廣東省高三英語二輪復習第四講非謂語動詞講義人教版高三全冊英語教案

word第四講非謂語動詞非謂語動詞指的是在句中起名詞，形容詞或副詞作用的動詞形式，而不是作謂語的動詞形式。動詞的非謂語形式分為動名詞，分詞，動詞不定式。一謂語動詞和非謂語動詞的區(qū)別：1.謂語動詞在句中可單獨作謂語，而非謂語動詞不能單獨作謂語。Miss Mary teaches us English.瑪麗教我們英語。（teaches 動詞作謂語）Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.維克托先生上周來到了我們教室和我們談話。（to have a talk.不定式作狀語）2 謂語動詞受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制，而非謂語動詞形式?jīng)]有這種限制。Larke likes the pop music.拉克喜歡流行音樂。（動詞用單數(shù)第三人稱形式）Larke has nothing to do today.拉克今天沒什么事要做。（do用原形）3 非謂語動詞的特征：如果非謂語動詞是及物動詞，后面須跟賓語。Studying English is my favorite.學習英語是我的愛好。（studying 后跟賓語）To help him is my duty.幫助他是我的責任。（help 后跟賓語）4 非謂語動詞可以帶有自己的狀語或邏輯主語。Work ing un der such a con diti on is terrible.在這樣的環(huán)境下工作太可怕了。（under such a condition是working 的狀語）It's too difficult for him to master En glish in such a short time.他在這么短的時間內掌握英語太難了。（for him作不定式的邏輯主語）5 非謂語動詞仍有語態(tài)和時態(tài)的變化。I am sorry to have kept you wait ing long.對不起讓你久等了。（to have kept.是不定式的完成形式 ）Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.從山上看，這座城市美麗多了。（Seen from.是分詞的被動形式）6 非謂語動詞在句中可以當成名詞或者形容詞來使用。Our ing made him happy.我們的到來使他很高興。（ing 起名詞作用）起形There are two big swimmi ng pools here.這兒有兩個大型游泳池。（swimmi ng容詞作用）二非謂語動詞的形式變化：不定式的形式：（以動詞do為例）不鈕主動啟動般to writeto be writtento bg writingI完戒to have written1o havE been writtento have b電包n writingf主動被動writingbeing written気威having wrttenhavingbeen writtenwritten主動械動writingbefrig wntten完成having writtenhavingbe&n writt的三.非謂語動詞的句法功 能 名稱語法功能不定式主語;賓語;賓語補足語；表語;定語;狀語動名詞主語;賓語;表語;定語;狀語現(xiàn)在分詞賓語補足語；表語;定語;狀語過去分詞賓語補足語；表語;定語;狀語（一）動詞不定式動詞不定式主動被動一般式to doto be done進行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have bee n done否定式： not + to do(1) 一般式：所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之后。To teach En glish is my job.We pla n to pay a visit.He seems to know a lot.The meeting to be held tomorrow is put off.The teacher ordered the work to be done.To catch the first bus, he got up early.(2) 進行式：所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生。The boy prete nded to be work ing hard.He seems to be read ing in his room.(3) 完成式：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前。I regretted to have told a lie.I happe ned to have see n the film.He is pleased to have met his frie nd.不定式的完成時的特殊用法 表示不定式中謂語動詞發(fā)生的動作先于主句的謂語動詞發(fā)出的動作。The novel was said to have bee n published.I regret to have bee n with you for so many years.seem appear、be said、be supposed、be believed 、be thought 、be known、bereported等動詞常用于上面句型。此外，glad、happy、satisfied 、sorry、surprised 、disappo in ted后也接完成時,但要注意與一般時的區(qū)別。I ' m sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.對不起，請稍等。（說話時還未等）I ' m sorry to have kept you waiting.對不起，讓你久等了。(說話時已等了很久) 不定式的完成時還可表示“過去本想做某事但未做"的虛擬語氣。(A) should like to / would like to / would love to +不定式的完成時。(B) was / were to +不定式的完成時，表示該做某事或想做但未實現(xiàn)。(C) expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish +不定式完成時，表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望。不定式的成分：(1) 作主語To finish the work in ten minu tes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.動詞不定式短語作主語時，常用it作形式主語，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minu tes.It means failure to lose your heart.(2) 作表語不定式作表語說明主語的內容或性質。His job is to guard.( 說明內容)be + to do sth.(表示按計劃要做的事 )Her job is to clea n the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.作表語的不定式通常帶to，當主語部分含有實義動詞do，不定式作表語可省 to。The only thi ng I can do is (to)wait.作賓語：以下詞語常不定式作賓語：afford 、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail 、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage try、 arrange、determine、desire、ask、beg ,choose, help, plan, pretend, prefer, refuse,如果不定式(賓語)后面有賓語補足語，那么用 it作形式賓語，真正的賓語(不定式)后置，放在賓語補足語后面。Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing last Sun day but repair his bike.There is nothing to do but wait.動詞不定式與疑問詞連用作賓語He gave us some advice on how to lear n En glish.find , feel, consider, think, make + it + adj./n+to doI find it possible to ask the question(4) 作賓語補足語： 動詞 see、watch、notice、hear、listen to 、observe、feel、taste、smell、make let、have等的賓補用動詞原形，變被動時要加to,此時的不定式就是主語補足語。 常用帶不定式作賓補的幾種情況：主語 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.todo sth. 主語 + think / judge / suppose / believe / con sider /imagi ne/con sider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done 主語 + call on / upon / depe nd on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.總之以下動詞使用不定式作賓補：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow,prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, i nvite.有些動詞女口 make, let, have, see, find, watch, observe, notice, listen to,hear, feel 與不帶to的不定式連用，但改為被動語態(tài)時，不定式要加to。I saw him cross the road.He was see n to cross the road.get sth / sb. to doHe got the car to start.作定語：動詞不定式作定語，與所修飾名詞有如下關系： 動賓關系：不定式為不及物動詞時，應用介詞。He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.如果句子的主語是不定式的執(zhí)行者，不定式用主動。如果句子的主語不是不定式的執(zhí)行者，不定式用被動。Have you got anything to send?“ Have you got anything to be sent? " said the secretary. 說明所修飾名詞的內容：We have made a plan to finish the work. 被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：He is the first to get here.不定式作定語的特殊用法： 以下詞語后常接不定式作定語：chanee、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、 opportunity 、 way、 the first 、 the second 、 the last 、 the only 等。 不定式作定語和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關系。There is no one to look after her. 不定式與被修飾的名詞在邏輯上有動賓關系。She is now look ing for a room to live in.作狀語：不定式作狀語，修飾動詞，在句中表示行為目的、結果、原因。only to do 表示出人意料的結果。 表目的:He worked day and ni ght to get the mon ey.She sold her hair to buy the watch cha in. 表結果：He arrived late to find the train gone.I visited him only to find him out. 表程度：It's too dark for us to see anything.The questi on is simple for him to an swer. 作獨立成分：To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.總結:例句She wanted to borrow my radio. TTiey began to read and writeStie w&nt to see her grandma last Sunday He came to give us a talk yesterda/.卜足諾Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.She asked m&to speak more loudlyJim told Ling Feng to give his best wishes件定語Hsve you got an/thing to say?1 had something io eat this morning.作主鑿To leam a foreign language is no1 easyTo play in ihe street is dangeroua特殊用法： remember to do/doingforget to/doi ng regret to do/d oing mean to do/d oing try to do/d oing stop to do/do ing(7)不定式的省略。 同一結構并列由and或or連接。I want to finish my homework and go home.I ' m really puzzled what to think or say.特例： To be or not to be,this is a questi on.He is better to laugh than to cry.（表示對比） 不定式作表語，其前面的主語從句中含有do時，后面的to省略。What he did was lose the game. 句中含有動詞 do時，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to "。Don' t do anything silly, such as marry him. 主句含有不定式，后面有 rather than, rather than后省to。 Why not、had better 、would rather 、can' t but 等詞后省 to。女口： He could not but walk home.（8）不定式的替代。多用在同一句或聯(lián)系緊密的對話中，為了避免重復，作賓語或主補，賓補的不定式再次出現(xiàn)時，to后的內容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式 有助動用的have或be任何形式，后應該保留原形be或have。如：Susa n is not what she used to be.You came late last ni ght. You ought to have fini shed your homework.I know I ought to have.常見的有：I ' d like / love / be happy to.注：主語的不定式常用it帶代替，不定式放在后面。例：It is not easy to lear n a foreig n Ian guage.It is dan gerous to play in the street. 不定式的否定。n ot +不定式。例：Tell him not to be late.The policema n told the boys not to play in the street. 不定式與疑問詞連用，與what, which , how ,where ,when 連用。例：The question is when to start.I don ' t know where to go.He showed me how to use a puter.Nobody told us what to do.（二）動名詞動名詞是由動詞原形 + ing 構成，同現(xiàn)在分詞形式一樣，在句中可作主語，賓語，表 語和定語。1. 動名詞作主語：Talk ing like that is not polite.Lear ning from others is importa nt .Putt ing on more clothes is not so good .動名詞可以象動詞不定式一樣，用itIt's no use wait ing here, let's go home.It's very difficult climb ing this mountain.2. 動名詞作表語The nurse's job is looking after the patients.See ing is believi ng. 眼見為實。3. 動名詞作賓語那樣談話不禮貌。向別人學習很重要。多穿衣服不一定好。先行祠代替，而把動名詞寫在后面。在這兒等著也沒用，我們回家吧。爬這座山很困難。護士的工作是護理病人。 以下動詞后只能接動名詞：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can' t help, mind.enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pard on, advise, con sider, imagi ne, keep, appreciate, permit 。Please stop smok ing in the house.請不要在家里扌由煙。I like readi ng in the forest.我喜歡在樹林里讀書。Do you mind my ope ning the win dows?你介意我打開窗戶嗎？She is found of collect ing stamp.她喜歡集郵。 以下動詞短語接動名詞：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like,have trouble / difficulty(in)doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attentionto, be fond of, be worth 介詞后要接動名詞。what about、how about、without 、be fond of、be good at等介詞后接動名詞。4. 動名詞作定語She is study ing in the readi ng room.她在閱覽室學習。He slept in the sleep ing bag.他在睡袋里睡覺。5.動名詞的否定形式：not +動名詞He prete nd not knowing it at all.他假裝全然不知。We con sidered not doing it now.我們考慮現(xiàn)在不做這件事。6.動名詞的時態(tài):動名詞的一般時動名詞的一般時表示動作與句中謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生，或在謂語動詞的動作之后發(fā)生。I enjoy swimmi ng in the big river.我喜歡在大河里游泳。I am used to watch ing TV in the evening.我習慣于晚上看電視。動名詞的完成時動名詞的完成時表示動作在謂語動詞動作之前發(fā)生。She regret not hav ing studied the puter hard.她后悔沒有努力學習計算機。Do you remember hav ing promised me that?你記得給我許愿了嗎?7.動名詞的被動形式:當動名詞和它的邏輯主語是被動關系時，用動名詞的被動形式來表示。His being looked dow n upon made him sick.他被人冷落使他很傷感。I can't really sta nd being treated like that.我簡直受不了這樣的對待。8.動名詞的幾個特殊情況:(1)有些動詞的后面能跟動名詞做賓語，有些動詞能跟不定式,有些兩者都可以，它們的具體含義有時還不一樣。能跟動名詞的動詞有：avoid, con sider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape,forgive,finish,imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent,resist, suggest,un dersta nd, can't help等。能跟不定式的動詞有：decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, prete nd, promise,refuse, un dertake, want, wish, agree, man age等。能跟動名詞和不定式的動詞有：love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begi n,continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, start 等。動詞后面跟動名詞還是不定式，含義不相同，總的來說，表示習慣的，一般性的動 作多跟動名詞，一次性的具體的被動動作多跟不定式。I like to go with you.我想和你一塊兒去。I like read in g.我喜歡閱讀。He promised to help her.他答應過要幫助她。We love watching VCD. 我們喜歡看 VCDremember, forget, regret后面跟動名詞時，動名詞表示過去的動作，后面跟不定式時，不定式表示將來的動作。I remember meet ing him in the street.我記得在街上見過他。I remember to write a letter to my paren ts.我想起來要給我父母親寫信。"stop + 動名詞"表示停止動名詞所表示的動作，"stop +不定式"表示停下來做不定式所表示的動作。Stop smok ing, please.請不要抽煙。Let's stop to have a rest.咱們停下來休息一下吧。(4) 動名詞和分詞的區(qū)別：動名詞作定語時，動名詞和它所修飾的詞沒有邏輯上的主謂關系，而分詞作定語時，分詞和它所修飾的詞有邏輯上的主謂關系。readi ng text閱讀課文動名詞develop ing cou ntry發(fā)展中國家分詞a sleep ing bag睡袋動名詞boiled water 開水分詞（三）分詞英語中的分詞分兩種：現(xiàn)在分詞（the prese nt participle）和過去分詞 （the pastparticiple）現(xiàn)在分詞的形式同動名詞一樣，在動詞后面加ing 。而過去分詞的形式那么在動詞后面加ed.分詞在句中可作定語，狀語或表語。雖然它們在句子中都可作名 詞修飾語、接系動詞補足語、賓語補足語等，但是它們形式不同，而且語義也有差別。現(xiàn)在從四方面舉例說明：（1）現(xiàn)在分詞表示動作是主動的和正在進行的（例-）；過去分詞的動作是被動的和完成的（例-）: The boili ng water is hot. A sleep ing baby is good to look at. She has a smiling face. You can use the boiled water to make tea. Where is my lost key? A broke n mirror cannot be repaired.有時，由于兩個動詞“異詞同義"，其分詞也跟著不同，如： a. Have you see n the man weari ng a T-shirt?b. Who is the man dressed in a blue shirt? a. His new book con sist ing of useful data has bee n well received.b. Do you like the book made up of un true stories?（2）在語義上，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞反映的心理狀態(tài)不同。前者有 “令人厖的含義（見例）；過去分詞那么有“感到厖的意思 （見例）： The soccer match last night was thrilling.（令人緊 X） The soccer fans were delighted.（感至U高興 ）其他例子有： amaz ing, amazed annoying, anno yed bori ng, bored confusing, con fused surprising, surprised terrify ing, terrified試比較11a和b以及12a和b:lla.This is the most confusing system I have ever see n.llb.The childre n will get con fused if asked to lear n too much at a time.12a. David came with some surpris ing n ews.12b. All were surprised at Sam's sudde n quit.(3) 在作賓語補足語時，如果賓語是有關分詞邏輯上的主語，就用現(xiàn)在分詞，如：Don't keep the visitor wait ing.如果賓語和有關分詞有“動詞+賓語'關系，那么這個分詞就要是過去分詞了，如：Where did you get your book prin ted?(4) 分詞短語相當于副詞從句，但現(xiàn)在式表示的是主動的行動，過去式表示被動的行動，如：En teri ng the room, she found the wall n ewly pain ted.Writte n in haste, the essay had some errors.1. 現(xiàn)在分詞(1) 現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作時間、原因、伴隨、條件、結果等狀語。 時間狀語(分詞作狀語前面可加 when, while 等)Heari ng the good n ews, he jumped with greatjoy.Not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her. 原因狀語Seeing no body at home, he decided to leave them a note 伴隨狀語The girls came in, follow ing their pare nts. 結果狀語The poor old man died, leav ing nothing to his childre n.注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的幾個特性。-時間性。與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，用一般時，如發(fā)生在謂語動作之前時那么用完成式 having done 。語態(tài)性。與句子的主語之間的關系,是主謂關系或動賓關系。遵循的規(guī)那么“主動進行，被動完成"。-人稱一致性。分詞的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。例句:Being a stude nt, he likes to help others.作為一個學生，他喜歡幫助別人。Weari ng a new pair of glasses, she can read easily.戴了一副新眼鏡，她看書就好多了。She is there wait ing for us.她在那兒等我們呢。Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong.經(jīng)老師一說，她知道自己不對。(2)現(xiàn)在分詞作表語。S. + be + 動詞-ing :表示主動。S. + be + 動詞-ed :表示被動。The story is interesting .故事有趣。We are in terested in puter.我們對計算機感興趣。(3)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語China is a develop ing country.中國是一個發(fā)展中國家。That's an in terest ing story.這是一個有趣的故事。The girl singing for us is ten years old.給我們唱歌的女孩十歲了。作定語的分詞要放在被修飾的名詞之前，如果是分詞詞組那么放在被修飾的名詞之后，如被修飾的名詞是someth ing, anything, everyth ing, nothing等，分詞放在被修飾名詞的后面。The work ing people have played a great role in the activity.工人在這次活動中起主要作用。There is nothing in teresti ng.沒什么有趣的事。分詞和動名詞都可以作定語，判斷是分詞還是動名詞，可以根據(jù)它們和被修飾詞有 無邏輯上的主謂關系來判斷，有主謂關系的是分詞，否那么判斷為動名詞。a swimmi ng girl游泳的女孩。(分詞)a swimming pool 游泳的池子(動名詞)(4)現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語可以跟賓語補足語的謂語動詞有see, watch, hear, set, keep, fin d, have, get等詞。I saw him walk ing in the street.我看見他在街上走。I heard them si ngi ng in the classroom.我聽見他們在教室里唱歌。We fou nd the boy sleep ing.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)小孩睡著了。(5) 分詞的時態(tài)分詞的一般時表示動作同謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生或之前發(fā)生。Seeing the teacher is ing, the stude nts stopped play ing.看到老師進來，學生們停下來不玩了。ing into the room, he lied on his bed.回至U家后，他就躺在床上。分詞的完成時表示的動作在謂語動詞的前面發(fā)生。Having received a latter, I knew everything is all right.收到一封信后，我知道一切都很好。Having had my supper, I went out for a walk.晚飯后，我出去散步了。Havi ng known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky.他知道自己比賽獲勝，高興地把帽子扔上了天。(6) 分詞的被動形式分詞的被動形式表示分詞動作同所修飾的名詞有一種被動關系。The en terta inment buildi ng being built will be pleted next year.正在建設的娛樂大樓明年完工。(7) 分詞的否定形式：not + 分詞Not knowing what to do n ext, she stopped to wait.不知道下一步干什么，她停下來等著。Not hav ing fini shed the homework, the little girl does n't dare to go toschool.小女孩沒完成作業(yè)不敢去學校。2. 過去分詞1) 過去分詞作定語和表語過去分詞是非謂語動詞的一種形式，表示完成和被動的動作。它在句子中可以充當表語、定語等成份。(1)過去分詞作定語 前置定語單個的過去分詞作定語，通常放在被修飾的名詞之前，表示被動和完成意義。A類：被動意義：an honored guest一位受尊敬的客人The injured workers are now being take n good care of in thehospital.受傷的工人現(xiàn)正在醫(yī)院受到良好的照料。B類：完成意義：a retired teacher一位退休的教師They are clea ning the falle n leaves in the yard.他們正在打掃院子里的落葉。 后置定語過去分詞短語作定語時，通常放在被修飾的名詞之后，它的作用相當于一個定語 從句。女口 ：This will be the best novel of its kind ever written(=that has ever beenwritte n).這將是這類小說中寫得最好的。Who were the so-called guests in vited (=who had bee n in vited) to yourparty last ni ght?昨晚被邀請參加你的晚會的那些所謂的客人是誰呀？ 過去分詞作定語時，所表示的時間概念：多表示已完成的動作，例如：The broke n glasses are mine.The book written in Englis h is about “The differences between AmericanEnglish and British English".表示分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前，例如：A letter posted yesterday will probably reach her next week.He wants to buy a used car.沒有一定的時間性，例如：I don ' t like to see letters written in pencil.His spoke n En glish is excelle nt.某些動詞的過去分詞作定語時，多半用來修飾人。這類過去分詞多是表示人物的心理特征或情感變化的動詞。如： delighted , devoted , discouraged ,amused , ast oni shed , frighte ned , moved , in spired , en couraged ,puzzled , tired , worried , excited.例如： The tired boy fell into asleep very soon .The puzzled mother e to her daughter ' s teacher for help .The frighte ned baby kept crying .(2) 過去分詞作表語過去分詞做表語與被動語態(tài)的差異：要區(qū)別“系動詞 +過去分詞(系表結構)和“系動詞+過去分詞(被動語態(tài))"。女口 :The library is now closed.圖書館現(xiàn)在關門了。The library is closed at six.圖書館經(jīng)常在六點鐘關門。說明：作表語用的過去分詞表示主語的特點或所處的狀態(tài)，強調主謂關系。這種結構中的過去分詞前可加quite, very, rather等修飾詞。系動詞可有多種,表示不同的意義；被動語態(tài)表示動作，強調動賓關系，絕大多數(shù)被動結構中的行為 執(zhí)行者還可以用by短語來表示。因此，我們不難看出在上面兩句中,A句是系表結構,B句是被動語態(tài)。The store is now closed .（ 系表）The library is usually closed at 8:00 p.m.（被動）The novel is well written .（系表）The novel is written by LuXun .（被動）某些過去分詞作表語，多半用來表示人物所處的心理狀態(tài)或情感變化，其主語多半是人，這類過去分詞通常為以下過去分詞：delighted, devoted, discouraged , ast oni shed, frighte ned, excited, in spired, en couraged,in terested,conten ted,pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried,ect .這些分詞幾乎都可以看作形容詞，其中很多可以被very修飾.在口語中，用very代替much來修飾過去分詞的現(xiàn)象，越來越普遍.例如：On heari ng the good n ews every one was excited .We are very pleased at the n ews .作表語的過去分詞主要來自及物動詞，在主-系-表句型中，說明主語所處的一種狀態(tài)。其中系動詞有包括be在內的多種形式。如：You seem frighte ned.你看樣子受了驚嚇。少數(shù)不及物動詞（如go, e, set）的過去分詞也能作表語，但它們不表示被動意義 只是表示動作完成。如：They are gone for vacatio n.他們度假去了。2）過去分詞作狀語過去分詞作狀語修飾謂語，大多說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況，表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨情況等。一般說來，這一結構的邏輯主語是主句的主語。過去分詞表示被動，表示動作已經(jīng)完成。作狀語時，可單獨使用，也可以在其連詞的前面加上適當?shù)倪B詞表 示時間、原因、條件、結果、伴隨、方式等。 過去分詞作原因狀語，相當于as, since, because 引導的從句,多放在句首。Greatly in spired by the teacher's words, I have made up my mind to work toEn glish even harder 。在老師的鼓勵下，我決心更加努力地學習英語。Greatly moved by the film, they all cried.他們看了那部電影深受感動，都哭了。Surroun ded by a group of young people, the old man felt happy.身邊圍著一群年輕人，老人感到很高興。翻譯： Con fused by the stones flying at them from all sides, the boys raninto the buildi ng.Separated at birth, the twins do not know each other.(2)過去分詞作狀語，表示伴隨情況或方式。The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs.著六條小狗。He walked up and dow n the room, lost in thought.入了沉思。Filled with extraordinary strength, he raised himself.站了起來。The teacher came in, followed by his stude nts.學生。訓練員出現(xiàn)了，后面跟他在屋子時走來走去，陷他使出全身的力氣老師進來了 ，后面跟著他的24 / 28word# / 28word翻譯：Seen (表方式)from a spaceship, the earth looks like a blue green whiteShe sat by the win dow, lost i n thought.她坐在窗前，陷于沉思。ball.表伴隨)by her littleShe walked out of the house, followed (daughter.（3）過去分詞作狀語,表示條件，相當于if, uni ess引導的從句。如：Given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better.=lf they had been give n more atte nti on, the cabbages could have grow n better.女口果更精心一點,這些大白菜可以長得更好一些。pared with you, we still have a long way to go.=If we are pared with you,we still have a long way to go.和你相比，我們還有很大的差距。Given much time, we could do it better.（條件）多給點時間的話，我們會做得更好。翻譯： Given （ 表條件）more water, the fish couldn ' t die.pared with you, we still have a long way to go. 作時間狀語，相當于when引導的時間狀語從句，如果分詞表示的動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生，可在分詞前用 when, while, until等使其時間意義更明確。When heated, ice can be cha nged into water.（時間）冰加熱時變成水。Built in 1192, the bridge is over 800 years old.這座橋是1192年建的，已經(jīng)有八百多年的歷史了。Whe n heated, water can be cha nged into steam.水加熱后可以變成水蒸汽。翻譯： Once seen （ 表時間）,it can never be forgotten.Questi oned about the murder, he came ten se.（5）作讓步狀語Much tired, he still kept on work in g.=Though he was tired, he still kepton working.雖然他很累，他仍然繼續(xù)工作著。翻譯： Even though defeated （表讓步）again, the scientist didn' t give up.注意：分詞短語作狀語時，其邏輯主語要與句子的主語保持一致，否那么分詞短語就要有自己的邏輯主語，構成獨立主格結構，在很多情況下，這種結構表示伴隨動作或 情況。女口: He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.他沖進屋內 ,滿為獨立主格結構）臉是汗。（his face covered with sweat總之，當句子的主語和前面分句的非謂語動詞構成被動關系時，一般要用過去分詞。3) 過去分詞作賓補的用法過去分詞在句子中可作表語、定語、狀語、補語(主補、賓補)等。下面就過去分詞作賓補的用法作一總結。I. 能夠接過去分詞作賓補的動詞有以下三類:(1)表示感覺或心理狀態(tài)的動詞。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listento, feel, no tice, think等。I heard the song sung in En glish.我聽到有人用英語唱過這首歌。He found his hometow n greatly cha nged.他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的家鄉(xiāng)變化很大。 表示"致使"意義的動詞。如：have, make, get, keep, leave 等。I ' ll have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要理發(fā)。He got his tooth pul