備戰(zhàn)2020年高考英語(yǔ) 考點(diǎn)一遍過(guò) 考點(diǎn)23 限制性與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句（含解析）

考點(diǎn)23 限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句高考頻度：考向一 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)意義已經(jīng)非常明確的先行詞給予補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明，刪去非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，主句的意思仍是概念清晰、結(jié)構(gòu)完整的。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞有who，whom，which，whose，as，when，where等，that不可用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，從句之前要用逗號(hào)。先行詞指人，則用who，whose，which等；先行詞指物，要用which；先行詞表時(shí)間或者地點(diǎn)，并在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或者地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)要用when或者where引導(dǎo)。一、使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的情況：1. 關(guān)系代詞指代整個(gè)主句時(shí)，使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。You did a lot for me, for which I was grateful. 你為我做了許多，對(duì)此我很感激。The Diaoyu Island belongs to China, as is known to us. 眾所周知，釣魚島屬于中國(guó)。A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一個(gè)中年女子殺害了自己的丈夫,這令我十分恐懼。2. 當(dāng)先行詞指的是世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物或人名地名等專有名詞時(shí)，使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。China, which is my motherland, is developing fast. 中國(guó)是我的祖國(guó)，正在快速發(fā)展。Eason, who was a pop star, got married last year. 伊森去年結(jié)婚了，他是明星。Last Sunday they reached Nanjing , where a conference was to be held. 他們上周日到達(dá)南京，有個(gè)會(huì)議要在那里舉行。3. 當(dāng)先行詞指的是某人只有一個(gè)親屬（son，daughter等）時(shí)，使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。He has a daughter, who is studying in London. 他有個(gè)女兒，現(xiàn)在正在倫敦學(xué)習(xí)。（只有一個(gè)女兒）This is my teacher, who has something to tell you. 這是我的老師，他有一些事情要告訴你。二、限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別1. 形式不同 限制性定語(yǔ)從句主句和從句之間不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，口語(yǔ)中使用時(shí)也不停頓；而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間通常有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，口語(yǔ)中使用時(shí)有停頓。 2. 功能不同 限制性定語(yǔ)從句用于對(duì)先行詞的意義進(jìn)行修飾、限制和識(shí)別，如果去掉，就會(huì)造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句用于對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。People who take physical exercise live longer. 進(jìn)行體育鍛煉的人活得長(zhǎng)些。(若把從句去掉句子就失去意義) His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女兒現(xiàn)在在波士頓，下星期回來(lái)。(若把從句去掉，句子意義仍然完整) 3. 翻譯不同 在翻譯定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，一般把限制性定語(yǔ)從句翻譯在它所修飾的先行詞之前，而把非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句分開(kāi)。He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽車被竊的那個(gè)人。 Ive invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀請(qǐng)了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。 4. 含義不同 比較下面的兩個(gè)句子： I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一個(gè)醫(yī)生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一個(gè)) I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一個(gè)姐姐，她是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的。(只有一個(gè)姐姐) 5. 先行詞不同 限制性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞只能是名詞或代詞，而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞則可以是名詞或代詞，也可以是短語(yǔ)或句子；另外，當(dāng)先行詞為專有名詞或其他具有獨(dú)一無(wú)二性的普通名詞時(shí)，通常要用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，而不用限制性定語(yǔ)從句。Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得開(kāi)車很快，這是很危險(xiǎn)的。(which指drive too fast) He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改變了主意，這使我很生氣。(which指整個(gè)主句)Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我們的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行詞為專有名詞，要用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾) Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父親很有錢，希望她出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)。(先行詞為表獨(dú)一無(wú)二意義的普通名詞，要用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾) 6. 關(guān)系詞不同 關(guān)系詞that和why可用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，通常不用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句；另外，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系詞有時(shí)可以省略，而在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系詞一律不能省略。1.（2019·新課標(biāo)II卷·語(yǔ)法填空）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， _62_ she opened with her late husband Les.【參考答案】where【答案解析】考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，先行詞為the pet shop，在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作opened一詞的賓語(yǔ)，故用which。2.(2018·北京卷·單項(xiàng)填空) She and her family bicycle to work, _ helps them keep fit.A. which B. who C. as D. that【參考答案】A【答案解析】考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。句意：她和家人騎自行車去上班，這有助于她們保持健康?！癬 helps them keep fit”是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，該從句修飾整個(gè)主句，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)，故該從句應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)。A選項(xiàng)正確。3.（2017·新課標(biāo)卷I·語(yǔ)法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.【參考答案】 which【答案解析】句意：很可能攝入過(guò)多的脂肪和鹽，那對(duì)健康沒(méi)有好處。分析可知which is not good for the health為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是前面的整句話。4.（2017·新課標(biāo)卷II·短文改錯(cuò)）In their spare time, they are interesting（改為interested） in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.【參考答案】 which【答案解析】非限制性定語(yǔ)從句需要用which引導(dǎo)，故將that改為which。5. （2017·新課標(biāo)卷III·語(yǔ)法填空）But Sarah, 64 has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.【參考答案】 who【答案解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知， 64 has taken part in shows along with top models是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中缺少主語(yǔ)，且先行詞為Sarah，指人，要用who。6.（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷I·語(yǔ)法填空）But my connection with pandas goes back 64（to） my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 65 I was the first Western TV reporter 66（permitted） (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 【參考答案】when【答案解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。后面是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，從句中缺少狀語(yǔ)，又因先行詞是時(shí)間，故填when?？枷蚨s，which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句一、相同點(diǎn)兩者引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，可指代主句中的部分或整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，位于主句之后有時(shí)可互換。The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted. 會(huì)議被推遲了，這正是我們想要的。He was a doctor, as/which I knew from his manner. 他是一名醫(yī)生，我是從他的舉止中知道的。二、不同點(diǎn)1. as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能位于主句之后。As is known to all, fish cant live without water. 眾所周知，魚離開(kāi)水無(wú)法生存。Air, as we know, is gas. 正如我們所知，空氣是氣體。2. 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，which后的be動(dòng)詞不可??；而as后的be動(dòng)詞可以省略。She told me she won the match, which was a lie. 她告訴我們她贏得了比賽，這是一個(gè)謊言。The material is elastic, as (was) shown in the figure. 這種材料是有彈性的，正如圖中所示。3. which在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)可用各類動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)；而as作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)常用系動(dòng)詞，如be，seem，become等，一般不用其他行為動(dòng)詞。He saw the girl, which delighted him. 他看見(jiàn)了那個(gè)女孩，這讓他很高興。He didnt say anything at the meeting, as/which seemed very strange. 他在會(huì)議上一言未發(fā)，這看起來(lái)非常奇怪。4. as常用正如含義，常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有as we know（眾所周知）；as often happens（正如常發(fā)生的那樣）；as is often the case（情況常常如此）；as we all can see（正如我們看到的）；be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。這些結(jié)構(gòu)常放句首，偶爾也可以放句中或句末。As is known to all, China is a developing country. 眾所周知，中國(guó)是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。Kate was late for school, as often happened. 凱特上學(xué)遲到了，正如常發(fā)生的那樣。5. 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，which可指代主句中的某一個(gè)單詞，as不可以。My brother enjoyed playing basketball, which he really plays well. 我哥哥喜歡打籃球，他打得非常好。Beijing, which he was born in, is our capital. 北京，他出生的地方，是我們的首都。6. 介詞+關(guān)系代詞（介賓代物）中關(guān)系代詞只能用which。The Travel Agency, with which our company has been dealing for several years, has opened for new branches. 那家與我們交易了好幾年的旅行社又開(kāi)了新的分店。Air is a mixture of gases, of which oxygen forms 21 percent. 空氣是一種氣體的綜合體，其中氧氣占了21%。7. 從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否定形式時(shí)，常用which。 He can write a letter in English, which I can not. 他可以用英語(yǔ)寫信，我不能。Metal will bear beating with a hammer, which a stone will not. 金屬能承受得住用錘子敲打，但是石頭則不能。8. 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞代表前面主句中的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，常用which。He said he had passed the exam, which was untrue. 他說(shuō)他通過(guò)了考試，這是假的。 1.The number of smokers，_is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.A.itB.whichC.whatD.as【參考答案】D【試題解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，指代的是整個(gè)主句的含義，故可排除A、C兩項(xiàng)。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，表示如同，正如，符合題干意思，故選D項(xiàng)。2.He has made as much progress _ is enough for him to be admitted to Fudan University.A.asB.thatC.whatD.which【參考答案】A【答案解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)句意他已經(jīng)取得了足夠復(fù)旦大學(xué)錄取的驕人的成績(jī)?？芍仗幖昂竺娴木渥邮切揎椙懊娴拿~progress的，所以是定語(yǔ)從句。因關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，可用關(guān)系代詞as，that和which，又因先行詞有as 修飾，所以用as，即構(gòu)成as+ many /much+n.(可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞)+ as.的結(jié)構(gòu)；而what不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。故選A。題組一 過(guò)關(guān)練習(xí)I單項(xiàng)填空1. You must learn to read people, _ will be necessary if you work in a team.A. whoB. that C. whichD. what2.In ancient Egypt, green represented hope and spring, _ is the time of year _ things in nature start to grow after a long winter.A. when；whichB. what；whenC. which；whenD. which；that3. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _ uses it differently.A. all of whichB. each of which C. all of themD. each of them4. It is the third time that she has won the race, _ has surprised us all. A. thatB. where C. whichD. what5. When it comes to the majority of the latest technologies in the next 20 years, _ has greater potential than the technology being developed in these young peoples company, _ in my eyes will lead to a revolution.A. nothing；whichB. none；where C. nothing；whereD. none；which6. The award-winning book was written by a teenager, _ was, indeed, beyond all expectations.A.asB.whichC.whatD.that7. A lot of language learning, _ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.A.asB.itC.whichD.this8. _ is known to us all, failure usually results from laziness while diligence can result in success.A.WhatB.WhichC.AsD.WhenII語(yǔ)法填空閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入 1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。The UKs 65 plus age group is the 1 (fast) growing crowd within our population, and likely to reach one in four people 2 2040. So the number of Silver surfers simply has to rise.ONS statistics (統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果) also show that almost 25% of adults aged 65 plus now use social networking sites, but with a third of this age group 3 (live) on their own. These sites are becoming 4 (increase) important for the elderly to look for ways to stay connected to society, 5 has a great positive affect on feelings of isolation(孤獨(dú)) and depression.This same age group is the most likely to live apart from others and often easier to feel 6 (lone). A released study showed that as many as 1.2 million elderly people in England 7 (experience) loneliness.Social media such as Facebook and Skype go a long way to deal with this issue by offering instant interaction (互動(dòng)) with 8 (love) ones at the click of mouse. Skype can bring grandchildren, who live on the 9 side of the planet, through the Internet into their front room and into their lives.This age group 10 (trap) by ill health, with 60% of them suffering long-term conditions, so discovering ways to remain in good health as long as possible is a wise choice. Technology has the ability to do this.題組二體驗(yàn)真題1.(2017·天津)My eldest son, _ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.A. that B. whose C. his D. who2.（2016·天津）We will put off the picnic in the park until next week， _the weather may be better.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. when3.（2015·湖南）It is a truly delightful place， _looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.A.asB. whereC. thatD. which4.（2015·天津）The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere_ his employees enjoy their work.A. whereB. whichC. whenD. who5.（2015·四川）The books on the desk， _covers are shiny， are prizes for us.A. whichB. whatC. whoseD. that題組一 過(guò)關(guān)練習(xí)I單項(xiàng)填空1. C 【解析】考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞的用法。句意：你必須學(xué)會(huì)如何看懂別人，如果你在一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)中工作的話，這一點(diǎn)會(huì)很有必要。這里空處指代整個(gè)前面句子的意思在從句中作主語(yǔ)，且有逗號(hào)與前句隔開(kāi)，因此要用which，故選C。2. C 【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：在古埃及，綠色代表著希望和春天，是萬(wàn)物在一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的冬天后開(kāi)始生長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。第一個(gè)空是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，第二個(gè)空是一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，所以選C。3. B 【解析】句意：英語(yǔ)是由幾個(gè)不同的文化共享的一種語(yǔ)言，每種文化使用的方式都不同。如果空格前加and則構(gòu)成并列句，D正確，但此處逗號(hào)后沒(méi)有and，判斷是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是uses，所以主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是單數(shù)，故選B。4. C 【解析】句意：這是她第三次贏得這個(gè)比賽，這讓我們都大吃一驚。which可以代替前面整個(gè)句子的意思，其他不能，故選C。5. D 【解析】考查不定代詞和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。句意：當(dāng)談到在未來(lái)20年中，大多數(shù)的最新技術(shù)時(shí)，在這些年輕人的公司里正在被開(kāi)發(fā)的技術(shù)更有潛力，在我眼里這將會(huì)產(chǎn)生一次革命。根據(jù)句意可知第一空填none；先行詞是前面整個(gè)句子，所以第二空要用which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。故選D。6. B 【解析】考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。句意：這本獲獎(jiǎng)的書出自一個(gè)青少年之手，這件事確實(shí)出乎大家的意料。此處應(yīng)用which來(lái)指代主句的內(nèi)容。as 可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，但是應(yīng)譯為正如，與后面出乎意料的表述不符。7. A 【解析】考查句子結(jié)構(gòu)和as，which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。_ has been discovered是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞a lot of language learning是主句的主語(yǔ)，is happening 是主句的謂語(yǔ)部分，B、D兩選項(xiàng)不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放到主句后面。故選A。8. C 【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：正如我們都知道的，失敗是因?yàn)閼卸瑁晒t由于勤奮。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，as正如，在此引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，指代整個(gè)主句。what不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，指代整個(gè)主句，不能置于主句前；when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。故選C。II語(yǔ)法填空【文章大意】在英國(guó)，65和65歲以上的人口在快速增加。但網(wǎng)絡(luò)為他們提供了與外界及親人保持聯(lián)系的機(jī)會(huì)，同時(shí)也大大緩解了他們的孤獨(dú)感。網(wǎng)絡(luò)科技有能力使他們更健康長(zhǎng)壽。1. fastest【解析】考查最高級(jí)。在我們的人口中(within our population)有多個(gè)年齡段的人。這就暗示了比較范圍。2. by【解析】考查介詞。人口變化是循序漸進(jìn)的事情，人口的變化應(yīng)以現(xiàn)在到某一時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)為判斷依據(jù)，因此此處使用“by 2040到2040年為止”不能使用in。3. living【解析】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 with后的結(jié)構(gòu)是 n+ doing(表達(dá)n與do是主謂關(guān)系) / done(表達(dá)n與do是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系) / to do(表達(dá)do是將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)等。此處屬于第一種情況。4. increasingly【解析】考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)化。此處考查副詞(increasingly)修飾形容詞(important)越來(lái)越重要。5. which【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。在這個(gè)句子中有二個(gè)已知的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(are becoming，has a great positive affect)，根據(jù)原則，此處應(yīng)使用連接從句的連詞，從句中缺主語(yǔ)，這個(gè)連詞指代前一句(These sites are becoming increasingly important for the elderly to look for ways to stay connected to society)，因此確定使用which連接非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。6. lonely 【解析】考查固定搭配。feel lonely(感到孤獨(dú))是固定搭配。7. experience【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)。 雖然主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(showed因?yàn)檠芯恳淹瓿?, 但從句表達(dá)的是現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況所以使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(experience)。例如：Yesterday, the teacher told his students The USA is an advanced country.8. loved【解析】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。此處love充當(dāng)ones(指代人)的定語(yǔ)，ones與love是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，因此使用過(guò)去分詞。loved ones(心愛(ài)的人、親人) 。9. other【解析】考查不定代詞。地球有兩邊(南半球、北半球或者東半球、西半球)，此處使用the other指代已知的兩之中的另一個(gè)。10. is trapped【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句意來(lái)看，必須使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。此處the age group看做一個(gè)整體因此使用is trapped(被疾病所困擾)。 題組二體驗(yàn)真題1.B【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處缺少非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，且與其后名詞有所屬關(guān)系，故應(yīng)用whose引導(dǎo)。句意：我大兒子目前在紐約，他的工作讓他全世界到處跑。2.D 【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處在此引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為next week，且關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，故用when。 3.D 【解析】句意：這實(shí)在是一個(gè)招人喜歡的地方。它看起來(lái)一定和100年前一樣，有著蜿蜒的街道和美麗的農(nóng)舍。先行詞是place，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句缺主語(yǔ)，故選D。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)往往有正如，就像的意思。 4.A 【解析】句意：公司老板正在盡力營(yíng)造一個(gè)員工們可以在其中快樂(lè)工作的輕松的氛圍。空處替代先行詞atmosphere，且在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故用關(guān)系副詞。 5.C 【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意:桌上的書是給我們的獎(jiǎng)品，這些書的封面是光亮的。定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞為books，它與定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是所屬關(guān)系，所以用關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。 11