高考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)（專(zhuān)題攻略）之閱讀理解 解題技巧之推理判斷

高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解解題技巧之推理判斷這類(lèi)題主要考查學(xué)生根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判斷題屬于主觀性較強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解題。做這類(lèi)題時(shí)，考生應(yīng)在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上，從文章本身所提供的信息出發(fā)，運(yùn)用邏輯思維，同時(shí)借助一定的常識(shí)進(jìn)行分析、推理、判斷。提問(wèn)整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思時(shí)，問(wèn)句中都含有infer, imply, indicate, suggest (推斷，暗指)等詞。對(duì)付這類(lèi)題時(shí)我們不僅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潛在的含義，和作者所給的提示。同時(shí)要對(duì)文章的含義和作者的暗示作合理的猜測(cè)和推論。關(guān)鍵是：意思要靠推斷得出，而不是原文照搬。這就要把握住文章的主題思想和每段的內(nèi)容；明確作者的觀點(diǎn)及其寫(xiě)作該文的目的；分析文章里所給的有關(guān)信息；注意詞匯在詞典的定義和詞典以外的含義；最后運(yùn)用自己的知識(shí)進(jìn)行由表及里的邏輯推理，挖出文章的伏筆，得出正確的推論。這種問(wèn)題的提問(wèn)方式通常有：(1) From paragraph 4 we can infer that. / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that .(2) We can infer from the text that/ What can we learn from? / We can conclude from thepassage that(3) The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that.(4) The author implies that by the year 2080, .(5) To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should.(6) The author mentions the fact thatto show.(7) This passage would most likely be found in _?(8) The authors attitude toward is _?(9) The tone of the passage can best be described as _?這些提問(wèn)方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必須根據(jù)提問(wèn)中的某些關(guān)鍵字眼與短文中相應(yīng)的有關(guān)內(nèi)容加以邏輯推理或演算，從而得出某些作者并未說(shuō)明卻已在字里行間所暗含的意思及觀點(diǎn)。具體的說(shuō)，考生應(yīng)當(dāng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：a) 首先要注意一定要忠實(shí)于原文，以文章提供的事實(shí)和線(xiàn)索為依據(jù)。立足已知，推斷未知，遵循“詞不離句，句不離段，段不離篇”的原則。千萬(wàn)不能主觀臆想，憑空想象，隨意揣測(cè)，更不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)。b) 要吃透文章的字面意思，從字里行間捕捉有用的提示和線(xiàn)索，這是推理的前提和基礎(chǔ)。有的推斷，考生完全可以根據(jù)文章中所闡述的細(xì)節(jié)，再結(jié)合自己所掌握的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、有關(guān)背景知識(shí)或常識(shí)來(lái)幫助進(jìn)行分析、推敲，從而得出符合文章原意的結(jié)論。c) 要對(duì)文字的表面信息進(jìn)行挖掘加工，由表及里，由淺入深，從具體到抽象，從特殊到一般，通過(guò)分析、綜合、判斷等，進(jìn)行深層處理，合乎邏輯地推理。不能就事論事，斷章取義，以偏概全。d) 要把握句、段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，了解語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)，同時(shí)還要體會(huì)文章的基調(diào)，揣摩作者的態(tài)度，摸準(zhǔn)邏輯發(fā)展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。e) 在解答推理性問(wèn)題時(shí)，一定要注意確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍。應(yīng)清楚所要解答的問(wèn)題需要針對(duì)某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推斷，還是針對(duì)主題思想、作者的意圖進(jìn)行推斷。針對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的推斷可運(yùn)用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍，然后再進(jìn)行推理判斷。針對(duì)主題思想作推斷時(shí)，則常常要縱覽全篇文章。以下介紹幾種常見(jiàn)的推理判斷題型：1細(xì)節(jié)推斷題要求考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇關(guān)系，推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件、具體信息等?？忌獜奈恼卤旧硭峁┑男畔⒊霭l(fā)，抓住關(guān)鍵的信息詞，運(yùn)用邏輯思維，并借助一定的常識(shí)進(jìn)行分析、推理、判斷。例題MONTREAL (Reuters) Crossing the US-Canada border(邊界) to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen $ 10,000 for breaking Washingtons strict new security(安全) rules.The expensive trip to church was a surprise for Richard Albert, who lives right on the Canadian border. Like the other half-dozen people of Township 15, crossing the border is a daily occurrence for Albert. The nearby Quebec village of St. Pamphile is where they shop, eat and go to church.59. We learn from the text that Richard Albert is _. A. an American living in Township 15 B. a Canadian living in a Quebec villageC. a Canadian working in a customs stationD. an American working in a Canadian church【答案與解析】選A。根據(jù)第一段中的cost a US citizen $ 10,000可以推斷出Richard Albert是美國(guó)人，working in a Canadian church與第二段后兩句事實(shí)不符。2因果推斷題要求考生根據(jù)已知結(jié)果推測(cè)導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的可能原因或根據(jù)已有的原因推斷可能的結(jié)果?？忌獪?zhǔn)確掌握文章的內(nèi)涵，理解文章的真正含義。最關(guān)鍵的是要找準(zhǔn)事物間存在的因果關(guān)系信息，根據(jù)已有信息，進(jìn)行分析判斷推理，從而推出最符合邏輯的原因或判斷出最可能導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。例題160. Albert was fined because he _ A. failed to obey traffic rules.B. broke the American security rules.C. worked in St. Pamphile without a pass. D. damaged the gate of the customs office.答案與解析：選B。從第一段得知Albert被海關(guān)罰了$10,000是因?yàn)閎reaking Washingtons strict new security(安全) rules。例題2Paul Zindels death on March 27,2003 ended the brilliant life of a famous writer.Not only did Paul Zindel win a Pulitzer Prize as well as an Obie Prize for his 1970 play The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, but be was one of the earliest writers in the field of contemporary（當(dāng)代的） literature for young adults（成人）. The Pigman, published in 1968, is still one of the most well-known and widely-taught novels in the genre. The American Library Association has named it one of the 100 Best of the Best Books for Young Adults published between 1967 and 1992, and Zindels autobiography, The Pigman and Me, was among the 100 Best of the Best Books published for teenagers during the last part of the twentieth century. Six of Zindels books, in fact, have been voted the Best Books for Young Adults, and most of his recent horror books-such as The Doom Stone and Rats-have been chosen as Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers. Clearly, he was a writer who knew how to interest contemporary children. Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements, and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature. With his passing, young readers, teachers, and librarians have lost a great friend.57. Why was Paul Zindel honored with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize?A. His books were widely read by children.B. His books were interesting and helpful to adults.C. He made great contributions to contemporary literature.D. He wrote a number of horror books for young adults.3人物性格、心情處境、態(tài)度及觀點(diǎn)等推斷題高考閱讀測(cè)試中有些題目考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章作者的主導(dǎo)思想、被描寫(xiě)人物語(yǔ)氣、言談話(huà)語(yǔ)中流露的情緒、性格傾向和作用或文中人物的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)等方面的理解。做這一類(lèi)題時(shí)一定注意：（1）由表及里地準(zhǔn)確把握字里行間的意思，切勿用自己的主觀想法或觀點(diǎn)代替作者的思想觀點(diǎn)。（2）特別注意那些描寫(xiě)環(huán)境氣氛的語(yǔ)言，以及表達(dá)感情，態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)。要特別注意作者在文章中的措辭，尤其是感情色彩的形容詞。（3）能結(jié)合自己平時(shí)積累的有關(guān)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的文化傳統(tǒng)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等背景知識(shí)來(lái)識(shí)別評(píng)價(jià)。例題1Parents should stop blaming themselves because theres not a lot they can do about it. I mean the teenager (十幾歲的孩子) problem. Whatever you do or however you choose to deal with it, at certain times a wonderful, reasonable and helpful child will turn into a terrible animal.Ive seen friends deal with it in all kinds of different ways. One strict mother insisted that her son, right from a child, should stand up whenever anyone entered the room, open doors and shake hands like a gentleman. I saw him last week when I called round. Sprawling himself (懶散地躺) on the sofa in full length, he made no attempt to turn off the loud TV he was watching as I walked in, and his greeting was no more than a quick glance at me. His mother was ashamed. “I dont know what to do with him these days,” she said. “Hes forgotten all the manners we taught him.” He hasnt forgotten them. He s just decided that he s not going to use them. She confessed (坦白) that she would like to come up behind him and throw him down from the sofa onto the floor.Another good friend of mine let her two daughters climb all over the furniture, reach across the table, stare at me and say, “I dont like your dress; its ugly.” One of the daughters has recently been driven out of school. The other has left home.“Where did we go wrong?” her parents are now very sad. Probably nowhere much. At least, no more than the rest of that unfortunate race, parents.73. The boy on the sofa would most probably be described as _.A. lazy B. quiet G. unusual D. rude74. From the second example we can infer that the parents of the two daughters _.A. pay no attention to them B. are too busy to look after themC. have come to hate them D. feel helpless to do much about them75. What is the authors opinion about the sudden change in teenage children?A. Parents have no choice but to try to accept it.B. Parents should pay still sore attention to the change.C. Parents should work more closely with school teachers.D. Parents are at fault for the change in their children.【答案與解析】74. 選D。此題屬于“人物心情處境推斷題”。最后一段，“Where did we go wrong? her parents are now very sad.”一句可推測(cè)這兩位父母對(duì)他們學(xué)壞的女兒無(wú)可奈何，因此正確答案為D。75. 選A。此題屬于“態(tài)度及觀點(diǎn)推斷題”，文中第一句話(huà)“Parents should stop blaming themselves because theres not a lot they can do about it.”就表明了作者的觀點(diǎn)，父母不應(yīng)當(dāng)總是為此事而責(zé)怪自己。應(yīng)當(dāng)采取措施面對(duì)這個(gè)事情。然后最后又用了“Probably nowhere much. At least, no more than the rest of that unfortunate race, parents.”做總結(jié)，表明父母?jìng)儾坏貌唤邮苓@個(gè)不好的事實(shí)。例題2How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environmentsmostly for entertainment purposesis fair and respectful?The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusual and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain.64. How would the author describe the animals life in zoos?A. Dangerous. B. Unhappy. C. Natural. D. Easy.答案與解析：64. 選B。此題屬于“態(tài)度及觀點(diǎn)推斷題”，由本段中的第一句話(huà)keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments，以及后文當(dāng)中的The animals are kept together in small spaces, 和 a sign of unhappiness and pain. 可以推斷出作者認(rèn)為動(dòng)物園中的動(dòng)物的生活不幸福。4篇章結(jié)構(gòu)推斷題根據(jù)不同文章的內(nèi)容和寫(xiě)作目的，作者會(huì)采取記敘、描寫(xiě)、議論、說(shuō)明或應(yīng)用文體。作者也會(huì)采用敘述、例證、比較對(duì)照等不同的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。不同文體的閱讀難度、要求和任務(wù)不同，閱讀方法也應(yīng)不同。增強(qiáng)對(duì)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解能力有助于提高閱讀質(zhì)量。例題1Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably sing or whistle when you are happy.Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory.59. How does the writer explain birds singing?A. By comparing birds with human beings.B. By reporting experiment results.C. By describing birds daily life.D. By telling a birds story.【答案與解析】59. 選A。由文章第一、二兩段可知作者是把鳥(niǎo)兒和人類(lèi)進(jìn)行對(duì)比。例題2In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.First of all, the job made huge demands on my strengthI stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again. 52. How is the text organized?A. TopicArgumentExplanation B. OpinionDiscussion-DescriptionC. Main ideaComparisonSupporting examples D. IntroductionSupporting examplesConclusion 5文章結(jié)論推斷題由具體到一般，對(duì)已知的事實(shí)進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)性推斷稱(chēng)為結(jié)論。例題In 1837, the historian Carlyle made the first recorded use of the word " queue" (排隊(duì)). Hespoke of the French and their "habit of standing in a queue". Forty years later Paris was the bestplace to wait in line. However, queuing became popular in Britain too. The Second World War was the golden age of queuing, and people joined any line in the hope that it was a queue for something to buy. This was the source of many Second World War jokes:Shopkeeper to customer: Excuse me, miss, are you pregnant (懷孕)?Customer: Well, I wasnt when I joined the queue.Today, according to research in America, we (in Britain) can spend up to 5 years of our livesqueuing - as compared to twelve months looking for things we have lost. But things may be changing.But some people just like queuing. One man queued all night for Harrods famous January sale, and then returned home for breakfast at nine o clock the next morning without going into the shop.71. We can infer from the passage that _.A. queue management doesnt work wellB. there is still queuing in EnglandC. we dont see much queuing in ParisD. the French like queuing more than the British【答案與解析】 71.選B。文章結(jié)論推斷題。文章最后說(shuō)了“But some people just like queuing.”，該句表明在英國(guó)還是有人喜歡排隊(duì)，因此排隊(duì)仍然存在。6預(yù)測(cè)題有些內(nèi)容文章中沒(méi)有明確說(shuō)明，要求考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇，對(duì)事件可能的結(jié)局或下段可能涉及的內(nèi)容等進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)推理。常見(jiàn)的與預(yù)測(cè)相關(guān)的問(wèn)題主要有：What information will probably be provided following the last paragraph?What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write?What would do in the end?對(duì)于這類(lèi)問(wèn)題的判斷，做這類(lèi)題時(shí)應(yīng)常常要縱覽全文，把握作者的寫(xiě)作思路（如文章可能按事件發(fā)展的經(jīng)過(guò)描寫(xiě)，也可能按因果關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系來(lái)敘述），作者往往在前文提出幾個(gè)要解決或說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題，提出幾種觀點(diǎn)看法，然后在下文一一解釋說(shuō)明，考生可通過(guò)文章，找出作者已經(jīng)闡明了哪些問(wèn)題或觀點(diǎn)，然后接下去文章將會(huì)如何發(fā)展便一目了然了。例題1Giving Back Fair WayThe Westborough High School golf team had taken the official photos with the state prize. The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. And then Westborough instructor Greg Rota noticed something wrong on one of the score cards. A 9 had been recorded as a 7. They were not the state prize winner; Woburn High had won. “ No one would have known, “ said Woburns instructor, Bob Doran. For Rota, it wasnt a difficult decision: “The prize wasnt ours to take.” 60. What did Greg Rota probably do in the end? A. Took photos of Doran. B. Had a meeting with Doran. C. Returned the prize to the organizer. D. Apologized to Woburn High School. 61. Greg Rotas decision shows that he was .A. honest B. polite C. careful D. friendly 例題2I THIRSTEach day water-related diseases kill 3,900 of worlds children.Across the world, 1.1 billion people have no access to clean drinking water. More than 2.5 billion people lack basic sanitation.(衛(wèi)生設(shè)備)The combination proves deadly. Each year, diseases related to inadequate water and sanitation kill between 2 and 5 million people and cause an estimated 80 percent of all sicknesses in the developing world. Safe drinking water is a precondition for health and the fight against child death rate, inequality between men and women, and poverty.Here are three ways you can help:1) Write Congress2) Sponsor a project with a faith-based organization3) Support nonprofit water organizationsNumerous U.S.-based nonprofits work skillfully abroad in community-led projects related to drinking water and sanitation. Like the sample of non-profits noted as follows: some organizations are large, other small-scale, some operate worldwide, others are devoted to certain areas in Africa, Asia, or Latin America. Support them generously.75. What information will probably be provided following the last paragraph?A. A variety of companies and their worldwide operation.B. A list of nonprofit water organizations to make contact with.C. Some ways to get financial aids from U.S. Congress.D. A few water resources exploited by some world-famous organizations.【答案與解析】選B。這是一篇廣告，要求為全世界缺水或飲用水不安全的人捐獻(xiàn)一份愛(ài)心。本題是一道預(yù)測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一段Like the sample of non-profits noted as follows: 一句可預(yù)測(cè)下一段將為讀者提供的是“非贏利性組織名單”，以便捐獻(xiàn)愛(ài)心的人和他們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系。因此正確答案選B。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都與本廣告的目的不符，故都排除。