天津初一英語(yǔ)下冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總匯.doc

_天津初一英語(yǔ)下冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總匯Unit 1.Wheres the post office?目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言：ask for and give directions on the street重點(diǎn)句型：Is there a bank near here? Yes, theres a bank on Center Street. Is there a supermarket? Yes, there is. No, there isnt. Wheres the supermarket? Its next to the library. The pay phone is across from the library. The pay phone is next to the library. The pay phone is between the post office and the library. The pay phone is on Green Street. Just go straight and turn left. Its down Bridge Street on the right. Its next to a supermarket. Is there a big supermarket near where you live?重點(diǎn)詞組：across from, on the street, betweenand, next to, in the neighborhood, go straight, turn left, on the right(left), on the avenue, take a walk, in the hotel, the beginning of, have fun doing, on a bench, the way to, take a taxi, go down, go through, have a good trip,welcome to+n.，the way to+n去。的路，hope to do知識(shí)點(diǎn)：1there be 句型 （1）there be 句型常用來(lái)表示某地/某時(shí)有某物/某人。 （2）各種句型結(jié)構(gòu)： 肯定句： Therebe （is/are） 某物/某人地點(diǎn)/時(shí)間。 否定句： Therebe（is/are）not某物/某人地點(diǎn)/時(shí)間。 一般疑問(wèn)句： Be（Is/Are）there某物/某人地點(diǎn)/時(shí)間？ 特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞 be（is/are）there其它？ e.g. There is a pencil on the desk. 桌子上有一支鉛筆。 否定句： There isn't a pencil on the desk. 桌子上沒(méi)有鉛筆。 一般疑問(wèn)句： Is there a pencil on the desk? 桌子上有鉛筆嗎？ 特殊疑問(wèn)句（劃線部分提問(wèn)）： What's on the desk? 桌子上有什么？ 注意： There be后面所接的某物有多個(gè)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞be要根據(jù)最靠近它的那個(gè)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)來(lái)確定，即就近原則。 e.g. There is a pen, a pencil-box and some books on my desk. 我的桌子上有一支鋼筆，一個(gè)鉛筆盒和一些書(shū)。 There are some books, a pen and a pencil-box on my desk. 2Where引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句句式：Where +一般疑問(wèn)句？用法：表示“在哪兒”，提問(wèn)地點(diǎn)，方位等。1) 詢(xún)問(wèn)來(lái)自何處-Where are you from?-I am from England.2) 詢(xún)問(wèn)去何處 -Where are you going? - I am going to the zoo.3) 詢(xún)問(wèn)物品位置 -Where are my shoes? -They are under your bed.4) 詢(xún)問(wèn)某人位置 -Where is Tom? -Look! He is in the tall tree.【注意】1和不熟悉的英美人見(jiàn)面打招呼時(shí)，不能問(wèn)Where are you going?因?yàn)檫@涉及到對(duì)方的隱私。否則，對(duì)方有可能說(shuō)“Its none of your business.”這不管你的事。 2在英語(yǔ)中，詢(xún)問(wèn)某人地址在哪，用Whats your address? 3. 在回答某人，某物所處的位置時(shí)，一定要用準(zhǔn)表示方位的介詞。如at,in,on,next to, near等。3本單元的方位介詞 across from在。對(duì)面 next to 緊挨著 between and在。與。之間 on 在。上 in 在。里4.詞語(yǔ)辨析 across & through Across 和through兩個(gè)介詞都有“穿過(guò)”的意思， 用法卻不同。Across的含義與on有關(guān)，表示動(dòng)作在某一物體的表面進(jìn)行，常指從寬度意思上講的“橫穿/跨”。Through的含義in有關(guān)，表示動(dòng)作在某物體的空間進(jìn)行。 Arrive in& arrive atArrive at表示到達(dá)較小的地方；arrive in表示到達(dá)較大的地方。5Let sb.(賓格)do sth.讓某人做某事。Let后面的動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)詞原形。6問(wèn)路的句式小結(jié)：1）“特殊疑問(wèn)句”類(lèi)句型a) Excuse me. Where is the ,please?b) Excuse me. Which is the way to the,please?c) Excuse me. How can I get to the, please?2)“一般疑問(wèn)句”類(lèi)句型a) Could/Can you tell me how I can get to the?b) Could /Can you tell me the way to the?c) Could/Can you tell me how to get to the,please?d) Could /Can you tell me which is the way to the?e) Excuse me. Is this the right way to the?f) Excuse me. Do you know the way to the?unit 2 Why do you like koala bears?目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言：Describe animals; express preferences重點(diǎn)句型：Lets see the lions. Why do you want to see the lions? Because they are cute. Why does he like koala bears? Because they are kind of interesting. Where are lions from? They are from Africa. What animals do you like? I like elephants. What other animals do you like? I like dogs, too.重點(diǎn)詞組：want to do sth.想要做某事，kind of有點(diǎn)兒，be from=come from來(lái)自，years old。歲，play with與。一起玩，at night在夜里，在晚上，get up起床，every day每天，look at 看,give sb. sth=give sth. to sb.把某物給某人，be friendly to sb對(duì)某人友好（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)某人的態(tài)度）be friendly with sb和某人友好（強(qiáng)調(diào)和某人的關(guān)系）in a friendly way以友好的方式，go to sleep就寢，入睡 get to sleep入睡（由于某種原因睡不著，想方設(shè)法入睡）fall asleep入睡（入睡的狀態(tài)）go to bed上床睡覺(jué)（不一定睡著）知識(shí)點(diǎn)：1 why ,what, where引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句及其回答1） 句型結(jié)構(gòu)：Why/What/Where+一般疑問(wèn)句？2） 語(yǔ)法功能：why用來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)原因，what一般用來(lái)對(duì)物提問(wèn)，另外what還用來(lái)對(duì)職業(yè)提問(wèn)，如，What is he?他是做什么的？，where對(duì)地點(diǎn)提問(wèn)。2 kind的用法kind of有點(diǎn)，稍微；a kind of一種；kinds of各種kind 作形容詞，為“善良的，好心的”She is a kind woman.她是個(gè)善良的女人。3 Other作形容詞時(shí)，為“其他的，另外的”，用做定語(yǔ)。后接不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。4 年齡的表達(dá)方式He is 12 years old.He is 12.His age is 12.5. Isnt he cute?此句為否定疑問(wèn)句，表達(dá)一種贊賞，往往不需要對(duì)方回答，句末用降調(diào)。如，Isnt the film very interesting?難道這部電影不是很有趣嗎？ Doesnt he like watching TV?難道他不喜歡看電視嗎？【注意】在回答這種否定疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，和漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣不同。如果是肯定回答，用yes開(kāi)頭，如果是否定回答，用no開(kāi)頭。但是翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，yes或no要按其反意翻譯。如，Doesnt he want to go there? Yes, he does.難道他不想去那里嗎？不， 他想去。6.during在期間，在某段時(shí)間內(nèi)，如I like traveling during summer holidays. 我喜歡在暑假旅游。7.at night & in the nightat night意為“在夜里”“在晚上”“天黑時(shí)”，指在一天的部分時(shí)間，常常是下午6時(shí)至午夜這一段時(shí)間；in the night指“在夜里”指從天黑到天明這一整段時(shí)間。8.also位于句中；either位于句尾，用于否定句；too也表示“也”，一般位于句尾。9.第10頁(yè)的1要求記??；第9頁(yè)的3a要求記住。10.關(guān)于 “l(fā)ike”的問(wèn)句1) Why do you like?這是提問(wèn)者問(wèn)對(duì)方為什么喜歡某人或某物，直接尋求對(duì)方所說(shuō)話的原因。-Why do you like the panda?你為什么喜歡熊貓？-Because it is very lovely.因?yàn)樗芸蓯?ài)。2) Do you like doing.?這是提問(wèn)者問(wèn)對(duì)方習(xí)慣上喜歡什么，意為“你喜歡。嗎？”其中l(wèi)ike doing指喜歡干某事，相當(dāng)于enjoy doing。-Do you like working in China?你喜歡在中國(guó)工作嗎？3) Do you like to do.?這是提問(wèn)者問(wèn)對(duì)方目前的一時(shí)愛(ài)好。其中l(wèi)ike to do指現(xiàn)在想干某事，相當(dāng)于want to do。表示某種愿望。Do you like to have a cup of tea?你想喝杯茶嗎？4) How do you like?這是用來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)對(duì)方對(duì)某人或某物的看法，意為“你覺(jué)得。怎么樣？”How do you like?相當(dāng)于What do you think of? How do you like China?你覺(jué)得中國(guó)怎么樣？5) What do you like?這是用來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)對(duì)方一貫性的愛(ài)好，意為“你喜歡什么？”注意這一句式與What would you like?你想要什么？不同。Would like為一固定表達(dá)方式，用來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)對(duì)方當(dāng)時(shí)的意向。-What do you like?你喜歡什么？-I like books.我喜歡書(shū)。-What would you like?你想要什么？-Id like some apples.我想要些蘋(píng)果。6）Whats the weather like.?這句用來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)天氣情況，意為“。天氣情況怎么樣？”此句可用Hows the weather like?替換。unit 3 Id like a large pizza.目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言：Order food重點(diǎn)句型：Id like a pizza. What would you like on it? Mushrooms,green pepers and onions,please. Id like a large /medium/small pizza. What kind of pizza would you like? Id like a pepperoni pizza, please. What size pizza would he like? Hed like a small pizza. Whats your address? Its 223Green Street. Id=I would hed=he would theyd=they would重點(diǎn)詞組：would like, green pepper, iced tea, orange juice, hot dog, at Pizza Express, house of pizza, as well as, a medium pizza知識(shí)點(diǎn)：名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式 在英語(yǔ)中，名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，凡是能一個(gè)一個(gè)或一件一件數(shù)的人或事物，其名詞就是可數(shù)名詞。可數(shù)名詞可分為單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式，表示一個(gè)人或事物的名詞用單數(shù)形式，表示兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或事物的名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。名詞單數(shù)形式就是通常在課本單詞表或詞典中出現(xiàn)的形式。絕大多數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)形式是在單數(shù)名詞后加-s或-es構(gòu)成。 名詞分可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，可數(shù)名詞有復(fù)數(shù)形式?？蓴?shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成有如下規(guī)則： 一般加-s，如：deskdesks s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾加-es，如：busbuses, watchwatches 以 f, fe結(jié)尾，改f, fe為v，再加-es，如：leafleaves 以“輔音字母y”結(jié)尾，改y為i，再加-es，如citycities 以“輔音字母o”結(jié)尾，加-es，如：tomato tomatoes 一般復(fù)合名詞，只將主體名詞變復(fù)數(shù)，如： boy studentboy students 以 man, woman開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾的復(fù)合名詞，規(guī)則不同： FrenchmanFrenchmen, woman teacherwomen teachers 不規(guī)則變化： footfeet, childchildren 單、復(fù)數(shù)同形的情況：sheepsheep, ChineseChinese（中國(guó)人） 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的情況： people, clothes, trousers what引導(dǎo)的問(wèn)句1）問(wèn)姓名：What is your name?你叫什么名字？2）問(wèn)職業(yè)：Whats your father?你爸爸是做什么的？3）問(wèn)事物：Whats that on the desk?桌子上是什么？4)問(wèn)顏色：What color is the rainbow?彩虹是什么顏色的？5）問(wèn)號(hào)碼：Whats your phone number?你的電話號(hào)碼是多少？）問(wèn)尺碼：What size would you like?你想要多大號(hào)的？）問(wèn)地址：Whats your address?你的地址是什么？）問(wèn)種類(lèi)：What kind of animals do you like?你喜歡什么樣的動(dòng)物？情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would的用法）用以提出建議或邀請(qǐng)。如，Would you like a sandwich?你想吃三明治嗎？）與like, love連用表示教合意愿的做法。如，Id love/like a coffee.我想喝杯咖啡。）句式結(jié)構(gòu)：would like sth.(名詞或代詞)想要某物=want sth.I d like a pizza.我想要一份比薩餅。would like to do sth.想要做某事want to do Id like to have supper.我想要吃晚飯。would like sb. to do.希望想要某人做某事want sb. to doId like you to play with me.我想要你和我一起玩。）含would like的陳述句變一般疑問(wèn)句，直接把情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would提前，Would you like/love？比Do you want？語(yǔ)氣委婉，常用于口語(yǔ)。對(duì)此問(wèn)題的肯定回答一般為Yes, Id like/love to,還可以是Yes, please./ All right./ Yes./Ok.等。4就餐用語(yǔ)全接觸1) May I take your order?2) What would you like to eat/drink?3) Id like to drink coffee without milk.4) Id like some meatballs.5) Here is the bill.這是帳單。6) Wait, let me have the bill.等一下，我來(lái)買(mǎi)單。5名詞所有格英語(yǔ)中有些名詞加“'s”表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱(chēng)為名詞所有格。名詞所有格的構(gòu)成有如下規(guī)則： 有生命的名詞一般加“'s”構(gòu)成，以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加“'”。 無(wú)生命的名詞一般用“所有物of所有者”。 a map of Japan 一幅日本地圖 a door of the classroom 教室的門(mén) the name of the school 學(xué)校的名字 the son of my friend 我朋友的兒子 但請(qǐng)注意下列說(shuō)法的不同含義： 表時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)、機(jī)構(gòu)、團(tuán)體、價(jià)格等的名詞，可用以上兩種方式構(gòu)成所有格。 并列的名詞表各自所有，須在各詞詞尾分別加“'s”；表共同所有，須在后一個(gè)名詞詞尾加“'s”。 Tom and Jack's car 湯姆和杰克的小汽車(chē)（兩人合用） Tom's and Jack's cars 湯姆和杰克的小汽車(chē)（兩人各有一輛）。unit 4 I want to be an actor.目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言：Talk about jobs重點(diǎn)句型：What do you do? Im a doctor. What does she do? Shes a doctor. What do you want to be? I want to be an actor. What does he want to be? He wants to be a blank clerk. Where does your sister work? She works at a hospital. Does she work in a hospital? No, she doesnt. Does she work late? Yes, she does. Is it an exciting job? Yes, it is.重點(diǎn)詞組：a girl of six years old六歲的女孩 an international call國(guó)際電話 as soon as possible盡可能快地 as well as possible盡可能好地 asas象。一樣 in a hospital在醫(yī)院里 in hospital（生?。┳≡?work with與打交道，與。在一起工作 be late for遲到 go out出去 be afraid of害怕 wait for sb.等候某人 in the future在未來(lái) in future從今以后知識(shí)點(diǎn)：1“職業(yè)”的幾種詢(xún)問(wèn)方式1) 詢(xún)問(wèn)某人現(xiàn)在從事何種職業(yè)a) What +do/does+某人+do?b) What+be+某人？ What do you do?你是做什么工作的？ Whats your brother? 你哥哥是干什么的？【注意】What+do/does+某人+do?句型有時(shí)還可以用來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)某人經(jīng)常做什么事情。如，What do you do every evening?你每天晚上干什么？2）詢(xún)問(wèn)某人現(xiàn)在的工作地Where + do/does+主語(yǔ)+work?Where do you work?你在哪工作？I work in a factory.我在工廠工作?！咀⒁狻慨?dāng)想確認(rèn)對(duì)方的職業(yè)時(shí)，可用“Are you+職業(yè)？”如，Are you a doctor?你是醫(yī)生嗎？Yes, I am.是的。3）詢(xún)問(wèn)某人將來(lái)的工作 What do/does+某人+want to be?What do you want to be?你想要從事什么職業(yè)？I want to be a reporter.我想成為一名記者。【注意】動(dòng)詞后面加-er 或-r或-or,一般則變成從事這種動(dòng)作的人，常見(jiàn)的形式有：write-writer,act-actor,run-runner.cook是兼類(lèi)詞，表示“廚師”，cooker為“炊具”。2as的用法1) Prep.作為 You must work hard as a student.作為一名學(xué)生你必須努力學(xué)習(xí)。2) Conj.當(dāng)。時(shí)候 As I was walking down the street, I met an old friend.我在街上走的時(shí)候，遇見(jiàn)了一位老朋友。3) Conj.因?yàn)?As he is ill, he is away from school.因?yàn)樗×?，所以沒(méi)來(lái)上學(xué)。【注意】as用于表示不是很重要的或眾所周知的理由時(shí)，語(yǔ)氣教弱；如果說(shuō)話人強(qiáng)調(diào)某種理由時(shí)，則用because來(lái)表達(dá)。4）prep.依照。，如。常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句。 I will do as you say.我將按照你說(shuō)的做。5）asas.象。一樣She is as tall as her mother.她和她媽媽一樣高。3.名詞構(gòu)詞法：-er: farmer, jumper-or: inventor, visitor-ist: scientist, artist-ess: actress, waitress-ese: Chineseunit5 How was your weekend? 目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言：talk about recent past events 重點(diǎn)句型：What did you do over the weekend? On Saturday morning, I played tennis. How was your weekend? It was great. For most kids, the weekend was a mixture of fun and work.重點(diǎn)詞組：do homework做作業(yè) play soccer踢足球 clean the room打掃房間 go to the beach去海灘  go to the movies 去看電影 over the weekend=at the weekend=on the weekend在周末 study for the test準(zhǔn)備考試 have a party舉行晚會(huì) stay at home呆在家里 do some reading讀書(shū) practice English練習(xí)英語(yǔ) play the guitar彈吉他 on the afternoon of last Sunday在上個(gè)星期日下午 an interesting talk show有趣的談話節(jié)目知識(shí)點(diǎn)：1 談?wù)撨^(guò)去的事用語(yǔ)介紹：1) What did you do last night?-I watched TV at home.2) Where did you go last Sunday?-I went to the zoo.3) Whom did you visit yesterday?-I went to see my uncle.4) Did you read a book this morning?-No, I didnt. I wrote a letter to my father.在談?wù)搫倓偘l(fā)生的事情就需要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式形式，句中多有l(wèi)ast night, last month, last year, yesterday, two days ago, in1978等表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。2 一般過(guò)去時(shí)1) 一般過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的變化可速記為“直，去，雙，改”四字訣。a) 一般情況下在動(dòng)詞原形后直接加-ed.如，want-wantedb) 以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，去掉e再加-ed，如，hope-hopedc) 重讀閉音節(jié)單詞需雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)輔音字母再加-ed.如，stop-stoppedd) 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞變y為i,再加-ed.如，study-studied. 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化，要逐一熟記。Be動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式有兩種形式，主語(yǔ)是第一，三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式用was,其他人稱(chēng)用were.2) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的形式a) Be動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的句式。否定句是在was/were后面加not, was not=wasnt/were not=werent。一般疑問(wèn)句是把was/were提前并放到句首，要求首字母要大寫(xiě)。b) 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的句式：肯定式：主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞故去式+其它。如，They had a good time yesterday. 否定式：主語(yǔ)+did not+動(dòng)詞原形+其他。如，They didnt have a good time yesterday. 一般疑問(wèn)句：Did+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其它？肯定回答：Yes,主語(yǔ)+did. 否定回答：No,主語(yǔ)+didnt.如，Did they have a meeting two days ago? Yes, they did. No, they didnt. 特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+did+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他？如，What time did you finish your homework?3） 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法：a) 主要用于過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。My father worked in Shanghai last year.b) 表示故去經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與 often,always等表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。I often went to school on foot.c) 與when等連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句連用。 When he got home, he had a short rest.4)表示一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： a moment ago剛才 yesterday morning, last night, last week, the day before yesterday前天, just now剛才3Over的用法1）over the weekend中的over意思是“在期間”相當(dāng)于during.2)over表示“在正上方“不接觸物體表面；on表示“在.上面”物體是可以接觸到的.over的反義詞under.3)over也表示”超過(guò),多于”相當(dāng)于more than4)all over the world這里的over是”遍及”的意思.5)over there中的over是 “越過(guò),在那邊”4. “do some+動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu),表示 “做.,干.,進(jìn)行.”其中動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ). 如,do some washing 洗衣服5. practice doing練習(xí)做某事6.介詞on, in, at都表示時(shí)間. On用于某日的時(shí)間前; in用于某年或某月的時(shí)間前;at用于幾點(diǎn)的時(shí)間前.unit 6 Where are the jazz music?目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言:ask for and give directions inside a building重點(diǎn)句型:Wheres the classical music? Go upstairs and turn right.Its next to the jazz music. Wheres the dance music? Go straight and turn left. Its between the pop and the country. Whats Bobs favorite kind of music? His favorite music is classical Whos Carlas favorite group? Her favorite group is Boys from Brazil. Do you like the Latin Sound? No, I dont. Theyre awful. Wheres the dance music section? I dont know.重點(diǎn)詞組:in front of, and so on, turn left, go upstairs, next to, betweenand,a kind of, on the right, have fun知識(shí)點(diǎn):1問(wèn)路的句式小結(jié)：1）“特殊疑問(wèn)句”類(lèi)句型d) Excuse me. Where is the ,please?e) Excuse me. Which is the way to the,please?f) Excuse me. How can I get to the, please?2)“一般疑問(wèn)句”類(lèi)句型g) Could/Can you tell me how I can get to the?h) Could /Can you tell me the way to the?i) Could/Can you tell me how to get to the,please?j) Could /Can you tell me which is the way to the?k) Excuse me. Is this the right way to the?l) Excuse me. Do you know the way to the?2談?wù)撓矚g的歌手,歌曲和音樂(lè)組合1) Do you like music?-Yes, I like music very much/a lot/a little. -No, I dont like music at all.2)- Are you interested in folk songs(民歌)? -Yes, I am.3) Are you fond of music? - Yes, I am.4)- Whats your favorite kind of music? - American country music.(美國(guó)鄉(xiāng)村音樂(lè))5)-Who is your favorite music group? -Backstreet Boy.6)- What do you think of Tian Zhensongs? - I think they are wonderful.3.表示位置的幾個(gè)詞1) next to “的旁邊,緊接著”2) betweenand在和之間,between指兩者之間3) among在中間,指三者以上4) in front of在前面,指在(本部分之外)的前面; in the front of指在(本部分之內(nèi))的前面.5) at在某個(gè)具體的地點(diǎn)6) outside在之外 outside the gate在門(mén)外4 afraid 的用法Afraid是形容詞,一般在句中用作表語(yǔ),不能用作定語(yǔ)。意思是 “擔(dān)心,害怕,恐怕,恐懼”.afraid常用于以下三種句式:1) be afraid of sb or sth.或be afraid of doing sth.表示害怕某人或某事,后接動(dòng)名詞，表示怕做某事,只是陳述一個(gè)事實(shí),不帶感情色彩.2) be afraid to do sth.后接動(dòng)詞不定式,往往指主觀上怕去做某事,側(cè)重表示 “因?yàn)閾?dān)心后果嚴(yán)重而不敢也不愿做某事”如,Lily is afraid to go out at night.3) Im afraid我恐怕.當(dāng)聽(tīng)了對(duì)方所說(shuō)的話,而不能滿(mǎn)足對(duì)方的意愿時(shí),為了使語(yǔ)氣較為委婉,常用此語(yǔ).如,Can you help me with my English? Im afraid not.當(dāng)不同意對(duì)方的建議,邀請(qǐng),陳述時(shí),我們可以用Im afraid not;反之用Im afraid so. unit 7 What does he look like?目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言: Describe peoples appearance重點(diǎn)句型: What does your friend look like? She has a medium build and she has long hair. He is tall. He is heavy. He has curly hair. He is medium height. He is thin. She has long hair. She is short. She has a medium build. She has short hair.He has a beard. He wears glasses. He has a mustache. He has blonde hair.He is bald. She always wears a red dress and white shoes.重點(diǎn)詞組:look like, straight hair, medium build, short hair, curly hair, long hair, blonde hair,brown hair,tell jokes知識(shí)點(diǎn):1. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)-一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)在英語(yǔ)中,不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和情況,要用不同的動(dòng)詞形式表示.這種不同的動(dòng)詞形式叫做動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài).我們初級(jí)階段接觸到的動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)主要有: 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài), 一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài), 一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài),過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài). 判斷一個(gè)句子使用什么時(shí)態(tài)主要看這個(gè)句子中的動(dòng)詞,其次看句子中的副詞和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ). 在這講中我們先來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài).一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法: l. 表示經(jīng)?；蛘叻磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作. 如: 我每天吃午飯. I have lunch every day. 還表示現(xiàn)在存在的一種狀態(tài). 如：我姐姐是一位老師My sister is a teacher.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)經(jīng)常與often（經(jīng)常）sometimes（有時(shí)）always（總是）usually（通常）等副詞連用，也經(jīng)常與every day（每天）, every week（每周）, every month（每月）, every term（每學(xué)期）, every year（每年）, once a week （一周一次），twice a year（一年兩次）等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)分為be 動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。1） be動(dòng)詞包括am，is，are. 中文為"是"， 這三個(gè)詞的用法要隨著主語(yǔ)的變化而變化。 "am" 用于第一人稱(chēng)單數(shù)（I）; "is" 用于第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)（he，she，it）; "are "用于第一人稱(chēng)復(fù)數(shù)（we），第二人稱(chēng)單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)(you), 第三人稱(chēng)復(fù)數(shù)（ they）。 可以記住以下順口溜： am管 "我"， is管"，她，它，他"， are管"大家"。2） 一般疑問(wèn)句和否定句I am a teacher. (我是一位老師) You are his friend.（你是他的朋友） She is a nurse.（她是一名護(hù)士） 以上三個(gè)句子都是肯定句. 此.類(lèi)句子變成疑問(wèn)句和否定句時(shí),有些地方的語(yǔ)序和漢語(yǔ)不同,需特別注意.變?yōu)橐蓡?wèn)句時(shí),把be 動(dòng)詞"am，is，are" 放在句首,回答時(shí)也要使用be動(dòng)詞；變?yōu)榉穸ň鋾r(shí),把表示否定的not 放在 "am is are" 的后面, 其中可以簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)為：is not- isn't are not- aren't， am not 沒(méi)有簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)形式。 .如：Am I a teacher? Yes, I am. (No, I am not.) Are you his friend? Yes, you are. (No, you are not.)Is she a nurse? Yes, she is. (No, she is not.) 注意：如果are not, is not放在句尾時(shí)，不能使用簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)，必須寫(xiě)出整個(gè)單詞。否定句為：I am not a teacher. You are not his friend. She is not a nurse.3）如果句子的動(dòng)詞不是be 動(dòng)詞 "am is are" 而是其他實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 疑問(wèn)句和否定句要借助于助動(dòng)詞"do"或者 "does"， 也就是說(shuō)be 動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞原形不能同時(shí)使用。 這里的 "do"，"does" 本身沒(méi)有什么意義，只是幫助構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句和否定句. 一般疑問(wèn)句讀時(shí)必須用降調(diào)."do"和 "does"的使用要隨著人稱(chēng)的變化而變化。請(qǐng)看下面兩組句子，注意區(qū)分他們的共同點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn)。 I go to school every day. He goes to school every day.I don't go to school every day. He doesn't go to school every day.Do you go to school every day? Does he go to school every day?Yes, I do. (No, I don't) Yes, he does. (No, he doesn't)這兩組句子中，由于人稱(chēng)的不同，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)也不同，具體如下：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí)，肯定句為：主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的s形式+賓語(yǔ)否定句為：主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞doesn't+動(dòng)詞原形+賓語(yǔ)疑問(wèn)句為：Does+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+賓語(yǔ)肯定回答和否定回答也要使用助動(dòng)詞does.注：第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)用了 does 后面就不用動(dòng)詞的s形式了,而用動(dòng)詞原形.動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài), 除了第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)(he she it) 外,其余都用動(dòng)詞原形。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是其他人稱(chēng)時(shí)，肯定句為：主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+賓語(yǔ)否定句為：主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞don't+動(dòng)詞原形+賓語(yǔ)疑問(wèn)句為：Do+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+賓語(yǔ)肯定回答和否定回答也要使用助動(dòng)詞do.注：變?yōu)橐蓡?wèn)句,要在句首加"do" ; 變?yōu)榉穸ň? 要在動(dòng)詞前面加"do not", 可以簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)為 "don't".2. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的變化規(guī)則。1） 一般在動(dòng)詞后加-s詞尾。如，come-comes live-lives2） 在以ch, sh ,s, x, 或o結(jié)尾的詞后要加-es, 如，teach-teaches catch-catches wish-wishes wash-washesmiss-misses guess-guesses mix-mixes fix-fixesgo-goes do-does3） 以“輔音+y”結(jié)尾的詞，先變y為I 再加es,如，Try-tries study-studies reply-replies fly-flies3look的用法1) look like看起來(lái)象，其中l(wèi)ike 是介詞。如，He looks like his father.2) look at看。如，Look at the blackboard.3) look the same看起來(lái)很像。如，Lucy and Lily look the same.4) look for尋找.如，They are looking for the lost child.5) look over（醫(yī)生）檢查T(mén)he doctor is looking over the old woman.6) Look up抬頭看；（在詞典或參考書(shū)中）查找 Hes looking up at the picture.4. 詞語(yǔ)辨析 Wear意為“穿著，戴著”，表示穿，戴的狀態(tài)。而put on意思為“穿上，戴上”，表示穿，戴的動(dòng)作。5 stop doing sth停止做某事； stop to do停下來(lái)去做某事6 remember to do sth 記著要去做某事；remember doing sth.記著（已經(jīng)）做過(guò)某事;remember sth/sb記得某物或某人7 復(fù)合形容詞構(gòu)詞法1) 形容詞+動(dòng)詞-ing,如，Our teacher is easy-going.2) 名詞+過(guò)去分詞，如，This is a man-made satellite.3) 數(shù)詞+名詞（單數(shù)），如，a ten-year-old boy【注意】復(fù)合形容詞中的名詞要用單數(shù)。4) 數(shù)詞+名詞（+ed）如，a three-legged table一張三條腿的桌子。5) 形容詞+名詞 如，This is a full-time job.6) 形容詞+名詞（+ed）如，Hes a warm-hearted person.8a little和 a bit都可以用來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞，作定語(yǔ)。a bit在修飾名詞時(shí)必須在后面加上介詞of，如，a bit of water一點(diǎn)水，而用a little則說(shuō)成a little waterunit8. What is John like?目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言：Describe peoples personalities重點(diǎn)句型：Do you know Tim? Hes the tall kid with short hair. Whats he like? Hes very serious. Whos that? Thats Mike. He can talk like our teacher. Why do you like him? He looks so serious.重點(diǎn)詞組：want to do, live in, live on, listen to, like dong/to do, come from, be friendly to sb., for example, and so on, as as, tell a story to sb, tell sb a story知識(shí)點(diǎn)：1 “What does he look like?”用來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)相貌特征; “What is he like?”則是用來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)特征。 在英語(yǔ)中，形容一個(gè)人的性格特征，常用下列形容詞:shy, friendly,serious, funny, smart, foolish, outgoing, easygoing, moody, generous, polite, kind, warm-hearted, (熱心腸的)， hard-working(努力的)，quiet2What引起的不同類(lèi)型的疑問(wèn)句1) What is this?這是什么？英語(yǔ)中，對(duì)某一物體提出詢(xún)問(wèn)時(shí)，常用this指代“這個(gè)東西”，用that指代“那個(gè)東西”。如，Whats this? Its a pen.【注意】what is可以縮寫(xiě)為whats, it is可以縮寫(xiě)為its.2) What is sb. like?某人是個(gè)什么樣的人？此句型用來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)某個(gè)人的品質(zhì) ?；卮饡r(shí)，用描述人物品質(zhì)特征的形容詞。如，What is h