2020屆高考英語(yǔ) 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)練習(xí) 構(gòu)詞法的講解與訓(xùn)練

構(gòu)詞法的講解與訓(xùn)練構(gòu)詞法 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞方法主要有三種：即合成法(compounding)、派生法(derivation )和轉(zhuǎn)化法(conversion)。1. 合成法：將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞合成在一起而構(gòu)成的新詞，叫做合成詞。如：snow-white 雪白的；day-long 整天的；overcome 克服；downstairs 在樓下 2. 派生法：所謂派生，即在詞根上加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成另一個(gè)與原意略有變化或截然相反的詞。例：discover 發(fā)現(xiàn)；disagree 不同意的；nationnational 民族的，國(guó)家的；naturenatural 自然的；treatment 治療；development 開(kāi)發(fā)展3. 轉(zhuǎn)化法：英語(yǔ)單詞的詞性非?；钴S，名詞用作動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，形容詞用作動(dòng)詞等現(xiàn)象非常普遍，這種把一種詞性用作另一種詞性的方式就叫做詞性的轉(zhuǎn)化。如： （1） 有大量動(dòng)詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，有時(shí)意思沒(méi)變化。  Let me have a try. 讓我試一試。 （2）名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。  Have you booked your ticket?  你的票訂好了嗎？ （3）一些表示某類(lèi)人的名詞也可做動(dòng)詞。  If so,we shall be badly fooled. 如果這樣我們就會(huì)上大當(dāng)。 （4）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。  The train slowed down to half its speed.  火車(chē)速度減慢了一半。 疑難突破 1、合成法   （1）合成形容詞名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞    例：English-speaking 講英語(yǔ)的，south-facing 朝南的名詞+過(guò)去分詞    例：man-made 人造的，water-covered 被水覆蓋的名詞+形容詞      例：snow-white 雪白的，day-long 整天的形容詞+名詞+-ed  例：warm-hearted 熱情的，kind-hearted 好心腸的形容詞/副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞  例：good-looking 好看的， funny-looking 滑稽的副詞+過(guò)去分詞    例：well-known 出名的, deep-set(眼睛）深陷的副詞/形容詞+名詞 例：right-hand 右手的，full-time 專(zhuān)職的數(shù)詞+名詞        例：100-meter 100米的，million-pound 百萬(wàn)英鎊的數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞 例：180-foot-high 180英寸高的，10-year-old 10歲的數(shù)詞+名詞+-ed    例：four-footed/legged 四腳的，one-eyed 獨(dú)眼龍的    （2）合成名詞名詞+名詞        例：weekend 周末，classroom 教室，bookshop 書(shū)店形容詞/介詞+名詞 例：gentleman 紳士，loudspeaker 揚(yáng)聲器動(dòng)詞+名詞        例：typewriter 打字機(jī)，cookbook 烹調(diào)書(shū)名詞+動(dòng)詞        例：daybreak 破曉，toothpick 牙簽動(dòng)詞-ing形式+名詞 例：reading-room 閱覽室，sleeping-car 臥車(chē)車(chē)廂副詞+動(dòng)詞        例：outbreak 爆發(fā)，downpour 傾盆大雨名詞+動(dòng)名詞      例：handwriting 筆跡，sun-bathing 日光浴名詞+in/to+名詞 例：mother-in-law 岳母，brother-in-law 姐夫   （3）合成動(dòng)詞副詞+動(dòng)詞        例：overthrow 推翻，understand 理解形容詞+動(dòng)詞      例：broadcast 廣播，whitewash 粉刷名詞+動(dòng)詞        例：typewrite 打字，sleepwalk 夢(mèng)游  （4）合成副詞介詞+名詞        例：underfoot 腳下，beforehand 事先形容詞+名詞      例：hotfoot 匆忙地，someday 有朝一日形容詞+副詞      例：anywhere 任何地方，outwards 向外、 （5）合成介詞：within在之內(nèi)，without沒(méi)有，inside在里邊，into進(jìn)入  （6）合成代詞：myself我自己，ourselves我們自己，anyone任何人，nobody沒(méi)有人nothing沒(méi)東西，somebody有人。 2. 派生法  （1）前綴：  前綴通常只改變?cè)~義，不改變?cè)~性。   1）表示否定的前綴  un-  構(gòu)成反義詞，表示“不”  例：unfit 不合適的，unhappy 不高興的  dis- 構(gòu)成反義詞，表示“不”  例：discover 發(fā)現(xiàn)，disagree 不同意的  in-/im- 構(gòu)成反義詞，表示“不”，用于以c,b,m,p等開(kāi)頭的詞。       例：impossible 不可能的，imcorrect 不正確的  ir-   構(gòu)成反義詞，表示“不”，用于以r開(kāi)頭的單詞  例：irregular 不規(guī)則的  il-  構(gòu)成反義詞，表示“不”，用于以l開(kāi)頭的單詞  例：illegal 不合法的  mis-  構(gòu)成反義詞，表示“錯(cuò)誤”  例：mistake 錯(cuò)誤，misuse 錯(cuò)用  non-  構(gòu)成反義詞，表示“不”  例：non-stop 不停的，non-smoker 非吸煙者 2）常用英語(yǔ)前綴a-使，離，向；  awake搖醒,apart使分離, ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,al-向，加強(qiáng)：accord依照,affect影響anti-反，防止：antitank反坦克,antiJapanese 抗日,anticlockwise逆時(shí)針auto-自，自動(dòng)：automation自動(dòng)化,autobiograph 自傳kilo- 千：kilometres,kilowatt,kilograms,micro- 微：microbe 微生物mini- 微?。簃inibus 小巴,miskirt超短裙,minister 大臣部長(zhǎng)non- 不，非：non-party 無(wú)黨派的,non-stop 不間斷,over- 超出，反轉(zhuǎn)：overweight 超重,overthrow 推翻per- 貫通，遍及：perform完成,perfect 完美post- 在后：postwar 戰(zhàn)后,postern 后門(mén)pre- 在前：preface 前言,pro- 向前，擁護(hù)：prologue 序言,pro-American 親美的re- 重復(fù)，相反：recall 回憶,react 反應(yīng)se- 分離：separate 使分離,select 選出sur- 超，外加：surface 表面,surtax 附加稅，tele- 遠(yuǎn)：television 電視un- 否定：unfair 不公平的up- 向上：upset推翻,upstairs 在樓上uni- 單一：united聯(lián)合的,unit 單位3）其他意義的前綴：  re-  表示“再；又；重”，re-多重讀，構(gòu)成雙重讀詞。  例：rewrite 重寫(xiě)  a-  表示“的”，多構(gòu)成表語(yǔ)形容詞。  例：alone 單獨(dú)的，alike 相像的  tele-  表示“遠(yuǎn)程的”。  例：telephone 電話(huà)，television 電視  en-  表示“使”，構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞。  例：enlarge 擴(kuò)大，enable 使能夠  inter-  表示“關(guān)系”。  例：Internet  因特網(wǎng) international 國(guó)際的   （2）常用英語(yǔ)后綴  后綴通常改變?cè)~性，構(gòu)成意思相近的其它詞性的詞；少數(shù)后綴同時(shí)會(huì)改變?cè)~義。1）形容詞性后綴：  -al  例：nationnational 民族的，國(guó)家的；naturenatural 自然的  -able  表示“有能力的”  例：eateatable 能吃的  -an/ian  表示“國(guó)家的，國(guó)家人的”。 例：AmericaAmerican 美國(guó)（人）的  -ern  表示“方向的”。 例：easteastern 東方的，southsouthern南方的  -ful  例：beautybeautiful 美麗的，carecareful 小心的  -less  表示否定  例：carecareless 粗心的，useuseless 無(wú)用的  -ic/ical  例：electricityelectric/electrical 電的  -ese  表示“人的”。  例：ChinaChinese 中國(guó)（人）的  -ly  例：friendfriendly 友好的，yearyearly 每年的  -y  表示“天氣”等。  例：cloudcloudy 多云的，dustdusty 多塵的  -ous  例：famous 著名的，continuous 連續(xù)不斷的  -ish  例：childish 孩子氣的，selfish 自私的  -en  例：golden 金色的，wooden 木制的，woolen 羊毛的  -ive  例：active 積極的，collective 集體的   2）動(dòng)詞后綴：  -fy  例：beautybeautify 美化  -en  例：widewiden 加寬,sharpsharpen 削 ，looseloosen 使松散  3）副詞后綴  -ly  例：badbadly 壞地，easyeasily 容易地  -ward  表示“方向”。  例：backward 向后，eastward 向東  4）名詞后綴：  -ment  例：agreeagreement 協(xié)議，movemovement 運(yùn)動(dòng)  -ness  例：happyhappiness 幸福，busybusiness 事務(wù)  -tion  例：explainexplanation 解釋?zhuān)琩ictatedictation 聽(tīng)寫(xiě)  -er  表示“人”。  例：workworker 工人，buybuyer 買(mǎi)主  -or  表示“人”。  例：actactor 演員，sailsailor 海員  -ist 表示“人”。例：pianopianist 鋼琴家，sciencescientist 科學(xué)家  -ess  表示“人或動(dòng)物”，指陰性。  例：actress 女演員，lioness 母獅子  -ful  表示“量”。  例：mouthful 一口，handful 一把  -th  例：truetruth 真理，longlength 長(zhǎng)度  5）數(shù)詞后綴  -teen  構(gòu)成“十幾”。  例：fivefifteen 十五  -ty  構(gòu)成“幾十”。  例：nineninty 九十，fivefifty 五十  -th  構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞。  例：fivefifth 第五，sixsixth 第六3. 轉(zhuǎn)化法  （1）動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞 例：  try vttry n.  Swim游泳 vi.swim游泳 n.   （2）名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞 例：  book書(shū) n. book 訂購(gòu)vt.  seat座位 n. seat使就做 vt. （3）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞 例：  有少數(shù)形容詞也可以用作動(dòng)詞。 slow 慢的 a. slow使減慢vt.  warm溫暖的a. warm 使溫暖 vt.  即學(xué)即練1. That man was _enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A. care B. careful C. careless D. carelessness2. The soldier died for saving the child，so his_ is heavier than Mount Tai. A. die B. dead C. died D. death3. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a _. A. chemistry B. Chemical C. chemist D. physician4.The three- _chair isnt suitable for a young child. He may fall off.A. legging B. legged C. legs D. leged5.Stephenson became the_railway engineer in the world.A. lead B. leader C. leading D. leadership6.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked_about at his classmates. A. proud B. proudly C. pride D. pridely7.To everyones _，the girl finished the job quite well. A. satisfied B. Satisfactory C. satisfying D. satisfaction8.（2020·廣西賀州） 綜合填空。 閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)上下文及所給的首字母，填入一個(gè)合適的詞，使短文意思完整。并將完整的單詞寫(xiě)在答題卷上。Bill lives in a very far village. He knows l _86 about the outside world because he hardly ever gets our of his village.One day, he got a radio f _87 his uncle who lives in the city. He was very excited and s _88 the radio to all his friends.“Great!” Sheela, one of his friends, said. “Could you please get one for me, too?” another friend Mashi asked. Of course Bill felt very proud o _89 the radio.However, the radio stopped w _90 only a few days later. Bill was very sad but didnt know w _91 to do. A friend of his told h_92 to go to the repair shop in town. So he did. The man in the shop f _93_ two dead cockroach(蟑螂) in the radio.Bill started crying. The man, of course, was surprised, “W_94 are you crying, my boy?” Bill cried said, “Because the two singer died in my radio. How am I going to listen to nice s_95_ ?”直擊高考1.（2020·廣東卷） 閱讀下面短文，按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)法性和上下文連貫的要求，在空格處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或者用括號(hào)中詞語(yǔ)的正確形式填空，并將答案填寫(xiě)在答題卡標(biāo)號(hào)為1625的相應(yīng)位置上。 One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he _16_(find) that he has run out of salt. So Nick called to his son, “Go to the village and buy some salt, but pay a fair price for it: neither too much _17_too little.” His son looked surprised. “I can understand why I shouldnt pay too much, Father, but if I can pay less, _18_not save a bit of money?” “That would be a very _19_(reason) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours,” Nick said. Nicks guests, _20_had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could. Nick replied, “The only reason a man would sell salt _21_a lower price would be because he was desperate for money. And anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect _22_the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it.” “But such a small thing couldnt _23_(possible) destroy a village.” “In the beginning, there was only _24_very small amount of unfairness in the world, but everyone added a little, always _25_(think) that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today.”2.（2020·上海卷）Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. restoreB. recallC. processingD. previouslyE. necessaryF. locatingG. insteadH. fascinatingI. elsewhereJ. compositionAs infants, we can recognize our mothers within hours of birth. In fact, we can recognize the 41 of our mothers face well before we can recognize her body shape. Its 42 how the brain can carry out such a function at such a young age, especially since we dont learn to walk and talk until we are over a year old. By the time we are adults, we have the ability to distinguish around 100,000 faces. How can we remember so many faces when many of us find it difficult to 43 such a simple thing as a phone number? The exact process is not yet fully understood, but research around the world has begun to define the specific areas of the brain and processes 44 for facial recognition.Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology believe that they have succeeded in 45 a specific area of the brain called the fusiform face area (FFA), which is used only for facial recognition. This means that recognition of familiar objects such as our clothes or cars, is from 46 in the brain. Researchers also have found that the brain needs to see the whole face for recognition to take place. It had been 47 thought that we only needed to see certain facial features. Meanwhile, research at University College London has found that facial recognition is not a single process, but 48 involves three steps. The first step appears to be an analysis of the physical features of a persons face, which is similar to how we scan the bar codes of our groceries. In the next step, the brain decides whether the face we are looking at is already known or unknown to us. And finally, the brain furnishes the information we have collected about the person whose face we are looking at. This complex 49 is done in a split second so that we can behave quickly when reacting to certain situations. 3.（2020·福建卷）短文填詞（共10小題;每小題1分,滿(mǎn)分10分）Every individual is a member of a group called the community, and itis the duty of every citizen _ ask what he can do for his community.76._A good citizen _(相信) that he should serve the community 77._and not the community serve h_. As students, there are many ways78._in _ you can serve the community. Above all, however, you have to79._acquire a certain amount of skill and experience b_ you can be of80._service to others. Your school has lots of_(活動(dòng)) which prepare81._you _ good citizenship. Many school societies train students to82._become good citizens who later p_ in volunteer work and serve the83._public in t_ of need. If you serve your community, you will grow84._ to be a good citizen with a strong sense of responsibility.85._構(gòu)詞法即學(xué)即練1. B。考查構(gòu)詞法和詞義。句意：那個(gè)男子非常謹(jǐn)慎，沒(méi)有告訴經(jīng)理他將不會(huì)做那項(xiàng)工作。應(yīng)用形容詞詞性B或C；只有B合句意。2. D?？疾闃?gòu)詞法。句意：那位戰(zhàn)士為營(yíng)救小孩兒死，因此，他的死比泰山還重。這里做主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該用名詞性的death。3. C。考查構(gòu)詞法。句意：他是化學(xué)方面的專(zhuān)家，因此，我們稱(chēng)他為化學(xué)家。Chemist合題意。4. B?？疾闃?gòu)詞法。句意：三條腿的椅子不適合一個(gè)小孩子；他會(huì)跌倒的。three-legged“三條腿的”是固定搭配。5. C?？疾闃?gòu)詞法。句意：史蒂芬森成為了世界上杰出的鐵路工程師。據(jù)意義要用形容詞性的詞。6. A?？疾闃?gòu)詞法。句意：當(dāng)老師在贊揚(yáng)杰克時(shí)，杰克顯得很驕傲。據(jù)句意要用形容詞，故選A。7. D?？疾闃?gòu)詞法和習(xí)慣用法。句意：令大家滿(mǎn)意的是，這女孩把工作完成的很好。To ones satisfaction“令人滿(mǎn)意的是”合題意。8.短文大意：本文是一篇記敘文。主要介紹了農(nóng)村孩子Bill的有趣故事。86.little。know little about sth., 對(duì)某物知之甚少，表示否定意思。根據(jù)下文.he hardly ever gets out of his village, 他幾乎不曾出村，可判斷他對(duì)外面的世界了解很少，故填little。87. from。get sth. from sb.從某人那兒得到某物；句意：一天，他從住在大城市的叔叔那兒得到了一個(gè)收音機(jī)。88.showed。句意：他很激動(dòng)，然后把收音機(jī)給他所有的朋友看。根據(jù)后面的to和句意及首字母提示可定位show, 另外，前句用了was, 時(shí)態(tài)要與前面的一致，故填showed。show sth.to sb.把某物給某人看。89.of 。從上文比爾把收音機(jī)給朋友看，可得知他對(duì)這個(gè)感到很自豪，feel proud of sth.對(duì)某物感到自豪/驕傲，故填of。90.working。句意：然而，只有幾天的時(shí)間后，那臺(tái)收音機(jī)就停止_了。根據(jù)下文他去修理，可推知收音機(jī)壞了：stop working，故填working。stop doing sth.停止做某事, 表示停止正在做的事情。此處表達(dá)收音機(jī)壞了。91. What。句意：比爾很難過(guò)，不知道該做些_。此處是know后跟動(dòng)詞不定式的用法，do后沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)，可知空格處即它的賓語(yǔ)，根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可推知“他不知道該做什么”，故填what。92.him。句意：他的一個(gè)朋友告訴_ 去鎮(zhèn)上的修理鋪。Bill是男生，此處缺少賓語(yǔ)，故填賓格him。93.found。句意：在收音機(jī)里，那個(gè)人_ 了兩只死蟑螂。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和首字母提示，可推測(cè)意為“找到，發(fā)現(xiàn)”，根據(jù)上文的時(shí)態(tài)可判斷用過(guò)去時(shí)，故填found。94. Why。根據(jù)下文的回答B(yǎng)ecause.可知這是why引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句。故填Why。95.songs。根據(jù)上文Because the two singers died in my radio.可推知他很傷心“我怎樣才能聽(tīng)到美妙的歌曲呢？”故填songs，前面沒(méi)有表示單數(shù)的限定詞，故用復(fù)數(shù)形式。直擊高考 1.本文通過(guò)Nick叫兒子去買(mǎi)鹽要給合理價(jià)格的故事說(shuō)明，一定要公平對(duì)待他人，尊重努力工作的人的汗水和努力。16. found 在主格人稱(chēng)代詞he后應(yīng)為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，由語(yǔ)境可知用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。17. nor 構(gòu)成并列連詞neithernor。18. why 因why not do sth (何不做某事)？是固定句式。19. reasonable 在名詞前作定語(yǔ)要用形容詞。20. who 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作主語(yǔ)，先行詞是人，故填who。21. at 因名詞a low price在句中不作主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，應(yīng)為介詞的賓語(yǔ)；根據(jù)習(xí)慣搭配，用介詞at。22. for 固定搭配show respect for表示“尊重”。23. possibly 修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)，用副詞。24. a 因a small amount of(少量的)是固定搭配。25. thinking 因everyone與think是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作added的伴隨狀語(yǔ)。2. 該說(shuō)明文由話(huà)題“人類(lèi)幾乎天生就能夠辨認(rèn)人臉”展開(kāi)去，詳細(xì)闡述了人類(lèi)大腦是如何一步步進(jìn)行人臉識(shí)別的。41.【J】composition。名詞，意為“結(jié)構(gòu)，組成”，這里表示“認(rèn)出母親的臉部構(gòu)成”。42.【H】fascinating。形容詞，意為“有趣的，迷人的”，此處為句型 “Its fascinating/interesting/exciting  that/how”,表示是如此的有趣。43.【B】recall。動(dòng)詞，意為“回憶，回想”，此處根據(jù)常用搭配find it difficult to do sth得出應(yīng)選擇動(dòng)詞，recall such a simple thing as a phone number表示“回想出簡(jiǎn)單的電話(huà)號(hào)碼”。44.【E】necessary形容詞，“必要的”，此處necessary for facial recognition作后置定語(yǔ)修飾the specific areas，表示“識(shí)別人臉必要的區(qū)域”。45.【F】locate。動(dòng)詞，“定位”。此處有搭配succeed in sth/doing sth，故要選擇動(dòng)名詞形式。這里意為“成功定位到一個(gè)腦部具體區(qū)域FFA”。46.【I】elsewhere。副詞，“其他地方”。由上文推斷出既然人臉識(shí)別是一個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)的區(qū)域進(jìn)行處理，那么此處“對(duì)其它物體的識(shí)別”自然是大腦中“其它地方”了。47.【D】previously。副詞，“先前的”。根據(jù)上文推斷得出人臉識(shí)別需要看到整張臉，因此此處的想法“我們只需要看一些臉部特征”是“先前的”。48.【G】instead。副詞，“代替，而不是”。此處根據(jù)兩句話(huà)的意思推斷出是轉(zhuǎn)折替代關(guān)系，因此選instead。49.【C】processing。名詞，“處理，進(jìn)程”。根據(jù)語(yǔ)法推斷出此處填名詞，由上下文意思得出用processing，表示“這一復(fù)雜的處理過(guò)程在瞬間完成”。3.文章講述了關(guān)于自愿行動(dòng)、報(bào)答社會(huì)的話(huà)題。76.to。考查句型It is to do sth，it為形式主語(yǔ)，不定式為真正的主語(yǔ)，故填to。77.believes。考查主謂一致：主語(yǔ)為a good citizen謂語(yǔ)為單數(shù)，故填believes。78.him。句意：他應(yīng)該服務(wù)社區(qū)，不是社區(qū)服務(wù)于他。用he的人稱(chēng)代詞賓格him。79.which?？疾槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句。先行詞為ways，定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞可用in which。80.before?？疾檫B詞。在你服務(wù)他人之前要學(xué)會(huì)一些技能和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。81.activities?？疾槊~復(fù)數(shù)。82.for?？疾樵~組：prepare sb for sth83.participate。考查短語(yǔ)：participate in84.time。考查短語(yǔ)：in time of need在需要的時(shí)候85.up。考查短語(yǔ)：grow up