第4堂 比較結(jié)構(gòu)

LECTURE 4 比較結(jié)構(gòu)本堂目標(biāo) 緊接上一堂課中的比較狀語從句熟悉各種比較結(jié)構(gòu)，掌握各種比較結(jié)構(gòu)譯法，準(zhǔn)確理解考研英語中含有比較結(jié)構(gòu)的難句?；A(chǔ)預(yù)習(xí) 一、同級比較常用結(jié)構(gòu)解釋例示as as，the same as同級比較表示肯定，表示“與一樣”。She has written as many essays as her brother( has).她寫的論文跟她哥哥的一樣多。No morethan或notany more than同級否定表達，表示“和一樣不”。The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.心臟和胃同樣都不具有智慧，因為它們要受到大腦控制。A is to B what/as X is Y; A+倍數(shù)或幾分之幾 as + adj. / adv. + as +B.同級肯定表達，表示“和一樣”。Air is to us as/what water is to fish. 我們與空氣的關(guān)系就像魚和水的關(guān)系。【例1】(05-Text 4)Mr. McWhorters academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.【點睛】本句由and連接的兩個并列分句組成。第二個分句中包含一個 no morethan比較結(jié)構(gòu)?！咀g文】麥克沃特先生在學(xué)術(shù)上專攻語言史和語言的變化，他認為，例如“whom”的逐漸消失就是自然而然的，與古英語中詞尾格的變化的消失一樣毫不可惜?！纠?】There is a severe classic tragedy within major league baseball, tragedy that catches and manipulates the life of every athlete as surely as forces beyond the heaths manipulated Hards simple Wessex folk into creatures of imposing stature.【點睛】主句是There is a severe classic tragedy。逗號后的tragedy thatstature是classic tragedy的同位語，其中asas為同級比較。【譯文】全美棒球協(xié)會中始終有一種典型的悲劇色彩，這種悲劇緊密伴隨并操縱著每個運動員的生活，就像哈代的小說里石楠叢的神秘力量將淳樸的威塞克斯人變成讓人永遠無法從腦海中抹去的人一樣。二、the morethe more句型表示比較這個句型是個比例句，表示同時增加或減少。從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，這個句型前半部分是從句，后半部分是主句，即“the+比較級（從句），the+比較級（主句）”。比較級部分都在各自主從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分?！纠?01-Passage 2)As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. 【點睛】破折號后是個比例句。從句中省略了there be結(jié)構(gòu)，補充完整應(yīng)為the more people online there are，the more people on line與the more potential customers都在there be句型中作主語?！咀g文】隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)日趨商業(yè)化，普及享用對商家有利畢竟，聯(lián)機的人數(shù)越多，潛在的客戶就越多。三、表示達到最高程度的結(jié)構(gòu)句型結(jié)構(gòu)解釋例示否定詞+more句型表達最高級的肯定概念，表示“十分，非常”等。There are few things I regret more. 我對此事感到十分懊悔。I cant agree with you more. 我非常同意你的看法。nothingmore than句型表示最高級的肯定概念，基本意義為“沒有什么比更”。No tool is more powerful for understanding the natural world than the scientific method. 科學(xué)方法是認識自然界最有力的工具。more than + any other/any else句型表示“比其他任何都”、“最”、“沒有比更”。He did more work this morning than anyone else. 他今天上午干得活最多。nothingasas/nothing like結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于the most表示“最”，“沒有比更”。Nothing in the present-day world is so popular as Internet.當(dāng)今世界沒有什么比網(wǎng)絡(luò)更流行的了。the only + n.結(jié)構(gòu)表示“最好的”、“獨一無二的”。He is the only man for this study. 他是完成這一研究的最好人選。四、表示“倍數(shù)”比較的三種句型結(jié)構(gòu)句型例示1倍數(shù)+asas結(jié)構(gòu)A倍數(shù) + as + 形容詞或副詞的原級 + as B.“A是B的多少倍”。Americans eat twice as much protein as they actually need every day.美國人每天攝入蛋白質(zhì)的量是他們實際所需要的兩倍。This red box is half as large as the blue one.這個紅盒子是那個藍盒子的一半大。2倍數(shù)+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)A倍數(shù) + 名詞或代詞 + of B.“A是B的幾倍”The age of my grandpa is four times the age of mine.我爺爺?shù)哪挲g是我的四倍。Mr John earns five times the money of I do.約翰先生掙的錢是我的五倍。3倍數(shù)+比較級結(jié)構(gòu)A倍數(shù) + 比較極 + than B.“A比B大（小、長）幾倍”。This hole is three times deeper than that one.這個坑比那個坑深三倍。=This hole is four times as deep as that one.=This hole is four the depth of that one.這個坑是那個坑的四倍深?！纠?】(00-Passage 2)There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. 【點睛】本句包含“倍數(shù)+asas”結(jié)構(gòu)?！咀g文】每年生100名女嬰，就會生105名男嬰，但這個比例在他們成年時下降為基本持平；在70歲的老人中，女性是男性的兩倍。【例2】(05-Part B)According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. 【點睛】本句包含“倍數(shù)+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。【譯文】加拿大醫(yī)療信息協(xié)會的資料表明，自1997年以來，處方藥費用的增長速度是整個醫(yī)療增長速度的兩倍?！纠?】(00-Passage 1)When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.【點睛】本句包含“倍數(shù)+比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)。【譯文】美國二戰(zhàn)后進入這樣輝煌的歷史時期，它擁有比任何競爭對手大八倍的市場，這使其工業(yè)經(jīng)濟規(guī)模無可匹敵。重點講解一、 nomore than表示比較no morethan這一句型是考研英語中出現(xiàn)比較頻繁的句型，這一句型有一變體形式 “notany more than”。功能上看，這一句型表示的是兩個事物之間的類比關(guān)系，即用than后面的事物來作比，闡明前邊主句所要表達的觀點；意思上講，這個結(jié)構(gòu)表示：同一樣不”，特別注意的是，than后面的句子為肯定形式，但要譯成否定意義?！纠?06-49)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. 【點睛】句中not.any more than是no more.than的變體句型。這個句型用來表示兩個事物之間的類比關(guān)系，由上下文我們知道這里類比的對象是intellectual（就是his指代對象）和businessman，用businessman的行為特點作比，就是為說明intellectual的行為特點。從句的謂語is expected是肯定形式，但翻譯時一定要譯成否定的“不能指望”，這是由該句型的特點決定的?！咀g文】但是，他的首要任務(wù)并不是考慮支配自己行動的道德，就如同不能指望商人專注于探討行業(yè)規(guī)范一樣。二、(just) as, so結(jié)構(gòu)表示類比 此句型的意思是“正好，所以”，so后面的句子多用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)?！纠縅ust as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere. 【點睛】本句包含just asso結(jié)構(gòu)，so后的句子用了倒裝?！咀g文】正如土壤是地球的組成部分一樣，大氣層同樣也是地球的組成部分。三、notso much as表示比較考研英語中，notso much as這一句型也增多次出現(xiàn)，該句型從結(jié)構(gòu)上來看，可以有not A so much as B或者not so much A as B兩種結(jié)構(gòu)，其中A和B是兩個被比較的平行結(jié)構(gòu)，如：同為介詞短語，動詞不定式，名詞短語或其他平行結(jié)構(gòu)。從意思上來看，該句型的基本含義為“與其說A倒不如說B”，或“是B，而不是A”?！纠?】（94-翻譯）Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.【點睛】句子使用了not so much A as B這一比較句型。這里的平行結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個介詞短語：through the insights of great men of genius和because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools，在這里作狀語，修飾謂語moves forward?！咀g文】他們說，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼見，不如說源于改進了的技術(shù)和工具等更為普通的東西?！纠?】（01-Passage 5）For the women of my generation who are urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting in the mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lifegrowing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into oneas a personal recognition of your limitations.【點睛】句中含有not so much A as B這一比較句型。平行結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個名詞短語a search for the mythical good life和a personal recognition of your limitations，在句中作表語?！咀g文】對于我們這一代在80年代被敦促要搏擊生活的女性來說，在90年代中期過著節(jié)奏放慢的生活，與其說是對神秘的美好生活的追求自己種有機蔬菜，冒險進入一個仙境倒不如說我們認識到了自己的局限。【例3】（05-翻譯）Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyedand perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.【點睛】句中含有not A so much as B這一句型，只是用了not的變體never。這里比較的對像是時間，一個是before；一個是in the recent events in Europe。本句要說明television在這兩個不同時間所起的作用大小不同。因此，我們可以將never A so much as結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)譯為“作用之大，前所未有”?！咀g文】電視是引發(fā)和傳遞這些感受的手段之一在歐洲近來發(fā)生的事件中，它把不同的民族和國家連到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。四、其他more than結(jié)構(gòu)的理解與翻譯1more than表示“不僅是， 非常， 十分”等在很多句子中，more than不能按字面意思翻譯成“比多”，而是要引申轉(zhuǎn)譯為“不僅僅是”或“不只是”。此時，more than后面往往接一個動詞或名詞。【例1】（06-翻譯）They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflection on human problems which involve moral judgment.【點睛】這里more than后接動詞earn，此時more than一般都理解為“不僅僅是”?！咀g文】他們（知識分子）可能很會教書，而且不僅僅是為了正掙薪水，但他們大多數(shù)人卻很少或沒有對需要進行道德判斷的人類問題進行獨立思考?！纠?】Because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium; it is company.【點睛】這里more than后接名詞medium，譯成“不只是一個媒體”?！咀g文】收音機與我們的生活息息相關(guān)，所以它不只是媒體，更是我們的伙伴。2“more than+形容詞”表示“非?！庇⑽闹校琺ore than后邊可以接一個形容詞，這時more than本身相當(dāng)于一個程度副詞，用來修飾形容詞，可理解為“非常，十分”?！纠縏he USA remains more than capable of holding Iraq down, while confronting North Korea and Iran its next main targets.【點睛】這里more than后接形容詞capable， more than修飾這個形容詞，表示“十分有能力，全有能力”?！咀g文】美國在推翻伊拉克的同時，完全還有實力可以與下兩個打擊目標(biāo)朝鮮和伊朗來對抗。3“more than+數(shù)字”表示“多于”“more than+數(shù)字”往往表示“多于”，其反義詞是less than?！纠?02-翻譯)The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. 【點睛】本句包含“more than+數(shù)字”的結(jié)構(gòu)，more than前邊還添加了a little來修飾，表示程度大小?！咀g文】自然選擇在進化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明，而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個體行為時的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認識和研究。4nothing more than結(jié)構(gòu)nothing more than表示“只不過是”，類似于nothing but短語?！纠縏he individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is nothing more than an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.【點睛】nothing more than意為“只不過是”?！咀g文】每位電視觀眾總會覺得，在眾多形形色色的觀眾當(dāng)中，自己只不過是無足輕重的一小份子。5no less than/nothing less than結(jié)構(gòu)上面我們討論過no more than表示“僅僅，只有”，這里的no less than相當(dāng)于no more than的反義短語，表示“不少于”。同理，nothing less than與是nothing more than的反義短語，表示“不亞于，相當(dāng)?shù)摹??！纠浚?5-翻譯）This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.【點睛】no less than字面意思為“不少于”，這里為了強調(diào)我們可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成“多達”?！咀g文】這一點就足以證明，要在電視行業(yè)里生存下來并非易事。統(tǒng)計數(shù)字尤其說明了這一事實在80個歐洲電視網(wǎng)中，多達一半在1989年虧損。6morethancan表示“達到不可能的程度”或“簡直不能”此句式中的can形式上是肯定的，而實際意義上是否定的。【例】The beauty of the place is more than I can describe.【譯文】那地方的景色之美簡直讓我無法形容。五、rather than與other than結(jié)構(gòu)的理解與翻譯rather than，表示客觀事實，意為“是而不是；與其不如”，表示否定than后邊的事物。它連接的并列成分可以是名詞、代詞、形容詞、介詞(短語)、動名詞、分句、不定式、動詞等，rather than前后兩個成分之間是并列關(guān)系。other than，相當(dāng)于different from，意思是“不同于，除了以外其他的”，它連接的兩個成分是所屬關(guān)系，也就是說A other than B中，B屬于A中的一部分?！纠?】A. The waterwheel is a mechanism designed to harness energy from a source other than animals.B. The waterwheel is a mechanism designed to harness energy from water rather than from animals.【點睛】在A句中，animal是作為能提供能量的一種來源（a source）,所以animals屬于energy source的一種，即表示所屬關(guān)系，因此用了other than來連接。在B句中，兩個介詞短語from water和from animals顯然表示兩種不同的能量來源，是并列關(guān)系，所以用rather than來連接?！咀g文】A水輪這種機械裝置利用的不是動物能。 B水輪這種機械裝置利用的不是動物能，而是水能?！纠?】（97-Passage 3）Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.【點睛】句中的substance與food的關(guān)系是，food屬于substance的一種，即表示“所屬關(guān)系”，所以這里用other than來連接?！咀g文】從技術(shù)角度出發(fā)，除了食品之外，任何能改變我們生理和心理機能的物質(zhì)都是藥物。許多人錯誤地認為藥物這個詞僅指某些藥物或指嗜毒者使用的非法化學(xué)品?！纠?】(97-翻譯)To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.【點睛】過去分詞encouraged與laughed at是并列關(guān)系，用rather than來連接?！咀g文】對于大多數(shù)人來說，看見一只動物在受苦，足以引起他們的同情。這種反應(yīng)并沒有錯，這是人類用道德觀念進行推理的本能在起作用，這種本能應(yīng)該得到鼓勵，而不應(yīng)遭到嘲笑。課堂練習(xí)難句分析1. In fact, the more new things we try the more we step outside our comfort zone the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives. (09-Text 1) 2. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. (08-Text 1) 3. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code， which governs his activity， any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (06-Part C)4. For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting in the mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one as a personal recognition of your limitations. (01-Passage 5) 5. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans. (06-Text 1)6. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. (06-Text 3)7. To create a level playing field and to make the game fairer so that every team has a chance of winning, Professor Samuels suggests that the solutions include a more equal distribution of the revenue coming into the game and the introduction of a version of salary capping similar to that in rugby league, and that adopted by the National Football League in the United States.課堂講評1.【分析】本句包含the more.the more.the more結(jié)構(gòu)。注意第一個the more后謂語和賓語倒裝，第二個the more引導(dǎo)的句子是前面從句的同位語，第三個the more引導(dǎo)的句子為主句，注意表語和系動詞的倒裝?！咀g文】事實上，我們越是嘗試新的東西我們越多地跨出自己的舒適范圍我們就會變得越有創(chuàng)造性，不管是在職場上還是個人生活中。2. 【分析】句子的主干Studieshave shown that中含有一個that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，從句的主干是sex hormonesaffect the stress response；現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)causing females作結(jié)果狀語，為避免頭重腳輕，morethan比較結(jié)構(gòu)后的do males under the same conditions用了倒裝句，正常語序為：males under the same conditions do，其中do為代動詞，指前文的produce。【譯文】對動物和人類的研究表明：性激素以某種方式影響動物與人對壓力做出的反應(yīng)，使處于壓力下的女性比處于相同條件下的男性產(chǎn)生更多的觸發(fā)化學(xué)物質(zhì)。3. 【分析】復(fù)合句。該句的結(jié)構(gòu)是his primary task is notany more than。其中固定搭配not A any more than B表示前后都否定，即“A和B同樣不是”。【譯文】但是，他的首要任務(wù)并不是考慮支配自己行為的道德規(guī)范，就如同不能指望商人探索行業(yè)規(guī)范一樣。4. 【分析】句子的主干是downshiftingis not so much a search foras a。句首介詞結(jié)構(gòu)For the women作狀語，其中含有一個who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾the women of my generation；兩個破折號間的部分是對the mythical good life的解釋說明，其中的one指代前面的organic vegetables；notso much結(jié)構(gòu)譯為“與其說，不如說”?！咀g文】對我們這一代的女性來說，80年代后期，我們曾被迫忙碌地應(yīng)付生活，90年代過著放慢節(jié)奏的生活，與其說是尋求神話般的美好生活自從有機蔬菜冒險成為回歸自然的一員（與世無爭、隨遇而安）倒不如說我們都認識了自身的局限。5. 【分析】本句的主干是foreign-born immigrantshad a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent。By 1996是整個句子的時間狀語；who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾immigrants；比較結(jié)構(gòu)higher than將foreign-born immigrants與native-born Americans的住房擁有率作以比較?！咀g文】截至1996年，1970年之前到達美國的海外出生的移民擁有房產(chǎn)的比率為75.6%，比本土居民（69.8%）要高。6. 【分析】本句是由so連接的因果關(guān)系復(fù)合句。so前的句子含有一個省略了that的賓語從句，a higher proportion為從句的主語，of what is in the sea作定語；so后面是一個比較結(jié)構(gòu)worse than，將the real difference between present and past與the one recorded進行比較，其中in catch sizes作changes的后置定語。【譯文】這意味著海洋中還有更大比例的魚類正在被捕殺，因此現(xiàn)在和以前的數(shù)據(jù)真正的差別有可能比所記錄的捕獲量的變化更糟。7. 【分析】復(fù)合句。句子主干為Professor Samuels suggests that。此處的that引導(dǎo)賓語從句；第二、 三個that用在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中，指代被比較的對象，在本句中指代the version of salary capping；句首的兩個不定式短語作目的狀語，在第二個狀語中又包含一個so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句?！咀g文】為了創(chuàng)造一個公平的競爭環(huán)境，為了讓比賽更加公平以使每個球隊都有機會取勝，Samuels教授建議，解決方法應(yīng)該包括將用于比賽的收入更加平等地分配、引進類似橄欖球聯(lián)盟所使用并被美國國家足球聯(lián)盟所采納的薪金上限制度。