2020高考英語總復(fù)習(xí)（專題攻略）之閱讀理解 解題技巧之主旨大意

高考英語閱讀理解解題技巧之主旨大意高考閱讀理解對文章的主旨大意進行命題，旨在考查考生通過對原文快速瀏覽正確獲取語篇的大意，并對文章的主題、標題、段落、中心思想加以歸納理解以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在閱讀短文時，能夠提煉文章的中心情節(jié)，體會作者的主要意圖，充分運用邏輯概括能力，透過字里行間獲取文章最具代表性的觀點、中心論點及作者的情感傾向。在高考閱讀理解中，針對短文主旨常見的命題形式如下：(1) What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text?(2) The main topic / subject of the passage is _.(3) The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme of this passage is(4) The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _.(5) What is mainly discussed in the text?(6) What is the main idea of the passage?(7) Whats the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?(8) The purpose of this passage is.(9) Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?(10) Which of the following best summarized the passage?(11) The passage mainly focuses on.從上述命題形式可以看出，此類閱讀測試題主要可概括為兩大類，即怎樣理解段落及文章整體的中心思想和怎樣擬定或選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臉祟}。下面結(jié)合高考題實例來具體分析此類題目的解題技巧。怎樣理解段落及文章整體的主旨大意主題句定位法文章是由段落組成的。段落是發(fā)展一個主題的一群句子，段落圍繞著中心思想展開，而段落的中心思想又是為文章整體的中心思想服務(wù)的。尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是：通過分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出每小段的主題句，通過主題句找出文章的主題。找準文章的主題句是確定文章主旨大意的關(guān)鍵。主題是文章要表達的中心思想，文章的主題句通常都有一個話題，它是文章的核心?！爸黝}句定位法”是一種行之有效的方法。但是由于文章的不同，表現(xiàn)的手法也各有不同，主題句出現(xiàn)的位置也不是一成不變的。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時，根據(jù)其篇章特點我們可以通過尋找短文的主題句來歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開頭、中間、結(jié)尾（含在開頭結(jié)尾同時出現(xiàn)、首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句）。因此，仔細閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用瀏覽法(skimming)，瀏覽時，一般不需逐句細讀，只選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重點搜索主題線索和主題信息。文章主題常?？梢酝ㄟ^文章的寫作方法來體現(xiàn)，有以下五種情況：1. 正三解形寫作法即中心主題句出現(xiàn)在文首。開門見山，提出主題，隨之用細節(jié)來解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達的主題思想。這是英語中最常見的演繹法寫作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出觀點，后舉例論證，主題句則出現(xiàn)在段首的寫作方法。新聞報道通常就采用這種寫法。新聞報道的首句通常稱為“新聞導(dǎo)語”，“導(dǎo)語”實際上就是主題句，是對全文內(nèi)容的高度概括。大意題、標題一般可在第一句話找到答題依據(jù)。例題In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.71. What does this passage mainly talk about?A. Competition helps to set up self-respect.B. Opinions about competition are different among people.C. Competition is harmful to personal quality development.D. Failures are necessary experience in competition.【答案與解析】選B。文中第一句便提出了中心論點。2. 倒三角形寫作法即主題句出現(xiàn)在文尾。在細節(jié)后，歸納要點、印象、結(jié)論、建議或結(jié)果，以概括主題。這是英語中最常見的歸納法寫作方式，即細節(jié)表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主題句則常位于末段。例題1The famous American gorilla(大猩猩) expert Diane Fossey had a completely new way to study gorillas she pretended to be one of them. She copied their actions and way of life eating plants and getting down on her hands and knees to walk the way a gorilla does. It was a new relationship.Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Gorillas in the Mist. It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster (a frightening animal), and helped to show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired.Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400450 mountain gorillas in the wild. From the Congo in West Africa, to Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by the cutting down of their forest homes.Some time ago, I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World Wide Fund for Nature. It had two photos side by side. One was of a young gorilla. “This is a species of mammal(哺乳類動物),” said the words below it. “It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.” The other photo showed a human baby. The words also read, “This is a species of mammal,” but then went on: “It is the most destructive(破壞性的) on earth. We must retrain it for its own good.”56.The text mainly talks about _.A. Diane Fossey B. the gorillas in RwandaC. the protection of the gorillas D. the film Gorillas in the Mist例題On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can. We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet. Whats more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.1. Whats the main idea of the passage?A. Keep away from the Internet.B. Surf the net.C. The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.D. We can entertain ourselves on the Internet.【答案與解析】選C。最后一句“The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.”（因特網(wǎng)在我們的生活中起著越來越重要的作用）是全文的主題句。A項（遠離網(wǎng)絡(luò)）與主題不符。B項（上網(wǎng)）過于籠統(tǒng)。D項（網(wǎng)上娛樂）只不過是短文中的一個細節(jié)，不全面。3. 圓形寫作法即首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方法。為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)尾時再次點出主題，這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方式也較為多見。通常，前后表述主題的句子不是簡單的重復(fù)，后面的往往有進一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。例題Lacrosse (曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is a net. There are ten players on each team. Each player has a stick called “ cross”. The player hit a ball into the net as many times as possible. Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks. Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse.There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio.At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.1.The passage is mainly about .A. How to Play LacrosseB. Lacrosse in CanadaC. The History of LacrosseD. LacrosseA Popular Game in Canada【答案與解析】選D。作者先后兩次提到“長曲棍球在加拿大很受歡迎”，顯然選項D最符合短文的主題。4. 菱形寫作法即主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的中間。通常前面只提出問題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進一步的解釋、支撐或發(fā)展。例題The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past. The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in November or December. It is well attended by tourists, but even better attended by locals.During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the sands. Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship. One following another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture. Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs. On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.67. This passage mainly tells readers_.A. what happens on the opening day of the Sahara FestivalB. how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara FestivalC. what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara FestivalD. how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival【答案與解析】從文中第二段第一句話“During the opening ceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介紹“撒哈拉節(jié)”開幕式上的活動。答案選A。5. 正方形寫作法即中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒有明確的主題句。閱讀這樣的文章，就要求考生根據(jù)文章的細節(jié)來分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納形成主題。該類型的試題則迎刃而解。例題1Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed (無武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each others hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Lets shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached.Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No. Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite. It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or-her. Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly. There is generally a misunderstanding (誤解) among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved (保守的) in manner. But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese today. So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.65. The first paragraph mainly tells us _.A. where handshaking was first practisedB. how handshaking came aboutC. about the relationship between handshaking and tradeD. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China【答案與解析】選B。主旨大意題。在文章第一段說明了握手的來歷。實際上也就是談?wù)撐帐质窃鯓赢a(chǎn)生的。67. The main purpose of the text is _.A. to tell us some differences between the East and the WestB. to offer us some important facts about handshakingC. to introduce us to some different customs in the WestD. to give us some advice before we travel abroad例題2Last August, Joe and Mary Mahoney began looking at colleges for their 17-year-old daughter, Maureen. With a checklist of criteria in hand, the Dallas family looked around the country visiting half a dozen schools. They sought a university that offered the teenagers intended major, one located neat a large city, and a campus where their daughter would be safe.“The safety issue is a big one,” says Joe Mahoney, who quickly discovered he wasnt alone in his worries. On campus tours other parents voiced similar concerns, and the same question was always asked: what about crime? But when college officials always gave the same answer “Thats not a problem here,” Mahoney began to feel uneasy.“No crime whatsoever?” comments Mahoney today. “ I just dont buy it.” Nor should he: in 1999 the U.S. Department of education had reports of nearly 400,000 serious crimes on or around our campuses. “Parents need to understand that times have changed since they went to college,” says David Nichols, author of Creating a Safe Campus. “Campus crime mirrors the rest of the nation.”But getting accurate information isnt easy. Colleges must report crime statistics(統(tǒng)計數(shù)字)by law, but some hold back for fear of bad publicity, leaving the honest ones looking dangerous. “The truth may not always be serious,” warms S. Daniel Carter of Security on Campus, Inc., the nations leading campus safety watchdog group.To help concerned parents, Carter promised to visit campuses and talk to experts around the country to find out major crime issues and effective solutions.60. What is the text mainly about?A. Exact campus crime statistics B. Crimes on or around campusesC. Effective solutions to campus crime D. Concerns about kids campus safety【答案與解析】選D。該篇文章沒有明顯的主題句，但通過對文章四段的主旨分析，很容易得出全文緊緊圍繞“關(guān)注大學(xué)校園安全問題（Concerns about kids campus safety）”。怎樣給閱讀文章整體加注標題高度概括法對文章主旨大意的考察，不僅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出現(xiàn)，而且也可以用選擇或擬定文章標題的形式出現(xiàn)。因此，選擇文章標題，首先可以按照主旨大意的確定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定標題。標題位于文章之首，用來高度概括文章內(nèi)容，點明文章主題。它是段落中心思想最精練的表達形式。標題可幫助讀者迅速推測出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的觀點和意圖。那么如何選擇文章的標題呢？首先，要考慮標題對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何。一般要求能覆蓋全文內(nèi)容，體現(xiàn)文章主旨。要避免下列三種情況：概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太?。贿^度概括（多表現(xiàn)為脫離本文章內(nèi)容的發(fā)揮）；以事實、細節(jié)替代抽象具體的大意。其次，要考慮標題的針對性，即標題范圍要恰當(dāng)，針對性強。要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細考慮所選標題與文章主題是否有密切的關(guān)系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大則中心就不突出，太小也發(fā)揮不了應(yīng)起的作用；精確度高，不能隨意改變語言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是單詞、短語，也可以是句子。再次要注意標題的醒目性，標題的選擇要簡潔、突出、新穎，標題是文章的點睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門面。標題的好壞往往影響了文章的可讀性，讀者常常從標題上決定文章的閱讀取舍。故標題一般比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，以此來吸引讀者對文章的興趣。最后要注意，要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x好標題，還需要了解標題的基本擬定方法。一般說來，擬定標題是以話題為核心，與控制性概念的詞按一定的語法濃縮為概括主題句或中心思想的詞組。比如某一文章的中心句為：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names on Thursday Nov. 18th 2020 in Beijing.話題：Stamps控制性概念：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names標題：China issued 1st set of stamps on family names例題1He wishes the holiday season would end already. His back aches, his red suit feels like a spacesuit, his cheeks have gone tight from smiling for 12 hours The questions from children these days are harder than ever. Now, with thousands of children expecting a father or mother serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, the questions are as heart-breaking as they are unanswerable. For example, “Can you please bring Daddy home from the war in time for Christmas morning?”Santas also have a pretty good chance of getting sued (指控)59What would be the best title for the passage?AChristmas: Not a Good Festival for SantasBIs Santa Claus Really Alive?CA Christmas StoryDWhat Does Santa Claus Do for Children?例題2Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia was delivered to my house. No card came with it Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all. After a while I stopped trying to discover the senders name and just delighted in the beautiful white flower in soft pink paper.But I never stopped imagining who the giver might be. Some of my happiest moments were spent daydreaming about the sender. My mother encouraged these imaginings. Shed ask me if there was someone for whom I had done special kindness. Perhaps it was the old man across the street whose mail Id delivered during the winter. As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy I had run into.One month before my graduation, my father died. I felt so sad that I became completely uninterested in my upcoming graduation dance, and I didnt care if I had a new dress or not. But my mother, in her own sadness, would not let me miss any of those things. She wanted her children to feel loved and lovable. In truth, my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia lovely, strong and perfect with perhaps a bit of mystery (神秘)My mother died ten days after I was married. I was 22. That was the year the gardenia stopped coming.41. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. A childhood Dream.B. A Mothers Love.C. A Graduation Party.D. A Special Birthday.【答案與解析】選B。本題考察了篇章理解和主旨概括能力。結(jié)合整篇，尤其是最后一段不難看出母親對女兒的一片良苦用心。“母愛”這一標題簡潔、形象又能突出本文主題。