. Bernard Rudofsky's famous book "Architecture without architects" consolidated a whole range of structures designed by ordinary people into the realm of architecture. The further back in history one goes, the greater is the consensus on w
22、hat architecture is or is not, possibly because time is an efficient filter. If like Vitruvius we consider architecture as good building, then does it mean that bad architecture does not exist? To resolve this dilemma, especially with the increasing number of buildings in the world today, architectu
23、re can also be defined as what an architect does. This would then place the emphasis on the evolution of architecture and the architect.
建筑設計和建筑之間的差異是一個學科包括許多重要事項。根據(jù)尼古勞斯佩夫斯納，20世紀初的歐洲歷史學家，“一個自行車棚是一個建筑，林肯大教堂是一個建筑設計”。在目前的看來，這種分類還是不太清楚。陳智思Rudofsky的名著“沒有建筑師的建筑”鞏固一個普通人設計到建筑領域的整體結構。進一步在歷史上一回，更大的是什么架構是或不是的共識，這可能是因為時間是一個高效過濾器。如果像維特魯威我們認為良好的建設架構，那么它意味著壞的架構不存在？為了解決這一困境，尤其是在當今世界上的建筑物越來越多，，建筑也可以被定義為一個建筑師做什么。這將然后將強調(diào)建筑和建筑師的演變。
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《專業(yè)英語》-建筑翻譯題(共4頁)
