高考英語閱讀理解 細(xì)節(jié)理解題

高考英語閱讀理解 細(xì)節(jié)理解題 【命題人點(diǎn)撥】【命題人點(diǎn)撥】 考考查查重重點(diǎn)點(diǎn) 1. 直接理解題。（信息可在原文中直接找直接理解題。（信息可在原文中直接找到答案）到答案）2. 語意轉(zhuǎn)化題（需要將題目信息與原文相語意轉(zhuǎn)化題（需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語意上的轉(zhuǎn)換）關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語意上的轉(zhuǎn)換） 備備考考策策略略 1. 理解題干所問理解題干所問2. 準(zhǔn)確定位信息準(zhǔn)確定位信息3. 分析對比定選項分析對比定選項第1頁/共85頁 細(xì)節(jié)理解題在高考中占有較大比例，其主要考查考生對文章（或某一段落）中某一些特定細(xì)節(jié)或文章的重要事實的理解能力。第2頁/共85頁一、命題特點(diǎn) 所謂細(xì)節(jié)理解題，是指原文提到了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論，題干針對原文具體敘述本身發(fā)問。一般包括直接理解題（在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提問）、語意轉(zhuǎn)化題（需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語意上的轉(zhuǎn)換，兩者存在表達(dá)上的差異，有時需要進(jìn)行加工或整理后方能得出結(jié)論）、數(shù)字計算題、排列順序題、圖表圖畫題等。第3頁/共85頁 其常見設(shè)問方式有：1. Which of the following is/isnt true? 2. Which of the following is not mentioned? 3. Choose the right order of the events given in the passage. 4. All of the following statements may be true/false except. . . 第4頁/共85頁5. Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of. . . ? 6. What does the writer pay least attention to? 7. Which of the following is not the result of. . . ? 8. Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what. . . is like? 9. The author mentions all of the following except. . . 10. All of the following statements are true except. . . 第5頁/共85頁【名師點(diǎn)睛】1. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題解題策略（1）細(xì)心審題，直接根據(jù)問題找答案。解答此類題目時，不必通篇細(xì)讀全文，要采取代入法，即帶著問題在原文中尋找答案，先從問題中找準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵詞，然后進(jìn)行信息定位，運(yùn)用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找相關(guān)信息。（2）變通理解，間接轉(zhuǎn)述分析選項。根據(jù)所找信息，分析選項，對比其中所用詞匯，進(jìn)行變通，避免誤選答案。 第6頁/共85頁（3）多方歸納，綜合事實定答案。細(xì)節(jié)理解題有時考查的不是單一的信息，而是多處信息的整合，這時要有足夠的耐心，一定要全面捕捉相關(guān)信息，進(jìn)行綜合分析、歸納、切不可草率地進(jìn)行選擇。 第7頁/共85頁2. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題干擾項特點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)理解題干擾項特點(diǎn)第8頁/共85頁3 3、命題中主要采用以下幾種干擾方法：、命題中主要采用以下幾種干擾方法：干擾項與原句極為相似，只是略干擾項與原句極為相似，只是略微有些變動。望文生義是造成錯誤選擇的主要原因。微有些變動。望文生義是造成錯誤選擇的主要原因。一些干擾項中，某個句子或詞語是一些干擾項中，某個句子或詞語是正確的，其他分句或詞語是錯誤的或表達(dá)不全面，正誤正確的，其他分句或詞語是錯誤的或表達(dá)不全面，正誤并存，命題者借此以假亂真。因此，只要一個選項局部并存，命題者借此以假亂真。因此，只要一個選項局部有誤或選項不全面，都是需要排除的干擾項。有誤或選項不全面，都是需要排除的干擾項。有些干擾項是通過改變或去有些干擾項是通過改變或去掉限定詞語，甚至是擴(kuò)大或縮小范圍的方式來誤導(dǎo)考生。掉限定詞語，甚至是擴(kuò)大或縮小范圍的方式來誤導(dǎo)考生。 考生在答題時一定要提防上述干擾手法，小心謹(jǐn)慎考生在答題時一定要提防上述干擾手法，小心謹(jǐn)慎對待。對待。第9頁/共85頁3. 各考點(diǎn)解題策略做這類題一般采用，即先讀題，然后帶著問題快速閱讀短文，找出與問題有關(guān)的詞語或句子，再對相關(guān)部分進(jìn)行分析對比，找出答案。弄清細(xì)節(jié)、準(zhǔn)確獲取信息，確定最佳答案。 第10頁/共85頁二、考點(diǎn)分類【考點(diǎn)一】對號入座題 A study reported last fall suggests that having a pet dog not only raises your spirits but may also have an effect on your eating habits. Researchers at Northwestern Memorial Hospital spent a year studying 36 fat people and their equally fat dogs on diet- and- exercise programs; a separate group of 56 people without pets were put on a diet program. On average, people lost about 11 pounds, or 5% of their body weight. Their dogs did even better, losing an average of 12 pounds, more than 15% of their body weight. Dog owners didnt lose any more weight than those without dogs but, say researchers, got more exercise overallmostly with their dogsand found it worth doing. 第11頁/共85頁Q：The research mentioned in the last paragraph reports that_ . A. people with dogs did more exerciseB. dogs lost the same weight as people didC. dogs liked exercise much more than people didD. people without dogs found the program unhelpful第12頁/共85頁【思路剖析】【思路剖析】此題為對號入座題。屬于直接事實此題為對號入座題。屬于直接事實理解。根據(jù)文章最后一段理解。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Dog owners didnt lose any more weight than those without dogs but, say researchers, got more exercise overall. . . ”可可知，狗的主人雖然沒有比那些沒有狗的人減肥明知，狗的主人雖然沒有比那些沒有狗的人減肥明顯，但是他們做了更多的運(yùn)動，答案為顯，但是他們做了更多的運(yùn)動，答案為A項。項?！敬鸢浮俊敬鸢浮緼第13頁/共85頁（2）是非判斷題此類試題多根據(jù)文章的一段或數(shù)段提問，考查考生在現(xiàn)實生活中的閱讀技能，即快速、準(zhǔn)確尋找所需信息的能力。這種題目因為覆蓋面較廣，搜索定位時間較長，因而難度較大，容易給考生帶來心理壓力。因此考生遇到此類題型時，首先要調(diào)整心理狀態(tài)，冷靜地返回到文章中去尋找答案。在解題時可采取以下步驟：第14頁/共85頁讀懂題干和四個選項的內(nèi)容，提煉和記憶它們的主要意思; 帶著問題去閱讀文章，掃描和搜尋信息點(diǎn)，與題目不相關(guān)的句子和語段很快掠過，相關(guān)信息語言區(qū)域則要放慢速度，細(xì)致地對照原文和選項提供的信息；“對號入座”，找到解題范圍后，立刻排除明顯的干擾項，然后“逐個突破”，對余下的選項進(jìn)行篩選，使選項的范圍越來越小，判斷的準(zhǔn)確率越來越高。第15頁/共85頁【考點(diǎn)二】是非判斷題(2010山東高考)Christopher Thomas, 27, was a writer by night and a teacher by day when he noticed he was always tired and was losing weight fast. Diagnosed with diabetes(糖尿病), Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰島素) three times a day for the rest of his life or risk nerve damage, blindness and even death. And if that werent bad enough, he had no health insurance. 第16頁/共85頁 After a month of feeling upset, Thomas decided hed better find a way to fight back. He left Canton, Michigan for New York, got a job waiting tables, nicknamed himself the Diabetic Rockstar, and created diabeticrockstar. com, a free online community for diabetics and their loved onesa place where over 1, 100 people share personal stories, information and resources. 第17頁/共85頁Q：Which of the following is true of Christopher Thomas? A. He needs to go to the doctor every day. B. He studies the leading cause of diabetes. C. He has a positive attitude to his disease. D. He encourages diabetics by writing articles. 第18頁/共85頁【思路剖析】【思路剖析】由第一段第一句由第一段第一句“Christopher Thomas, 27, was a writer by night and a teacher by day when he noticed he was always tired and was losing weight fast. ”可知，他寫作是在檢查出得病之前的事，所以排除可知，他寫作是在檢查出得病之前的事，所以排除D項；根據(jù)第二段第一句項；根據(jù)第二段第一句“After a month of feeling upset, Thomas decided hed better find a way to fight back. ”以及下文的建立網(wǎng)站以及下文的建立網(wǎng)站可以看出，盡管他生可以看出，盡管他生病，但對疾病他有著積極向上的態(tài)度。故病，但對疾病他有著積極向上的態(tài)度。故C項正確。項正確?！敬鸢浮俊敬鸢浮緾第19頁/共85頁細(xì)節(jié)題主要考查考生對某句話或某幾句話的理解，若能根據(jù)題干內(nèi)容從原文中找到相關(guān)的句子，然后進(jìn)行比較和分析，便可確定最佳答案。此類題目一般可以在文章中直接或間接找到答案，但是不可能與閱讀材料一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語或句型去表達(dá)相同的思想。例如：原文用雙重否定，選項用肯定的句式; 進(jìn)行同義詞替換或句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變換; 或原文與選項互換反義詞等等。然而這只是詞語和句法上的變化，意思是一致的。同時要注意常見干擾項的特點(diǎn)，以免落入陷阱。 第20頁/共85頁【考點(diǎn)三】語意轉(zhuǎn)換題（2010廣東高考）When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small. Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with dirty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from growing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms. 第21頁/共85頁P(yáng)eople should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally, people should not eat wild mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be poisonous. 第22頁/共85頁Q：From Paragraph 5, we can learn that_. A. mushrooms should not be eatenB. vegetables are safer than meat and seafoodC. natural poisons are more dangerous than chemicalsD. different types of food should be handled differently第23頁/共85頁【思路剖析】【思路剖析】根據(jù)第五段，選項根據(jù)第五段，選項A說蘑菇不能吃，說蘑菇不能吃，而文中是說野蘑菇不能被食用，所以錯誤；選項而文中是說野蘑菇不能被食用，所以錯誤；選項B在文中未被提到；選項在文中未被提到；選項C說由于吃了本身有毒的食說由于吃了本身有毒的食物而中的毒比化學(xué)物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致的中毒更嚴(yán)重，這一物而中的毒比化學(xué)物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致的中毒更嚴(yán)重，這一點(diǎn)在第五段也沒有提到；所以選項點(diǎn)在第五段也沒有提到；所以選項D說不同類型的說不同類型的食物應(yīng)該用不同方法處理，是正確答案。食物應(yīng)該用不同方法處理，是正確答案。【答案】【答案】D第24頁/共85頁（4）邏輯排序題邏輯排序題要求考生根據(jù)動作發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件發(fā)生的正確順序。此種題目要運(yùn)用首尾定位法，最先判斷找出第一個動作和最后一個動作，迅速縮小選擇范圍，從而快速選出正確答案。第25頁/共85頁【考點(diǎn)四】邏輯排序題（2011山東高考）The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(頭皮) and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain. 第26頁/共85頁Q：Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5? A. scalpcomputercapwheelchairB. computercapscalpwheelchairC. scalpcapcomputerwheelchairD. capcomputerscalpwheelchair第27頁/共85頁【思路剖析】【思路剖析】根據(jù)第五段可知，首先研究人員為用戶設(shè)計一種根據(jù)第五段可知，首先研究人員為用戶設(shè)計一種特殊的帽子，它會捕捉頭皮發(fā)出的信號并將其傳給電腦。電腦特殊的帽子，它會捕捉頭皮發(fā)出的信號并將其傳給電腦。電腦將這些信號進(jìn)行分析翻譯，給監(jiān)控下的機(jī)器人輪椅發(fā)出指令。將這些信號進(jìn)行分析翻譯，給監(jiān)控下的機(jī)器人輪椅發(fā)出指令。機(jī)器人輪椅裝有兩部攝像頭能識別信號路徑中的物體，從而幫機(jī)器人輪椅裝有兩部攝像頭能識別信號路徑中的物體，從而幫助電腦對人腦的指令做出反應(yīng)。故此處助電腦對人腦的指令做出反應(yīng)。故此處C 項正確。項正確。【答案】【答案】C第28頁/共85頁在含有圖表識別題的閱讀理解中，有的圖表圖畫出現(xiàn)在閱讀理在含有圖表識別題的閱讀理解中，有的圖表圖畫出現(xiàn)在閱讀理解文章中，有的出現(xiàn)在選項中，這些圖片的出現(xiàn)增加了試題的解文章中，有的出現(xiàn)在選項中，這些圖片的出現(xiàn)增加了試題的直觀性，同時也暗含著和文章內(nèi)容相關(guān)的信息。在解答此類試直觀性，同時也暗含著和文章內(nèi)容相關(guān)的信息。在解答此類試題的時候，一定要把握圖表圖畫中所暗含的信息，特別是有些題的時候，一定要把握圖表圖畫中所暗含的信息，特別是有些事實是通過圖片來敘述的，可以采用按圖尋找正確答案的方法。事實是通過圖片來敘述的，可以采用按圖尋找正確答案的方法。 第29頁/共85頁【考點(diǎn)五】圖形識別題（2009安徽高考）第30頁/共85頁Q：The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008，_. A. the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 pointsB. the percentage of the White families with a computer remained unchangedC. the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decreaseD. the number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase第31頁/共85頁【思路剖析】【思路剖析】由柱形圖可以清楚地看出，擁有電腦的亞洲家庭由柱形圖可以清楚地看出，擁有電腦的亞洲家庭的數(shù)量急劇增加，其他三項表述都與圖表不符，故的數(shù)量急劇增加，其他三項表述都與圖表不符，故D項正確。項正確?！敬鸢浮俊敬鸢浮緿第32頁/共85頁此類題一般為直接年代、數(shù)字的對應(yīng)查找，有時也會出現(xiàn)要求此類題一般為直接年代、數(shù)字的對應(yīng)查找，有時也會出現(xiàn)要求對年代或數(shù)字進(jìn)行計算的考題。對前者，可根據(jù)文中信息較快對年代或數(shù)字進(jìn)行計算的考題。對前者，可根據(jù)文中信息較快地確定答案；對后者，首先要弄清題干是怎么問的，然后根據(jù)地確定答案；對后者，首先要弄清題干是怎么問的，然后根據(jù)其內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系對年代和數(shù)字進(jìn)行分析和計算，得出正確答其內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系對年代和數(shù)字進(jìn)行分析和計算，得出正確答案。在做此類題時，還要注意弄清單位之間的換算關(guān)系，避免案。在做此類題時，還要注意弄清單位之間的換算關(guān)系，避免出現(xiàn)計算錯誤。出現(xiàn)計算錯誤。 第33頁/共85頁【考點(diǎn)六】數(shù)字換算題（2010四川高考）The three shipsthe MV Prantalay 11，12，and 14had 77 members on board in total. All of them are Thai, the spokesman said. Before the Sunday robbing，pirates held 11 ships and 228 sailors. 第34頁/共85頁Q： How many sailors were held by the pirates up to the time of the report? A. 228. B. 77. C. 383. D. 305. 【思路剖析】【思路剖析】根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的“. . . had 77 members on board in total. ”和和 “Before the Sunday robbing, pirates held 11 ships and 228 sailors. ”可知答案為可知答案為D項。項?！敬鸢浮俊敬鸢浮緿 第35頁/共85頁 似是而非，不求甚解 Coming in a close secondand often wrongly mentioned as the most distant landis Easter Island, which lies 1, 260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2, 300 miles west of South America. 第36頁/共85頁 The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1, 000 huge stone figures, called moai , for which the island is most famous. . . . 第37頁/共85頁Q：Which of the following is most famous for moai? A. Tristan da Cunha. B. Pitcairn Island. C. Easter Island. D. St. Helena. 第38頁/共85頁【思路剖析】【思路剖析】（1）分析題干可知，因）分析題干可知，因moai 而聞名的是一座島而聞名的是一座島嶼嶼(the island)，因此解題的關(guān)鍵就在于找到上文最后一句話中，因此解題的關(guān)鍵就在于找到上文最后一句話中the island 的具體所指。的具體所指。（2）上文第一段，出現(xiàn)了兩個島的名字：）上文第一段，出現(xiàn)了兩個島的名字：Easter Island和和Pitcairn Island，進(jìn)一步分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，主語為，進(jìn)一步分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，主語為Easter Island，而，而Pitcairn Island出現(xiàn)在出現(xiàn)在which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句中，是和句中，是和Easter Island相鄰的島嶼。相鄰的島嶼。第39頁/共85頁 所以下段中出現(xiàn)的所以下段中出現(xiàn)的The mountainous 64-square-mile island和最后一句中的和最后一句中的the island指的也是指的也是Easter Island，故正確答案，故正確答案為為C。【答案】【答案】C【名師點(diǎn)撥】【名師點(diǎn)撥】解答針對定語從句設(shè)置的細(xì)節(jié)題時，考生一定要解答針對定語從句設(shè)置的細(xì)節(jié)題時，考生一定要認(rèn)真分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)認(rèn)真分析句子結(jié)構(gòu), 聯(lián)系上下文聯(lián)系上下文, 弄清楚關(guān)系詞所指代的對象，弄清楚關(guān)系詞所指代的對象，準(zhǔn)確答題。準(zhǔn)確答題。第40頁/共85頁 粗心大意，審題不嚴(yán) Wang Hao, who won the mens doubles title with Chen Qi last Monday, played with spirit to beat Wang Liqin 11-9, 13-11, 11-5, 11-9. Wang Hao said it was his mental toughness that made the difference. “I was disappointed by my performances in past championships and the last two Olympic Games. But I have tried to pull myself together and prepared well. This is the result. ”第41頁/共85頁 Wang Hao said he had always understood the importance of physical training and technical skills. Now he knows the need for mental preparation as well. Having two Olympic silvers had left him feeling bitter (痛苦的). The bitterness perhaps explains why he has not always played at his best in the past. . . . 第42頁/共85頁Q: From Wang Hao, we can know the main reason for his beating Wang Liqin is_ . A. his technical skills B. his physical trainingC. his mental toughness D. his past experience第43頁/共85頁【思路剖析】【思路剖析】（1）根據(jù)原文）根據(jù)原文“Wang Hao said it was his mental toughness that made the difference. ”可知雖然在后續(xù)文可知雖然在后續(xù)文章中也提到了章中也提到了his technical skills；his physical training；his past experience但都不是本題所要選擇的正確答案。但都不是本題所要選擇的正確答案。（2）錯選原因是沒有抓住細(xì)節(jié)理解題的重點(diǎn)，審題不細(xì)，忽）錯選原因是沒有抓住細(xì)節(jié)理解題的重點(diǎn)，審題不細(xì)，忽略了題干中的關(guān)鍵詞略了題干中的關(guān)鍵詞main?！敬鸢浮俊敬鸢浮緾 第44頁/共85頁【名師點(diǎn)撥】【名師點(diǎn)撥】對于細(xì)節(jié)理解題的選項的選擇，一定要理解題干，對于細(xì)節(jié)理解題的選項的選擇，一定要理解題干，找出題干中的找出題干中的關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞，然后進(jìn)行排除，以防以次代主，文不對，然后進(jìn)行排除，以防以次代主，文不對題。題。 第45頁/共85頁 自以為是，脫離原文 How do people climb the wall? To climb，you need special shoes and harness (保護(hù)帶) around your chest to hold you. There are ropes tied to your harness. The ropes hold you in place so that you dont fall. A beginners wall is usually about 15 feet high，and you climb straight up. There are small pieces of metal that stick out for you to stand on and hold on to. Sometimes its easy to see the new piece of metal. Sometimes，第46頁/共85頁its not. The most difficult is to control your fear. Its normal for humans to be afraid of falling，so its difficult not to feel fear. But when you move away from the wall，the harness and the ropes hold you，and you begin to feel safe. You move slowly until you reach the top. . . . 第47頁/共85頁Q: The most difficult thing to do in wall climbing is _. A. to tie ropes to your harness B. to control your fearC. to move away from the wall D. to climb straight up【思路剖析】【思路剖析】從倒數(shù)第三句從倒數(shù)第三句“Its normal for humans to be afraid of falling, so its difficult not to feel fear. ”可知人們在攀可知人們在攀墻時很難控制自己的恐懼。墻時很難控制自己的恐懼?！敬鸢浮俊敬鸢浮緽【名師點(diǎn)撥】【名師點(diǎn)撥】細(xì)節(jié)理解題可通過查讀法進(jìn)行理解，但是答案的細(xì)節(jié)理解題可通過查讀法進(jìn)行理解，但是答案的依據(jù)一定要忠實于原文，不能憑自己的主觀感覺進(jìn)行選擇。依據(jù)一定要忠實于原文，不能憑自己的主觀感覺進(jìn)行選擇。第48頁/共85頁二、解答技巧 細(xì)節(jié)是圍繞主題展開的，是對中心主題的進(jìn)一步表達(dá)。細(xì)節(jié)題是針對原文提到的某個事物、現(xiàn)象或理論的考查。細(xì)節(jié)題S S主要考查考生是否能在快速閱讀文章的同時，從中獲取某些特定的直接信息或理解特定信息的意義。有些題是考查原文細(xì)節(jié)本身，有些是考查某些細(xì)節(jié)在文中的意義。細(xì)節(jié)題主要表現(xiàn)為以下幾種：對事實細(xì)節(jié)的是非判斷、年代和數(shù)字及其計算、事實細(xì)節(jié)排序等。第49頁/共85頁 根據(jù)細(xì)節(jié)理解題的考查特點(diǎn)，我們在解答細(xì)節(jié)理解題時通常采用以下解題技巧：1. 1. 信息驗證法 細(xì)節(jié)理解題多數(shù)是對具體信息的考查，我們可以將信息分為兩類直接信息和間接信息。直接信息類的考題，其答案與原文中含有相關(guān)信息的句子在用詞上幾乎相同，考生只需找到原文信息就能解決問題；而間接信息要復(fù)雜一些，在原文中找不到與正確選項相近的詞、句，選項信息往往與原文信息的表達(dá)形式不同。這就需要對原文相關(guān)信息認(rèn)真理解，這個理解可能牽扯到對某一句話或某些句子的理解?？忌诶斫馄湟饬x時，一定要捕捉到關(guān)鍵性的詞，要認(rèn)真、周全地考慮才能選出正確答案。第50頁/共85頁(2009江西B)片段Why it happened As the paper burns, it needs oxygen and uses up the oxygen (air) in the bottle. The egg acts as a seal in the neck of the bottle, so no more air can get inside. This reduces the air pressure inside the bottle. The air pressure must equalize, so more air from outside must enter the bottle. The outside air presses against the egg and then the egg is pushed into the bottle! This proves that air is all around and that it is pressing down on us. 第51頁/共85頁Q1: In the experiment the burning inside the bottle can _ . A. equalize the air pressure inside and outsideB. make a seal in the neck of the bottleC. finish up the oxygen inside the bottleD. produce more oxygen inside the bottle【解析】選C。間接事實細(xì)節(jié)題。此段第一句“As the paper burns, it needs oxygen and uses up the oxygen(air)in the bottle. ”中沒有運(yùn)用與題干選項中相同的動詞短語finish up（用光，耗盡），但是use up（用盡，耗盡）與finish up意思重合。第52頁/共85頁Q2: How did the egg get into the bottle? A. The oxygen inside the bottle sucked the egg in. B. It became soft without the shell. C. The neck of the bottle was wide enough. D. The outside air pressure forced it into the bottle. 【解析】選D。直接事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)此段倒數(shù)第二句“The outside air presses against the egg and then the egg is pushed into the bottle! ”與選項D “The outside air pressure forced it into the bottle. ”句意完全重合。第53頁/共85頁2. 排除法（2009陜西A）片段It was the first snow of winteran exciting day for every child but not for most teachers. Up until now, I had been old enough to dress myself, but today I would need some help. Miss Finlayson, my kindergarten teacher, had been through first snow days many times, but I think she may still remember this one. 第54頁/共85頁 I managed to get into my wool snow trousers. But I struggled with my jacket because it didnt fit well. It was a hand-me-down from my brother, and it made me wonder why I had to wear his ugly clothes. At least my hat and scarf were mine, and they were quite pretty. Finally it was time to have Miss Finlayson help me with my boots（靴子）. 第55頁/共85頁Q: The little girl was more satisfied with her _ . A. trousers B. jacket C. boots D. hat【解析】選D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干可知，四個選項中有“三錯一對”，從此處第二段可知：小女孩穿衣服時，“I managed to get into my wool snow trousers. ”, “But I struggled with my jacket because it didnt fit well. ”及“Finally it was time to have Miss Finlayson help me with my boots”這幾句分別反映對trousers, jacket和boots的不滿意，可排除這三項，從第二段第四句“At least my hat and scarf were mine, and they were quite pretty. ”可知，對選項中的hat較為滿意。第56頁/共85頁1. 排除法就是根據(jù)文中信息，排除與文中信息不符的干擾項。在做題時，要根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，在文章中找到相關(guān)句、段的內(nèi)容，仔細(xì)對照，將不符合原文意義的選項排除，反之則是正確選項。2. 排除法尤其適合于解答“三對一錯”或“三錯一對”類的是非判斷題。依據(jù)原文去理解和確定選項，就是說要把選項內(nèi)容與原文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行對比分析，判斷是否符合文章內(nèi)容所敘述的事實細(xì)節(jié)，然后確定答案。第57頁/共85頁3. 首尾定位法(2010福建A)F. Scott Fitzgerald, born on September 24, 1896, an American novelist, was once a student of St. Paul Academy, the Newman School and attended Princeton University for a short while. In 1917 he joined the army and was posted in Alabama, where he met his future wife Zelda Sayre. Then he had to make some money to impress her. 第58頁/共85頁 His life with her was full of great happiness, as he wrote in his diary: “My own happiness in the past often approached such joy that I could not share it even with the person dearest to me but had to walk it away in quiet streets and take down parts of it in my diary. ”第59頁/共85頁 This Side of Paradise, his first novel, was published in 1920. Encouraged by its success, Fitzgerald began to devote more time to his writing. Then he continued with the novel The Beautiful and Damned (1922), a collection of short stories Tales of the Jazz Age (1922), and a play The Vegetable (1923). But his greatest success was The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, which quickly brought him praise from the literary world. Yet it failed to give him the needed financial security. Then, in 1926, he published another collection of short stories All the Sad Young Men. 第60頁/共85頁 However, Fitzgeralds problems with his wife Zelda affected his writing. During the 1920s he tried to reorder his life, but failed. By 1930, his wife had her first breakdown and went to a Swiss clinic. During this period he completed novels Tender Is the Night in 1934 and The Love of the Last Tycoon in 1940. While his wife was in hospital in the United States, he got totally addicted to alcohol. Sheila Graham, his dear friend, helped him fight his alcoholism. 第61頁/共85頁Q: Which of the following is the correct order to describe Fitzgeralds life according to the passage? a. He became addicted to drinking. b. He studied at St. Paul Academy. c. He published his first novel This Side of Paradise. d. The Great Gatsby won high praise. e. He failed to reorder his life. f. He joined the army and met Zelda. A. f-c-e-a-b-d B. b-e-a-f-c-dC. f-d-e-c-b-a D. b-f-c-d-e-a第62頁/共85頁【解析】選D。細(xì)節(jié)排序題。根據(jù)文章第一段可知他最早在St. Paul Academy學(xué)習(xí)，排除A、C兩項；他參軍發(fā)生在他沒能夠成功重新安排生活之前，排除B項。第63頁/共85頁 事實細(xì)節(jié)題相對而言是閱讀理解題中較為容易的題，但是考生在解題時還是要仔細(xì)應(yīng)答。在讀文章之前先讀題，對要考題設(shè)問部分做簡要記錄，這樣，在讀文章時才能快而準(zhǔn)地鎖定目標(biāo)信息，以便節(jié)省時間和減少反復(fù)尋找細(xì)節(jié)的麻煩。對細(xì)節(jié)的考查有時可能涉及一些長難句，對此，也不要驚慌，首先判斷是簡單句還是復(fù)合句，若是簡單句，先找句子的主、謂、賓，理解其主要意義，再加附屬成分的意義；若是復(fù)合句，先判斷從句，再分析各自的意義，最后聯(lián)系整句意義。第64頁/共85頁題型解題剖析1. 1. 考查直接事實細(xì)節(jié)對于能夠在原文中找到答案的直接事實細(xì)節(jié)題，可采用帶著問題找答案、鎖定題干關(guān)鍵詞的方法來解題。解題時快速略讀全文，捕獲關(guān)鍵信息詞，這樣就能快速且準(zhǔn)確地得到正確答案。第65頁/共85頁2. 2. 考查間接事實細(xì)節(jié)題干對文章中事實細(xì)節(jié)的陳述采用轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)方式或用近義陳述的方式間接做出表達(dá)的間接細(xì)節(jié)題，其答案是無法與篇章中信息直接對應(yīng)的，此類題目需要認(rèn)真領(lǐng)會題干中選項的意思，并在文章中找到與其相吻合的細(xì)節(jié)，驗證后確定選項。3. 3. 細(xì)節(jié)理解排序題在細(xì)節(jié)理解題中，也常常要求考生把某一事件按照發(fā)生時間的先后進(jìn)行排序。做題時應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格按照時間先后來排列，通常采用“首尾”定位，再確定中間順序的方法來做。第66頁/共85頁4. 4. 數(shù)字考查題(1)(1)運(yùn)算型：理解各數(shù)據(jù)之間的關(guān)系并弄清題干所指的具體問題。(2)(2)選擇型：從四個選項中篩選出與文中細(xì)節(jié)對應(yīng)的答案。(3)(3)轉(zhuǎn)換型：文中對數(shù)字的表達(dá)與題目要求的表達(dá)方式不同，如把具體的年份轉(zhuǎn)換為某個世紀(jì)。(4)(4)數(shù)值范圍型：文中給出數(shù)字范圍，題目要求找出最高（低）值。第67頁/共85頁閱讀理解（二）三位一體，巧解閱讀 閱讀不是一個被動的過程，而是一個積極主動的過程，它需要大量的腦力活動，這就是說，一篇文章的意義不在于材料本身，而在于我們與材料不斷交流的結(jié)果。我們需要把分散于文章中的各種信息聯(lián)系起來，經(jīng)過必要的判斷、推理、得出自己對文章的認(rèn)識。 解題過程中我們要與無聲的語言進(jìn)行溝通和交流勢必要領(lǐng)會其意圖也就是問題的題干。然后順藤摸瓜回扣原文，尋找信息，最后與所給選項進(jìn)行對應(yīng)，分析，這就是將題干信息選項三者統(tǒng)一為一體，但特別要注意三者是意義的統(tǒng)一，而不是單獨(dú)信息詞的重現(xiàn)。第68頁/共85頁第69頁/共85頁57. A visitor to the Park can_. A. rent a stroller outside Front Gate B. ask for first aid by Thunder Run C. smoke in the Water Park D. leave his pet at KidZvilleB. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干關(guān)鍵詞為visior to park定位于第三和第五段“If you need medical assistance, tell any park employee who will call First Aid and have them come to your location.”句子中的any park employee意味著在Canadas Wonderland的任何地方2可獲得急救護(hù)理（First Aid）。因此，選項B為最佳答案。第70頁/共85頁干擾較高的為AD選項。選擇D項的考生忽略了或者未讀懂 “Stroller, locker and wheelchair rentals are available inside the Park at the Front Gate.” 中的有關(guān)關(guān)鍵信息“inside the Park at the Front Gate”；選擇D項的考生忽略了或者未讀懂“A pet care facility is located outside our Front Gate”,不明白第三段“ATMs”中“KidZville (beside Guest Services)”之意為“KidZville在 Guest Services旁邊”，而錯以為可以把寵物放在KidZville。干擾項排除：考生一定要先抓住關(guān)鍵詞所在的位置。 第71頁/共85頁58. According to the author, which of the following seems governed by the principle “First come, first served”?A. Taking buses. B. Buying houses. C. Flying with an airline. D. Visiting amusement parks.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。選項A與第三段第一句“The principle seems right on play grounds and at bus stops.”內(nèi)容相符；選擇B的考生未抓住題目的關(guān)鍵詞“seems governed by the principle “First come, first served”或者未讀懂“Selling my house and waiting