現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語(yǔ) Unit 13 Book 3

現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語(yǔ) Unit 13 Book 3 Unit 13 The Needs That Drive Us All 威廉·格拉瑟 William Glasser 1925簡(jiǎn)介I. A Brief Introduction to The Author and His worksW.格拉瑟威廉·格拉瑟 William Glasser 1925，美國(guó)心理治療學(xué)家，現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法的創(chuàng)始人。他出生于美國(guó)俄亥俄州克利夫蘭。早年在美國(guó)俄亥俄州克利夫蘭受教育，后進(jìn)入凱斯西儲(chǔ)大學(xué)，1945 年獲臨床心理學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位，1948 年獲臨床心理學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，1953 年獲加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校醫(yī)學(xué)博士學(xué)位。19541957 年任實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)生，1957年，他在洛杉磯的退伍兵管理中心洛杉磯加州大學(xué)參與精神病治療訓(xùn)練，1961年取得檢驗(yàn)合格證書。受訓(xùn)期間，他感到其所接受的傳統(tǒng)的精神分析治療有很大局限性，這是他創(chuàng)造現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法的種子。他對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)精神分析感到有挫折，他把這個(gè)不滿向他的老師和在第三年開(kāi)始做他的臨床督導(dǎo)的 Harrington 說(shuō)了。在以后的 7 年里，Harrington 一直是他的督導(dǎo)。1956 年，他曾在凡圖拉（Ventura）女子學(xué)校擔(dān)任精神治療咨詢師，該校是加州處理少年犯的公立機(jī)構(gòu)，他在一個(gè)州產(chǎn)醫(yī)院里為違法的少女做咨詢。一開(kāi)始他的同事反對(duì)他的改變紀(jì)律和教學(xué)實(shí)踐的建議，但是后來(lái)他們發(fā)現(xiàn)他的方法有用。他以友誼和責(zé)任影響一個(gè)一開(kāi)始拒絕改變的群體，他的方法包括個(gè)體和群體治療，以及工作人員訓(xùn)練。他在凡圖拉中學(xué)創(chuàng)造了一種針對(duì)吸毒少女的特定的方法。在格拉瑟對(duì)州立醫(yī)院里違法的少女的咨詢成功被人們所了解后，他成為加州學(xué)校系統(tǒng)的顧問(wèn)。之后，在加利福尼亞系統(tǒng)地闡述了現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法，并在洛杉磯建立現(xiàn)實(shí)療法研究所。以洛杉磯為基地，格拉瑟在美國(guó)、加拿大和其他國(guó)家舉行研討會(huì)，并利用研究所的分支機(jī)構(gòu) - 教師培訓(xùn)中心，把現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法運(yùn)用到學(xué)校情境之中，培訓(xùn)了 10 萬(wàn)名教師，影響較大。格拉瑟以其現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法而聞名。1961 年，他出版的第一本著作心理健康還是心理疾病？一書中首次談到現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法的一些基本思想和實(shí)踐嘗試。1965 年他的現(xiàn)實(shí)療法一書問(wèn)世，標(biāo)志著現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法的正式推出。1967 年在洛杉磯建立了現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法協(xié)會(huì)（1996 年更名為威廉·格拉瑟協(xié)會(huì)），1968 年成立了對(duì)教師做現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法訓(xùn)練的分支 - 教育訓(xùn)練中心。1973 年現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法協(xié)會(huì)（現(xiàn)在是控制論、現(xiàn)實(shí)理論和有效管理協(xié)會(huì)）開(kāi)始進(jìn)行現(xiàn)實(shí)治療家的資格認(rèn)定?，F(xiàn)實(shí)療法的基礎(chǔ)是控制理論（Control Theory），1996 年開(kāi)始他將其更名為選擇理論（Choice Theory） 1。他對(duì)精神分析不滿，認(rèn)為精神分析不是教人對(duì)自己負(fù)責(zé)，而是固守過(guò)去并因過(guò)去而總是指責(zé)別人。他熱認(rèn)為人都有愛(ài)與被愛(ài)兩種基本需要。如果它們不能得到滿足，人就會(huì)產(chǎn)生焦慮、怨恨、自暴自棄等消極情緒反應(yīng)，并可能產(chǎn)生逃避現(xiàn)實(shí)、不負(fù)責(zé)任的欲望?，F(xiàn)實(shí)療法強(qiáng)調(diào)當(dāng)事人的責(zé)任和力量；重視當(dāng)前的行為，協(xié)助當(dāng)事人擬定明確的行為改變計(jì)劃并切實(shí)執(zhí)行；以關(guān)懷和尊重為基礎(chǔ)建立彼此的信任關(guān)系；強(qiáng)調(diào)當(dāng)事人自身優(yōu)點(diǎn)和潛能，幫助他發(fā)展成功認(rèn)同經(jīng)驗(yàn)。它的基礎(chǔ)是選擇理論，重點(diǎn)放在改善現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系也就是幫助當(dāng)事人去討論他現(xiàn)在生活中的一些關(guān)系，并且他愿意透過(guò)什么樣的努力來(lái)為已經(jīng)遭到破壞的關(guān)系做努力?！斑x擇理論”就是要挑戰(zhàn)那些所謂古老的正確傳統(tǒng)我知道什么是對(duì)你最好的。一、現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法的人格理論人性觀。他認(rèn)為：人格或特質(zhì)，乃是整個(gè)自我運(yùn)作的總和。包括理智性的功能、情感性的功能、以及每個(gè)自我獨(dú)特的反應(yīng)模式。而自我乃是個(gè)體心理功能的總和知最理想代表，他深信人格發(fā)展的歷程正是一個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)如何去滿足需要的功能所展現(xiàn)出來(lái)的，需要獲得滿足的程度或狀況，將影響個(gè)人人格的特質(zhì)，因?yàn)闈M足需求的程度或狀況長(zhǎng)可決定個(gè)人是否能適當(dāng)?shù)牟扇⌒袆?dòng)。基本人性需求及滿足方式。他將基本的人類需求分為五級(jí)：玩樂(lè)與樂(lè)趣的需求、權(quán)力與影響力的需求、自由與作選擇的需求、歸屬感的需求、生存的需求。認(rèn)為基本心理需求是超越時(shí)空，對(duì)人是十分重要的，但卻需要經(jīng)過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)才能有效滿足。這樣的學(xué)習(xí)從幼年時(shí)期開(kāi)始直至生命終結(jié)，是個(gè)人一生的發(fā)展問(wèn)題。認(rèn)為個(gè)體欲滿足其需求，必須在共融的關(guān)系（involvement）中，以負(fù)責(zé)（responsibility）、正確（right）、及符合現(xiàn)實(shí)（reality）的行為為之。二、控制理論雖然格拉瑟?jiǎng)?chuàng)立現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法不是得益于控制理論，但他對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法的解釋是控制論的?？刂评碚摰睦砟钍牵喝祟愋袨槭怯心康牡模疫@些行為源自于個(gè)人的內(nèi)在、而非外在環(huán)境的力量。雖然外在環(huán)境的力量會(huì)影響我們的決定，但我們的行為并非這些外在環(huán)境的力量造成的。我們的行為是為了滿足我們基本的人性需求?，F(xiàn)實(shí)治療法的主要目標(biāo)是教導(dǎo)人們一些較佳且更有效的方法，去從生活中得到我們所要的?？刂评碚摲磳?duì)決定論的人性哲學(xué)。此理論認(rèn)為如果每個(gè)人愿意努力為著某一目標(biāo)而行動(dòng)，他必能改變，并可過(guò)更好的生活。但當(dāng)個(gè)人的選擇侵犯別人的自由時(shí)，其行為便是不負(fù)責(zé)任的。通過(guò)現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法法的演練，一方面可學(xué)到如何獲得自由，另一方面又能避免傷害別人。三、現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法的特征反對(duì)醫(yī)療模式?，F(xiàn)實(shí)治療法否定心理疾病的觀念，假定行為失常的種種形式，都是不負(fù)責(zé)任或需求未能達(dá)成的結(jié)果。此一方法不用心理診斷，并視心理疾病等于不負(fù)責(zé)任行為，而心理健康等于負(fù)責(zé)行為。成功認(rèn)同與積極的嗜好。成功認(rèn)同的概念對(duì)理解現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法具有重要作用，持有“成功認(rèn)同”（success identity）的人，視自己是個(gè)能夠給予愛(ài)與接受愛(ài)的人，感覺(jué)到自己有力量，具有自我價(jià)值感，格拉瑟另發(fā)展出“積極的嗜好”（positive addction）觀念，作為在生活中培養(yǎng)心理力量的主要來(lái)源。常見(jiàn)的做法是跑步與冥想。強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在而不重視過(guò)去。主張應(yīng)視當(dāng)事人為一“具有廣泛潛能的常人，而不應(yīng)視其只是具有問(wèn)題的病人”，因此他不贊成浪費(fèi)時(shí)間去追究問(wèn)題與失敗，并建議治療者去探索當(dāng)事人的長(zhǎng)處。更須在會(huì)談中，強(qiáng)化這種長(zhǎng)處，至于重述歷史與探查過(guò)去，他均視為無(wú)用。強(qiáng)調(diào)價(jià)值判斷。它重視當(dāng)事人所扮演的角色，判斷自身行為的本質(zhì)以決定到底什么因素造成他們生活上的失敗。除非當(dāng)事人能斷定他們的行為具有建設(shè)性或破壞性，否則就不能產(chǎn)生任何改變。反對(duì)移情?，F(xiàn)實(shí)治療法拒絕采用移情作用。格拉瑟認(rèn)為，傳統(tǒng)的治療者通過(guò)移情作用，將自己的想法灌輸給當(dāng)事人。現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法法要求治療者以本來(lái)的面目出現(xiàn)，不要將自己的角色想成是對(duì)方的父親或母親。格拉瑟自創(chuàng)立現(xiàn)實(shí)療法之后，即強(qiáng)調(diào)當(dāng)事人在治療中不會(huì)想要去探索過(guò)去不成功的生活，只想與一個(gè)真實(shí)存在的人愉快地相處。強(qiáng)調(diào)人格的意識(shí)層面而非潛意識(shí)層面。按精神分析的理論：對(duì)于潛意識(shí)有所了解與洞察，是人格改變的先決條件。現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法主張：強(qiáng)調(diào)潛意識(shí)，即是避開(kāi)當(dāng)事人不負(fù)責(zé)任的中心問(wèn)題，并且給他一個(gè)逃避真實(shí)的借口。領(lǐng)悟固然極富意義，但現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法并不認(rèn)為這是產(chǎn)生改變的重要因素。強(qiáng)調(diào)責(zé)任?，F(xiàn)實(shí)治療法一直都強(qiáng)調(diào)責(zé)任的重要性。格拉瑟將負(fù)責(zé)界定為：凡為滿足個(gè)人需求，但不妨礙他人滿足其需求的行為謂之負(fù)責(zé)。負(fù)責(zé)的人具有自發(fā)性，知道自己從生活中需要什么，并會(huì)擬定計(jì)劃來(lái)滿足需求與目標(biāo)。簡(jiǎn)言之，負(fù)責(zé)指?jìng)€(gè)人已學(xué)會(huì)有效地控制其生活。格拉瑟強(qiáng)調(diào)，不論治療者或普通人，均應(yīng)避免批評(píng)，因?yàn)槿绻覀儗W(xué)會(huì)過(guò)負(fù)責(zé)的生活，就不會(huì)苛求自己，尋找自己的缺點(diǎn)并加以批評(píng)對(duì)我們并無(wú)幫助。四、現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法八大步驟建立共融關(guān)系；探討目前的行為而非情緒；對(duì)當(dāng)前的行為做評(píng)價(jià)；訂定計(jì)劃；對(duì)計(jì)劃的承諾；沒(méi)有借口；沒(méi)有懲罰；永不放棄。五、現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法的采用的技術(shù)共融關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)實(shí)治療法強(qiáng)調(diào)治療者要以真誠(chéng)的關(guān)心幫助當(dāng)事人面對(duì)困難，尋求解決的途 徑，滿足基本需求。因此治療者要以第一人稱的“我”來(lái)表明自己的看法與關(guān)懷，而不用含混的字眼。在治療的初期，當(dāng)事人可以談?wù)撊魏斡信d趣的主題，而不必局限于述說(shuō)自己的苦難與困惑等問(wèn)題。設(shè)限（set limits）。治療者必須設(shè)定計(jì)劃中所能給予的時(shí)間與關(guān)懷，他只能在約定時(shí)間內(nèi)與當(dāng)事人建立正常的共融關(guān)系，而不允許約定時(shí)間之外過(guò)度的相處與交往。面質(zhì)（confrontation）。面質(zhì)事治療者以一種對(duì)立的，不接受任何解釋的態(tài)度，幫助當(dāng)事人面對(duì)自己不負(fù)責(zé)任的行為，看清阻礙成功的不當(dāng)防衛(wèi)與借口。示范（modeling）。社會(huì)技能可以從觀察與仿真中習(xí)得，自我控制有時(shí)也能從觀察別人的反應(yīng)中而有所增進(jìn)。教師的角色（teachers role）。當(dāng)事人表現(xiàn)出負(fù)責(zé)的行為，常期望治療者給予獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。否則，應(yīng)具有不同的表示，不能只是唯唯否否。治療者并需教導(dǎo)當(dāng)事人，應(yīng)從日常生活當(dāng)中采取較佳的途經(jīng)以達(dá)滿足需求。幽默（humer）。治療者使用幽默可以使關(guān)系輕松自在，也使當(dāng)事人學(xué)習(xí)健康的方式來(lái)面對(duì)自己的失敗與弱點(diǎn)。矛盾法（paradox）?，F(xiàn)實(shí)治療法以不同傳統(tǒng)的諮商方式來(lái)面對(duì)當(dāng)事人的問(wèn)題，使當(dāng)事人未有防范的接受這種說(shuō)法，而能不同的角度真正看清問(wèn)題，使治療重于行為而非感覺(jué)。主要著作：心理健康還是心理疾病？：Mental Health or Mental Illness?，1961現(xiàn)實(shí)治療法：Reality Therapy，1965沒(méi)有失敗的學(xué)校：Schools Without Failure，1969認(rèn)同的社會(huì)：The Identity Society，1975正向沉溺：Positive Addiction，1976心理的運(yùn)作：Station of The Mind，1981控制理論：Control Theory，1985教室中的控制理論：Control Theory in the Classroom，1986有品質(zhì)的學(xué)校：The Quality School，1990你在做什么？：What Are You Doing？，1996注:他本來(lái)把選擇理論認(rèn)定為控制理論，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為我們生命中唯一可掌控的人就是我們自己。愈早了解這項(xiàng)事實(shí)的人愈好。但不幸的是、控制理論乍看之下似乎在本質(zhì)上較屬于行為主義派、而非人類/人道學(xué)派。這真是一大謬誤。因此，他后來(lái)將控制理論重新命名為選擇理論。 II. Teaching Tips: 1. Make sure that the students are aware of the differences of the concepts between psychology and ethics; 2. The teacher should rouse the studentsinterests in the subject, and help them see how important it is for the students, teachers, parents,business people, government officials to understand human psychology and strive to satisfy human needs oe desires. The teacher should ask the students to give examples (preferably from their personal experience) which show what serious consequences it can result in if these human needs are not satisfied. III. The Background Information About the Text: In this text, the author attempts to define the word “human” . He is concerned with human psychology rather than ethics. According to him, human beings are driven by five basic needs, some of which are shared by other animals, but others are uniquely human. The article is obviously addressed to young students and its purpose is to increase their self-awareness of their humanness so as to better deal with their problems. The authors analysis of the need for power is particularly interesting. First he points out that the desire for power is a genuine human motivation. It is written in our genes. He has reached this conclusion mainly through his observation of human behavior. Then he stresses the importance of this need in social and economic development as well as the development of ourselves as individuals although he does not elaborate on how some people use the power to do good things and others use it for evil purposes, because that is an ethical question. Another interesting point he has made is the reason why so many people traditionally reject the idea of power and favor the idea of humbleness or modesty. According to the author, one reason is that those who have power would like the powerless to be content without power so that they can continue to enjoy their power. The authors view about fun as a human need is also interesting. It reminds us of the view that learning is a natural pleasure and good teaching should satisfy studentsneed for fun. The problem of human needs has fascinated many scientists, and over the years, scholars have come up with many interesting theories. Abraham Maslow( 1908-1970), a well-known American psychologist, put all basic human needs in a pyramid-shaped chart with physological needs at the bottom and safelty needs, social needs, esteemneeds in ascending order and finally self-actualization at the top. According to him people try to satify the lower-order needs before they move on to the next level higher up.IV. The Detailed Discussion of Text A 1. All living creatures are driven so that the species will continue. 1) stay alive : continue to be in a living state 維持某種狀況 e.g. stay awake/ stay single/stay sober 不睡覺(jué)/ 不結(jié)婚/ 保持清醒 They stayed friends for years. 他們的友誼維持了多年。 2）species (n.) : group of animals or plants within a genus differing only in minor details from the others, and able to breed with each other but not with other groups 物種 e.g. the human species (ie mankind) 人類 a species of antilope 一種羚羊 2. As creatures have evolved from simple to complex, Paraphrase: According to Darwins theory of evolution, plants and animals develop gradually from simple to complicated forms by natural selection. This is the process by which only plants and animals are naturally suitable for life nin their environment will continue to live, while all others will die. In this theory Darwin suggested that human developed from a type of ape. 3. Humans not only need (1) to survive and reproduce,(5) to have fun. 1) belong (v.) : to be a member to; to be related or concerned to 是 中的一員；與有關(guān)聯(lián)或姻親 e.g. A child belongs with its mother. (ie should live with and be cared for by its mother) 孩子應(yīng)該和母親在一起。 He has no sense of belonging here. 他在這里沒(méi)有歸屬感（他覺(jué)得自己是外人。） 4. All five needs are built into our genetic structureif we are to fulfil our biological destiny. Paraphrase: All five needs are inborn as part of our nature and direct us as we go through our lives. 1）build in/into : to make (sth )inherent; to make (sth )a fixed and permanent part of sth larger 使（某物）成為固有的；使（某物）成為某個(gè)較大事物中固定的，永久的部分 e.g. The difficulties seem to be built in in this process. 這些困難似乎是這一過(guò)程中固有的東西。 The rate of pay was built into her contract. 支付比例是她的合同中固定的一部分。 2) our biological destiny : what we have to ecperience as human- to go through childhood,adolescence, adulthood and old age, to produce offspring and die. 5. I italicize the need for power because, unlike the other four needsin every aspect of our lives seems uniquely human. 1) I italicize the need for power : I emphasize the need for power by using italicized words. 2) unlike the other four needs that shared to some extent by many higher animals, in every aspect of our lives seems uniquely human. Paraphrase: unlike the other four needs which many higher animals also have, the needs for power seems exclusively a human need, which is shown as we eagerly seek power in every aspect of our lives. Here is a list of common collocations with the noun”power”: 3) abolish power; abuse power; come into power; consolidate power; decentralize power; deprive sb of power; establish power; exercise power; hand over power; hold on to power; misuse power; reduce power; return to power; seize power 6. We are also born with no choice but to feel the more pleasure we experience. 1) (sb has )no choice but to do sth: the only thing sb could do is to do sth 某人別無(wú)選擇只有做某事 e.g. Because of the scandal, he had no choice but to resign. 因?yàn)檫@一丑聞，他除了辭職別無(wú)他途。 He failed TEM4 last year; he has no choice but to work harder this year. 去年他沒(méi)有通過(guò)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)四級(jí)考試，今年他別無(wú)選擇只有更加刻苦學(xué)習(xí)。 2）frustrate(vt.) : make (efforts, etc)useless; defeat 使得（努力等）無(wú)效；失敗 e.g. Bad weather has frustrated plans to launch the spaceship today. 今日發(fā)射宇宙飛船的計(jì)劃，因天氣惡劣而落空。7. Simple survival needs like hunger, thirst,the denial of these basic needs. Paraphrase: It is relatively easy to define simple survival needs that satisfy hunger, thirst and sexual desire and we can easily find particular discomfort we feel when these basic needs are denied. 1) attach to sb/ sth: to be connected with sb/sth 與（某人/某事）相關(guān)聯(lián)；歸因于某人/某事 e.g. No blame attaches to you in this affair. 這件事不怪你。 No fault is attached to the bus driver for the terrible accident at the railway crossing. 在鐵路交叉口發(fā)生的可怕的交通事故汽車司機(jī)沒(méi)有過(guò)錯(cuò)。2）clear-cut (a.) : not vague; definite 不含混的；明確的 e.g. clear-cut plans, proposals, distinctions 明確的計(jì)劃，提議，區(qū)分8. When we attempt to satisfy the non-essential psychological needs,we run into more difficulty. Paraphrase: The higher,or psychological, needs are not so clear-cut and not so easy to satisfy. 1) run into: to begin to experience (difficulty); to get into (a difficult or unpleasant situation) 開(kāi)始遭遇 （困難或令人不快的局面） e.g. The project is running into financial difficulties. 這一項(xiàng)目遇到了財(cái)務(wù)困難。 Taking risks like that might run the firm into debts. 冒著像那樣的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有可能使公司債臺(tái)高筑。 9. The need for power is particularly difficult to satisfywho openly strive for it. 1) in many cultures the mores of the cultureopenly strive for it. Paraphrase: in many cultures openly trying to gain power is regarded as running counter to the code of conduct of the culture, and those who do so are strongly disapproved of. 2) strive for(sth): to try very hard to obtain or achieve( sth ) (獲得或?qū)崿F(xiàn)某事物而) 努力，奮斗 e.g. to strive for success 力爭(zhēng)獲得成功 The mayor are striving for improvements in public housing. 這位市長(zhǎng)正努力改善公共住房問(wèn)題。 Not striving for success when it is available is considered a crime against the state in the US. 在美國(guó)，當(dāng)有可能成功的時(shí)候不去力爭(zhēng)獲得成功被視為是對(duì)國(guó)家的犯罪。3）humble (n.): having or showing a low or modest opinionof ones own importance; not proud；low in rank; not large or elaborate; poor 謙卑的；卑微的；簡(jiǎn)陋的 e.g my humble apologies 鄙人的道歉 in my humble opinion 依鄙人的拙見(jiàn) humble occupation, home, income, meal 低賤的職業(yè)，簡(jiǎn)陋的家，微薄的收入，簡(jiǎn)單的飯菜 10. Even politicians try to appear humble, and how little they want to tell us what to do. Paraphrase: Even politicians try to cover up their desires for power by saying that they are running for an office because they want to do things for their community and that they really hate to govern people. 11. But regardless of cultural prejudice, power itself is neither good nor bad. Paraphrase: When we dont take into account the prejudice against power in certain cultures, power is really not a bad thing. Power itself is neutral, neither good nor bad. 1) regardless of : without worrying about or taking account of 不理會(huì)或不顧（某人/某物） e.g. The law says that all citizens have the right to education regardless of age, sex, and religious belief. 這一法律規(guī)定所有公民無(wú)論年齡，性別和宗教信仰如何，都有接受教育的權(quán)利。 The couple decided to send their son to an elite high school regardless of whether they could afford it. 不顧自己是否能承受得起，這對(duì)夫婦仍決定將他們的兒子送到精英學(xué)校。 12. In fact, if it were not for the need for power, our whole economy would crumble, is for the sake of power. Paraphrase: Actually if it were not for the need for power, our whole economy would collapse because almost all the articles that can be bought and sold are for the sake of power except for those daily necessities. 1) crumble (v.) : gradually deteriorate or come to an end 漸漸垮掉；走向末路 e.g. the hopes that crumbled to dust 破滅的希望 The great empire began to crumble. 這個(gè)強(qiáng)大的帝國(guó)開(kāi)始衰落了。 2）bare necessities: daily necessities 日用必需品 3）for the sake of sth/doing sth : in order to get or keep sth 為了獲得或保持某事物 e.g. We made concessions for the sake of peace. 為了和平我們作出了讓步。 Lets not spoil the job for the sake of a few pounds. 咱們不要為了幾個(gè)英鎊而把工作弄糟。 13. When someone uses his power to help this use of power is humane. 1) downtrodden (a.) : kept down and badly treated; oppresseed 受蹂躪的；受欺壓的；受壓迫的 2）Notice the diference between “humane” and “human” humane (a.) : having or showing sympathy, kindness and understanding 富于同情心的；仁慈的；能體諒人的 e.g. humane person 富于同情心的人 (in) humane treatment of POWs (非)人道地對(duì)待戰(zhàn)俘 humane killing 動(dòng)物無(wú)痛屠宰法 human(a.) : having or showing the better qualities of man; kind; good 有良好品性的；有人情的；好心腸的 e.g. Its human nature to want to love and be loved. 希望去愛(ài)別人并被人所愛(ài)是人性所致。 The tough policeman is really quite human at heart. 這位強(qiáng)硬的警察在內(nèi)心里真的很通人情。 14. They preach the virtues of humility because and add to the power that they have. Paraphrase: They advocate humility praising it as an admirable quality because they know the more people they make humble, the more easily they can keep and strengthen the power they have seized. 1) humility (n.) : humble attitude of mind; modesty 謙虛的態(tài)度；謙遜 e.g. I say this in all humility (ie without wishing to appear boastful) ) 我說(shuō)的決不過(guò)分（無(wú)意夸張）。 2）add to (sth) : to increase (sth) 增加（某事物） e.g. The bad weather added to our difficulties. 這種壞天氣更加增加了我們的困難。 Their excellent performance added much to the success of the English evening. 他們的精彩的表演為英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)的成功增光添彩。 15. While it is easy to understand thatthis need is written in our genes. Paraphrase: Though people admit that those who strive for power are likely to gain advantages over others, most of us cant willingly accept the view that power is a human need, and that it is something we have inherited from our ancestors, rathe than something we acquire later on. (In other words, most people refuse to admit that, in one way or another, they have the desire for power, bacause they think power is bad.) 16. That their teaching have been largely accepted whenin getting their message across. Paraphrase: It is surprising that what they propagate should be accepted by many, for obviously their propoganda serves their own interests, helping to maintain their power. This clearly shows how effective their propoganda machine is. (Notice the sarcastic tone of the author.) 1) self-serving: interested only in gaining an advantage for oneself 只對(duì)為自己謀利感興趣的 2）a tribute to sb/sth: indication of the effectiveness of sth （某事物的）有效的標(biāo)志 e.g. His recovery is a tribute to the doctors skill 他能夠康復(fù)充分說(shuō)明該醫(yī)生的醫(yī)術(shù)高明。 The launching of Chinas first space shuttle is a tribute to the skills of all those who have worked on the project. 中國(guó)第一艘太空飛船的發(fā)射是所有致力于這項(xiàng)工程的人們的技術(shù)的有效見(jiàn)證。 3）get sth across / get sth across(to sb): to succeed in communicating sth; (cause sth to ) be communicated or understood 成功地溝通（某事）； （使某事）傳播或被人理解 e.g. Your meaning didnt really get across. 你的意思別人并未真正理解。 Hes not very good at getting his ideas across. 他不善于表達(dá)思想。 17. But also,because we want power so badlyAnd if they are wise, they do. 1) In the hope of sth / that : hoping sth / that 對(duì)懷有希望 e.g. I called her in the hope of finding her at home. 我希望她能在家才給她打的電話。 He showed me a picture of the missing girl in the hope that I might recognize her. 他給我看了一張失蹤女孩的照片，希望我能認(rèn)出她來(lái)。 2）And if they are wise, they do. Paraphrase: And if they are clever, they will share a little of what they have with us. 18. Successful politicians are masters of this approach higher education and even religion. Paraphrase: Successful politicians are very skillful in using this technique of sharing a little power with the people and this approach is also used by busines