《狀語從句》PPT課件.ppt

狀語從句 1、時間狀語從句 2、地點狀語從句 3、原因狀語從句 4、目的狀語從句 5、結(jié)果狀語從句 6、條件狀語從句 7、方式狀語從句 8、讓步狀語從句 9、比較狀語從句 狀 語 從 句 【 精講 】 定義： 在復(fù)合句中由從句表示的狀語 稱作狀語從句，它可以用來修 飾謂語或是整個句子。 準(zhǔn)確掌握每一個連詞的含義是掌握狀語 從句的關(guān)鍵。 狀語從句的位置 比較靈活，有時可以放于 句 首 ，有時可以置于 句末 。狀語從句 位于句首 時 ，其后 常用逗號 與后面的句子隔開。 狀語從句 可以根據(jù)其 用途 分為： 時間 狀語從句、 地點 狀語從句、 原因 狀語從 句、 結(jié)果 狀語從句、 目的 狀語從句、 條件 狀 語從句、 讓步 狀語從句、 比較 狀語從句、 方 式 狀語從句。 1.時間狀語從句： 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連詞有： when, while, as, the moment, before, after, till, until, since, as soon as 等。 請注意 when, while, as 的區(qū)別 When you were born, youre crying but lookers-on were smiling. When you are passing away, youre smiling but lookers-on are crying。 Man might think that few women fit him before his marriage, and contrarily when they get married。 Apart from tears, only time could wear everything away. While feeling is being processed by time, conflicts would be reconciled as time goes by, just like a cup of tea that is being continuously diluted。 1連接詞 when的用法小結(jié) 1. when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的謂語動詞 可以是可延續(xù) 也可以是表短暫性動作的動詞 (非延續(xù)性 )。 如 When the film ended, the people went back. When I lived there, I used to go to the seashore. 2. 可用作并列連詞，其意義為“那時，這時”，相當(dāng)于 and at this/that time。常用于下列句式： (剛要 這時突然 ) 記憶 Sb. was doing something was about to do sth + when was on the point of doing sth. had just done sth . 如果 when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的主語與主句主 語相同， 而從句的謂語又是 be動詞時， 那么從 句中的主語和 be可以省略； 當(dāng) when引導(dǎo)的時間 狀語從句的主語與主句主語相同時， 往往還可 以用“ when分詞”的形式替代該狀語從句。 例如： When (you are) in trouble, ask her for help. When I came into the room(=When coming into the room), I found him lying there asleep. 、 I was walking along the street , when I met him I was about to fall asleep when my sister came in. 3. 還可以表示原因“既然”，相當(dāng)于 since; considering that。 如： Why do you walk when you have a car? 既然你有車為什么要步行呢？ 1. while引導(dǎo)的動作必須是 持續(xù)性 的，在 期間，往 往指一段時間。如： While we were talking, he came in. Please dont talk so loud while others are working. Study while you study; play while you play. 該學(xué)習(xí)的 時候就學(xué)習(xí)， 該玩的時候就玩。 I met her while I was at school. 當(dāng)我在學(xué)校的時候我遇見了她。 2. while作為 并列連詞 ，意為 “而，卻”， 側(cè)重 主句 動作和從句動作相對比 。 We are cleaning the classroom while they are playing the football. 3. while可表示 盡管 ，相當(dāng)于 although。 2 連接詞 while的用法小結(jié) while 含義： While I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend. ( while =_) He likes pop music, while I am fond of folk music. ( while =_) While I really dont like art, I find his work impressive. (while=_) While there is life there is hope. (while=_) when although as long as but 連接詞 when, while, as的用法區(qū)別 ： 1 while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的謂語動詞必須是 可延續(xù)的 ， 而 when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的謂語動詞是可延續(xù)的， 也 可以是表短暫性動作的動詞。如： When/While he was eating his breakfast, he heard the doorbell ring. When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. (不可延續(xù)，短暫性動詞，只可以用 when，不可用 while) 2 表示“隨著 ” ，連詞用 as，不用 when或 while。 如： As the day went on, the weather got worse. 3如果 主句表示的是短暫動作 ，而 從句用延續(xù)性動作 的進(jìn)行時態(tài) 表示在一段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作時， when, while 與 as 可互換使用。如： When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine. 4.從句動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前時 ，只能用 when引導(dǎo) 這個從句，不可用 as或 while。 如 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. When the children had gone to bed, she began to prepare her lessons.（這個時候的 when= after） True or False When he woke up， it was eight oclock.（ ） While he woke up， it was eight oclock. （ ） When I was waiting for a bus， I met her. （ ） While I was waiting for a bus， I met her. （ ） 1當(dāng)我們到達(dá)火車站時，天正下著雪。 _ 2孩子們正在做游戲，突然鈴響了。 _ 3爸爸在洗車時，媽媽在做飯。 _ 4琳達(dá)正在跑步時傷了自己的左腿。 _ 5我們在西安時，每天見面。 _ Key: 1 When we got to the train station， it was snowing 2 The children were playing games when the bell rang 3 While dad was washing his car， mum was cooking 4 When While Linda was running， she hurt her left leg 5 When While we were in Xian， we met every day 區(qū) 別 介詞（ prep.） until后接的不是句子 連詞（ conj.） until后接的是句子 共 同 點 當(dāng)謂語動詞為延續(xù)性 動詞時，用肯定形式 當(dāng)謂語 v為非延續(xù)性動詞時， 用否定形式 譯成：直到 時 /到 為止 譯成： 在 .以前 /直到 .才 until （即是介詞又是連詞）要區(qū)分開哪種情 況是介詞及連詞 一 介詞 prep. 1. 直到 .時 ,到 .為止 Will this fish keep until tomorrow? 這魚能擱到明天嗎 ? 2. (用于否定句 )在 .之前 ,直到 .才 She didnt go to bed until eleven oAlock. 她直到十一 點才上床睡覺。 連接詞 conj. 1. 直到 .時 ,到 .為止 You can wait here until help comes.你可以在這 里等，直到有人來幫你。 2. (用于否定句 )在 .以前 ,直到 .才 She didnt go to bed until her daughter came back. 她一直等到女兒回來才去睡覺。 You cant leave until I come back.。直到我回來 你才可以離開 “ notuntil” 意思是：“直到 才 ” 表 示在這個界限之前一直沒有發(fā)生這個動作 “ until”意思是：“直到 ” 表示這個動作一 直延續(xù)到這個界限出現(xiàn)時。 易錯點 ：將“ notuntil” 句型翻譯成了否定句， 如上句：直到我回來你不可以離開 ） wait、 keep是延續(xù)性動詞，所以用肯定形式；而 go to bed、 leave是非延續(xù)性動詞，所以用否定形 式。 用“ until”還是“ notuntil” 要看謂語動詞是延 續(xù)性還是非延續(xù)性動詞 對 notuntil 的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)為“ It is / was not until that ” 雖然兩者都有 not進(jìn)行了否定，但中文要譯成肯 定“直到 才 ” It was not until yesterday that I noticed it. =I didnt notice it until yesterday. 直到昨天我才注意到此事。 It was not until I saw Mary that I felt happy. =I didnt feel happy until I saw Mary 直到見到瑪麗我才高興起來。 It is / was not until + 從句 + that +主句 Not until 放在句首，該句型中的主句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)， until引導(dǎo)的從句不要倒裝。 Not until+從句 +倒裝的主句 It was _ I went there _ I began to know something about the matter. 直到我到那里我才了解那 件事。 A. until; when B.until; that C.not until; that D.not when;that （正確為 C） since, as soon as 在 it is/ has been +段時間 +since從句中，時間的計算從 since從句的動作完成或狀態(tài)結(jié)束時算起。如： It is three years since she was in our class. It is three years since he lived here 她離開我們班有三年了。 他不住這兒有三年了。 比較 it is three years since I smoked a cigar. It is three years since I began to smoke. 我不吸煙有三年了。 我吸煙有三年了 考點 :as soon as “一 就” “剛 . 就” 我一到達(dá)上海就給你打電話。（時態(tài)） I wil call you as soon as I arrive in Shanghai. 時態(tài)要求 從句以一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時 考點 : 易混淆句型 it is + 時間 + since before when that It is five years _he finished his research. It was five years _he finished his research. It was five years later _he finished his research. It was 5 oclock _ he got home. It was at 5 oclock _ he got home. when that since before that 一、關(guān)于 that It be + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that + 其它。 判斷強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的方法是：若去掉該句型結(jié)構(gòu)（ It bethat ）剩下部分句子結(jié)構(gòu)仍然成立。 如： It was in the street _I met him yesterday. 若去掉“ It was _” 部分后 為 In the street I met him yesterday. 此句無任何錯誤，故 答案為 that 無疑。 我們再看這一句： It was winter _I camehere. 本句也是 it was 開頭，故也先考慮 that，去掉“ It was_” 后為 winter I came here. 此句明顯為錯句，故選空中不可能為 that. 二、關(guān)于 since 句型： 在 since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從名中， 謂語動詞有終止性（界限性）與延續(xù)性的區(qū)別，則所表 達(dá)的意思就完全不相同。例如： 一、在 since時間從句中用非持續(xù)性動詞時，時間的計 算應(yīng)從該動作發(fā)生之時開始；若是用持續(xù)性動詞，時間 的計算則應(yīng)從該動作結(jié)束之時開始。例如： I havent seen him since he left Wuhan. 自從他離開武漢以來，我一直沒見過他。（這里的 left 為非持續(xù)性動詞，時間的計算應(yīng)從 left的動作發(fā)生之時 開始。） She has stayed at her uncles since she was ill. 她自病愈以來就一直住在她叔叔家里。 （這里 was ill 是持續(xù)性的“狀態(tài)”，用在 since從句中同樣表示這種 “狀態(tài)”的結(jié)束，也就是“不生病”或“病愈了”） 1、 It has rained a great deal since you left. 你走之后下了好多雨。 2、 We have lived in Shanghai since we parted. 自從分手以后，我們一直住在上海。 3、 She has changed much since I taught her. 自從我不教她以來，她變化很大。 4、 We havent heard from John since he worked there. 自從約翰不在那里工作以后，我們再也沒有收到他的來 信。 5、 We have not seen each other since we were boys together. 從小時候分別以來，我們再也沒有見過面。 6、 It is a week since he was in hospital 他出院已有一星期了。 It be + 時間 + since 從句 (1)since 從句的動詞時態(tài)應(yīng)該 為一般過去時 （ 2）句型中的“時間”應(yīng)為一段時間 （ 3）主句中的動詞，既 be 應(yīng)為一般現(xiàn)在時 is （ 4） since 譯為“自從 以來” 此句型需要注意的問題： 1、當(dāng) since 從句中用的是短暫性動詞時，含義為“從句 的動作持續(xù)了多久”。 如： It is five years since he joined the army. 他參軍有 五年了。 2、當(dāng) since 從句中用的是持續(xù)性動詞，含義為“從句的 動作沒有發(fā)生多久”或“多久之前某事發(fā)了”。 如： It is three years since he lived here. 他不在這住已經(jīng)三年了。（三年前他住在這） 三、關(guān)于 before 句型： It be + 時間 + before 從句 從 before 的含義“在 之前”可以分析出 ,before 從 句中的時態(tài)只有一般現(xiàn)在時（代替一般將來時）和一般 過去時（代替過去將來時）兩種。相應(yīng)地，上面句型也 就演變成下面兩種形式： （ 1） It is + 時間 + before + 主語 + do （ 2） It was + 時間 + before + 主語 + did It was 5 years before we met again. 五年后我們又見了面。 It will be 5 years before we meet again. 五年后我們才能 再見面。 1） 句型 It will be/was段時間 before“ 還要過多久 才 ” 如： It will be two years before he leaves the country. 2） 句型 It will be/was not一段時間 before“ 沒 多久就 ” 如： It wasnt two years before he left the country. 四、關(guān)于 when句型： It be + 時間 +when 從句 1從 when 的本意（當(dāng) 時候）來看，某件事的 發(fā)生肯定是在某一點進(jìn)行的，即“點時間”，故 該句型中的時間為點時間無疑 。 2依時態(tài)該句型可演變?yōu)橄旅鎯煞N形式： It was + 點時間 + when + 主語 +did It will be + 點時間 + when + 主語 + do eg. It was 6 oclock when we got home. 我們六點 到家。 Was it 11 oclock when he came back last night ？ 昨晚他是十一點回來的嗎？ 1. It wasnt until nearly a month later _ I received the managers reply. A. since B. when C. as D. that 2. It was nearly a month _I received the managers reply. 3. It was nearly 9 oclock _I received the managers reply. 4. It was nearly at 9 oclock _I received the managers reply. before when that 6 由 hardly when ； no soonerthan 引導(dǎo)。 hardlywhen 和 no soonerthan 的意義相當(dāng)于 as soon as, 但只表示過去發(fā)生的事情， 主句為過去完成時，從句為過 去時 ， hardly或 no sooner位于句首時比 as soon as語氣強(qiáng)， 而且主句的謂語要用部分倒裝。如： I had hardly got home when it began to rain. （ =Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.） 7 由 every time, by the time, the moment,immediately引導(dǎo) 在時間狀語從句中，不能用將來時或過去將來時，而要用 現(xiàn)在時或過去時代替將來時。 如： Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick. Immediately(=As soon as) he climbed to the top of the tree,he found the enemy soldiers had arrived. 2 地點狀語從句： 由 where， wherever引導(dǎo)。 where與 wherever意義基本相同，但后者語氣較強(qiáng)， 多用于書面語。 Where - 在 地方 Put the medicine where you can easily get it. Where that high building stands, there used to be some low, deserted houses. Where there is a will, there is a way. Wherever - 無論哪里 He follows her wherever she goes. Wherever you are, I will be right there waiting for you. 在地點狀語從句之前，不要使用介詞。 【 誤 】 You should put the book at where it was. 【 正 】 You should put the book where it was. 你應(yīng)該把書放在原來的地方。 【 誤 】 We should go to where we are needed most. 【 正 】 We should go where we are needed most. 我們應(yīng)該到最需要我們的地方去。 3 原因狀語從句 because, as, since, now that, 和 considering that, for, seeing that 這六個連詞都用于表示表示原因 , 但在語氣上一個比 一個弱 . 1）由 because引導(dǎo)。 because用來回答 why 的問題，語氣最強(qiáng)，一般放在主句 之后。 如： I came back late yesterday because I was on duty. Mr Smith was very upset because he couldnt find his luggage. He said that he couldnt work because the computer was out of order. because 和 for的區(qū)別。 for 是并列連詞，只用于連接表示原因的分句，因此不能 用于句首。 because表示原因時，可位于句首。 【 誤 】 For he did not obey the rules, he was punished. 【 正 】 Because he did not obey the rules, he was punished. 2）由 since， as引導(dǎo)。 since表示既然或已知的理由，稍加分析即可表明的原因 , 多放句首。 Since -既然 因語氣較弱 , 常譯為既然 as原因狀語從句常放在句首 , 說明原因 , 主句說明結(jié)果 , 常 用于口語中。 As it is quite windy today, he decides. As he is honest and modest, all his friends like him. Since everybody has come, we can set off. Since the purser didnt tell us what to do, we can relax. 3）由 now that, considering that ,seeing that引導(dǎo)。 Now that - 既然 Now that you are here, you can join us. Now that all airlines offer discount prices, we should do the same. considering that - 顧及到 Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job. seeing that - 由于 Seeing (that) quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off. 4.目的狀語從句： 由 so that, in order that, lest=（ for fear that）引導(dǎo)。 目的狀語從句中常用情態(tài)動詞 may (might), can (could), should 等放在動詞之前，從句往往放在主 句之后 , 主從句之間不用任何標(biāo)點符號。 如： I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget it. Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch a cold. 5.結(jié)果狀語從句 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞有： that, so that, sothat suchthat So that - 太 以至于 so 后面應(yīng)用形容詞 或副詞 , 有時省略 so只用 that Boeing 747 is so large that people like to call it jet bomb. 2 So that - 因而，以便，為了 有時 so 可以省 去 Can you move your luggage a little bit away so that I can put mine in the overhead bin too. Speak louder please so that the people at the back can hear you. 3 Such that -太 以至于 用法 sothat 相同，但 such 后面應(yīng)用名詞。 The foreign visitor was such a fast speaker that nobody could understand him. 6條件狀語從句 引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連接詞有 : If, unless, as long as, in case, provided that, on condition that 1 If -如果 If you dont hurry up, you will miss the plane. If it snows tomorrow, the flight will be canceled. If you leave at 6 oclock tomorrow morning, youd better get to bed now. 2 Unless - 如果不 , 除非 =if not We cant get there on time unless we book the earliest flight = We cannot get there on time if we dont book the earliest flight. He will not join us unless he changes his mind. Dont trouble trouble unless trouble troubles you. 3 As long as - 只要 We will succeed as long as we keep on trying. You cant play games as long as you remember the rules. A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. 4 As (so) far as - 據(jù) 所知 As far as I know, he speaks English very well. As/So far as I know, he is an expert on DNA. 5 In case - 假使 , 如果 萬一 The plane cannot take off in case it rains. Send us a message in case you have any difficulty. 6 Provided that 如果 ,有時省略 that The plane will be in good condition provided that it is taken care of carefully. You can become a stewardess provided that you are in good shape and you have got the proper education. 7 On condition that - 條件是 He said that he would come to the meeting on condition that no one asked him to speak. The mother promised to the son to buy him a toy airplane on condition that he passes his English test. 注 :主從句的動作發(fā)生在將來時，則主句用將來時 , 從句 用一般現(xiàn)在時。 If he arrives tomorrow, I will be waiting for him at the airport. He said he would not leave unless it was fine next day. 7. 方式狀語從句： 由 as， as if， as though引導(dǎo)。 此處 as譯為“按照”或“正如”， as if或 as though的意義和用法基本一樣。從句中可以 用現(xiàn)在時表示可能符合事實，也可以用虛擬 語氣。 如： Draw a cat as I taught you . 8 讓步狀語從句 讓步狀語從句通常用 though, although, no matter, even if, if, even though, however, whatever等引起 。 讓步狀語從句可以前置 ， 也可以后置；前置時 強(qiáng)調(diào)主句內(nèi)容 ， 后置時強(qiáng)調(diào)從句內(nèi)容 。 有時也可 以采取中位 （ 插入句中 ） 。 1 although 和 though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句： 兩個詞同義 ， 一般情況下可以互換使用 ， 如： He didnt light the fire though / although it was cold. although 比 though 較正式 ， 語氣較重 ， 常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)讓 步概念 ， 如： He insisted on doing it although I warned him not to. though可以和 even 連用 ， 但 although 不可以 ， 如： Although/ Even though he was late, he was not criticized by the teacher 當(dāng)讓步狀語從句是指一種假設(shè)的情況 ， 不指事實時 ， 通常用 though， 而不用 although， 如： He will never do such a thing though he (should) be forced to. Though all the world were against me, I shall still hold to my opinion. though可以在非正式文體中用作連接性狀語 ， 而 although 則不行 。 （ though 可以放在句中或句末 ， 通常 用逗號隔開 ） ， 如： He said he would come; he didnt, though. though引導(dǎo)的從句可用倒裝語序 （ 即把從句中的表語 或狀語等放在 though之前 ） ， 而 although 不能這樣用 ， 如： Young though she is, yet she is fit for the job. (= Young as she is, ) 有時可用副詞 yet, still, nevertheless (但不能用連詞 but) 來配合連接詞 though或 although， 以加強(qiáng)語氣 ， 如： Though he is over seventy, yet / still / nevertheless he can ride the bike. though和 although后面的主語和謂語動詞 be 可以省略 ， 如果這個主語和主句中的主語指同一個人或物時 ， 如： Though (it was) cold, it was a fine winter morning. Though (he was) severely wounded, yet he refused to leave the battle field. Though (they were) very tired, they continued to march on. 2 even if, even though和 if 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句： even if 與 even though同義 ， 常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)讓步概念 ， 如： Ill do it, even if it takes me all the afternoon. He was there even if we didnt see him. 注： if 有時也可以用于讓步含義 ， 但要注意條件 if 與讓步 if 的區(qū)別 ， 試比較： If he is poor, how can he buy the house? (條件 ) If he is poor, he is at least honest. (讓步 ) (= even if) If he is inexperienced, he wont be able to accomplish it. (條件 ) If he is inexperienced, he is at any rate eager to learn. (讓步 ) (= even if) 3 由 as, that, though引導(dǎo)的特殊讓步狀語從句結(jié) 構(gòu)： 在正式文體或文學(xué)作品中 ， 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)讓步的 含義 ， 可用 as引導(dǎo)讓步從句 。 但 as一般不置于句首 ， 而將從句中的表語或狀語置于句首 。 表語的倒裝： Tired as he was, he still went on with his work. Old as I am, I can still fight. Clever as you may be, you cannot do that. Tall as / though he was, he couldnt reach the top shelf. Difficult though the task was, they managed to accomplish it in time. 狀語的倒裝：（這時不可在狀語之前加 very, much等修 飾語） Much as I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man. Much as he likes the bike, he doesnt want to buy it. Hard as I studied, I could not catch up with them. 謂語動詞的倒裝： Try as he would, he could not remember a word of it. (= No matter how he would try ) Try as he might, he didnt pass the exam. Hate him as we may, we must admit his greatness. Search as they would, they could find nothing in the room. Try as you may, you will never succeed. 注意事項： 如果是單數(shù)名詞或形容詞最高級作表語 ， 不再用冠詞 ， 如： Teacher as Michael is, he is not capable of teaching all subjects. Child as / that he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. Youngest as he is in our class, he speaks English the best. Child as he is, he knows much. as從句可以置于主句前 、 主句后或句中 ， 當(dāng) as從句置于句首時 ， 主句前可加 yet ， 如： Mary, brave as she is, is afraid of snakes. He was unable to make much progress, hard as he tried. Rich as he is, (yet) I dont envy him. 當(dāng)作表語的形容詞提前時 ， 如果從句的主語是人稱代 詞 ， 那么它只能放在動詞之前；如果從句的主語是名詞 ， 則可用倒裝語序 ， 也可用陳述語序 ， 如： Tired as were the workers, they did not stop. Clever though / as you may be, you cant do that. as 從句與主句在時態(tài)上可以不一致 ， 如： Child as he is, he was brave. 注意區(qū)別 as 引導(dǎo)的原因從句與讓步從句 ， 試比較： Lawyer as he is, he explains the reason clearly. (原因從 句 ) Lawyer as he is, he cant explain the reason very clearly. (讓步從句 ) 4 even though和 though even though (= even if) 引導(dǎo)的從句指把握不大 或假設(shè)的事情 ， 意為 “ 即使 ” 、 “ 縱然 ” ； though 引導(dǎo)的從句指事實 ， 意為 “ 盡管 ” 、 “ 雖 然 ” ， 例如： He will not reveal the secret, even though he knows it. (可能知道，也可能不知道。 ) He will not reveal the secret though he knows it. (雖然知道，卻不說出來。 ) 5 while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句： while (= although),它引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句只能前置 ,位于 句首 ， 如： While you may be right, I cant altogether agree. While I admit that the problems are difficult, I dont agree that they cannot be solved. 注意比較下列各句： While I understand what you say, I cant agree with you. (讓步 ) While I was reading, the light went out. (時間 ) Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative. (轉(zhuǎn)折、對 比 ) He is idle, while his brother is diligent. (轉(zhuǎn)折、對比 ) 6 whether or 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句： 這種從句也稱 “ 選擇條件 -讓步狀語從句 ” ， 可位于 主句之前或之后 ， 如： Whether he drives or (whether he) flies, he will be here on time. Whether you like it or not, youll have to do it. Whether or not it rains, Im giving a party tomorrow. We hold that all countries, (whether they are) big or small, (whether they are) rich or poor, should be equal. Whether it rains or snows, I will go tonight. She had to go, whether or not she wanted it. 7 由連接代詞 whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever引 導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句： Whoever (= no matter who) is unwilling to go, I will go. (whoever 既相當(dāng)于連接詞短語 no matter 連接主句與從 句 ， 又相當(dāng)于疑問代詞 who) Whomever (= no matter whom) you are dealing with, this method is no good. Whatever (= no matter what) happens, keep calm. Whatever others may say, you are certainly right. Whichever (= no matter which) you choose, we have no objection. 8 由連接形容詞 whatever 或 whichever 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語 從句 ， 如： Whatever (= no matter what) difficulties may arise, we must and can overcome them one by one. (whatever 既相 當(dāng)于 no matter 連接主句與從句 ， 又相當(dāng)于疑問形容詞 what 修飾名詞 difficulties。 ) Whichever (= no matter which) room is assigned to him, he will have no objection. Whichever method you use, the result is much the same. 9 由連接副詞 however, wherever 或 whenever 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句 。 例如： However ( = no matter how) difficult the task may be, we will fulfil it on time. ( however 既相當(dāng)于 no matter 連接主句與從句 ， 又相當(dāng)于疑問副 詞 how 修飾 difficult。 ) Wherever ( = no matter where) they went, they were warmly welcomed. Whenever Im unhappy, he cheers me up. The dog follows me wherever I go. 10 注意以上幾種結(jié)構(gòu)的省略形式： However difficult the task (may be), it will be fulfilled on time. However great the difficulties (may be), we will never retreat. Whatever the difficulties (may be), they must and can be overcome. 11 由 whenever, wherever 引導(dǎo)的從句 ， 同時也分別是時間狀語從 句和地點狀語從句 ， 這里作為讓步狀語從句來看待 ， 是強(qiáng)調(diào)它們帶 有 no matter when, no matter where 的含義 。 在口語中用 no matter +wh- 結(jié)構(gòu)比較常見 。 例如： No matter what I did, no one paid any attention. (= Whatever I did, ) No matter when and how the invaders come, they will be wiped out clean. No matter who it is, I dont want to see him. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it in time. It is true, no matter what you may say. (可置于主句之后 ) Dont believe the rumour, no matter who repeats it. (可置于主句 之后 ) 口語中還可以這樣用： It doesnt matter (= No matter) what he may say, I am going. 9.比較狀語從句 引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的連詞有： Asas, not so (as)as, . than, the more the more. 1 Asas - 像 一樣 If you dont want to miss the flight, you need to be at the airport as early as possible. My grandma told me that her eyesight was as good as 10 years before. Cultivation to the mind is as necessary as food for the body. 2 Not so (as) as - 不像 The job is not so difficult as I thought it would be. The flight was not so/as