李旋翻譯輸油管道中往復(fù)式三柱塞泵的震動(dòng)與失效問(wèn)題分析

輸油管道中往復(fù)式三柱塞泵的振動(dòng)與失效問(wèn)題分析J.C.W ACHEL, 總裁ASME( American Society of Mechanical Engineers美國(guó)機(jī)械工程師協(xié)會(huì))成員工程動(dòng)力公司F.R.SZENASI, 資深項(xiàng)目工程師ASME( American Society of Mechanical Engineers美國(guó)機(jī)械工程師協(xié)會(huì))成員圣 .安東尼奧 ,德克薩斯S.C.DENISON, 產(chǎn)品工程顧問(wèn)AIME( 美國(guó)采礦、冶金及石油工程師學(xué)會(huì) )/SPE(Society of Petroleum Engineer 石油工程師學(xué)會(huì) ) 成員太耐克石油勘探生產(chǎn)公司休斯頓德克薩斯ABSTRACTAn analysis was made to identify the causes of vibration and failure problems with the piping and reciprocating pump internals on an oil pipeline pump station. A field investigation was made to obtain vibrations and pulsations over the entire range of plant operating conditions. The data showed that cavitation was present at nearly all operating conditions due to the high pulsations in the suction system. The discharge system experienced high vibrations and piping failures due to the ineffective of the accumulator. An acoustical analysis of the suction and discharge system was made to design the optimum acoustical filter systems to alleviate the problems. The acoustical analyses were performed with a digital computer program which predicts the acoustical resonant frequencies and the pulsation amplitudes over the speed range. This paper discusses the investigations and gives recommendations for prevention of these types of problems in the future.摘要本文完成了對(duì)某泵站輸油管線(xiàn)振動(dòng)原因及往復(fù)泵內(nèi)部部件失效原因的分析。為獲得全部運(yùn)行工況下的振動(dòng)量和脈動(dòng)值, 本文進(jìn)行了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)研究?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)數(shù)據(jù)表明：由于吸入系統(tǒng)中存在較高的液流脈動(dòng) ,在近乎所有的運(yùn)行工況下中存在氣穴現(xiàn)象。由于排出系統(tǒng)的緩沖器無(wú)效，故排油管線(xiàn)存在劇烈振動(dòng)和管路失效。為了設(shè)計(jì)出優(yōu)化的聲學(xué)濾波系統(tǒng)來(lái)緩解上述問(wèn)題, 本文對(duì)吸、排系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了聲學(xué)分析。聲學(xué)分析由數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)程序完成，該程序預(yù)測(cè)出在全部速度范圍內(nèi)的聲學(xué)共振頻率和脈動(dòng)幅值。本文還討論了這些研究結(jié)果，并給出了若干建議以防止諸如此類(lèi)問(wèn)題的發(fā)生。INTRODUCTIONProblems were experienced with four triplex reciprocating crude oil pumps operating in parallel at the Dina Pumping Station located in Colombia (Figure l). The pumps had a rated speed of 275 rpm with a capacity of 388 gallons per minute. The nominal suction pressure was 60 psig (414 kPa) and the discharge pressure was 1800 psig (12400 kPa). The Delrin pump valves had repeated fatigue failures beginning three months after startup. The discharge valve disks were replaced with steel and the Delrin disks used on the suction valves were replaced every 90 days to avoid fatigue failures. Valve failures were controlled after the first 9 months of station operation. For the firstfour months there were no pull rod failures; however, there have been 18 failures in the followingyear and a half. Many of these failures required replacement of the crosshead, the guide ways and on two occasions a broken or bent connecting rod. The suction and discharge piping systems vibrated excessively, resulting in several piping fatigue failures. Attempts to control the piping vibrations with pipe clamps and additional supports were unsuccessful.引言問(wèn)題發(fā)生在位于哥倫比亞的迪那泵站，四臺(tái)三柱塞式往復(fù)原油泵并機(jī)運(yùn)行（圖1），往復(fù)泵的額定轉(zhuǎn)速為 275rpm，額定排量為每分鐘 388 加侖，正常的吸入壓力為 414 千帕，排出壓力為 12400 千帕。聚脂閥片在啟動(dòng)之后三個(gè)月內(nèi)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)疲勞失效。排放閥片由鋼質(zhì)替代， 用于吸入閥片每隔九十天進(jìn)行更換以防疲勞失效。在油泵站運(yùn)行的前九個(gè)月， 閥的失效得以控制， 因?yàn)榍八膫€(gè)月不會(huì)有拉桿失效問(wèn)題，然而，在接下來(lái)的一年半中出現(xiàn)了十八次這樣的失效。 許多這樣的拉桿失效需更換十字頭，導(dǎo)軌，有兩種情況出現(xiàn)了連接桿斷裂或彎曲。吸、排輸油管線(xiàn)振動(dòng)過(guò)大，導(dǎo)致若干輸油管線(xiàn)疲勞失效。 試圖用管卡和附加支撐來(lái)控制輸油管線(xiàn)振動(dòng)往往無(wú)效。The four pumps had a common suction header supplied by a charge pump which was capable of supplying pressures up 0 90 psi (621 kPa) .The discharge of the four pumps fed into a common header which connected to the main pipeline. The original piping design included bladder-typeaccumulators on both the suction and discharge.四臺(tái)泵共用一只吸入集油管，用一臺(tái)排油泵為該集油管提供 621 千帕吸入壓力。四臺(tái)泵共用一只排出集油管， 排出集油管與主管道相連， 原設(shè)計(jì)中吸入、 排出管路均包括有氣囊式緩沖器。It was difficultto keep the pumps running smoothly since constant maintenance was needed tokeep the accumulator or bladder pressures charged to approximately60 t0 70 percent of linepressure. The static discharge pressure could change from 700 psig (4826kPa)to more than1600 psig (11032 kPa) in a few minutes if the down-line booster station went down. When this happened, the accumulator was ineffective.要維持這些油泵平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行十分困難， 因?yàn)榫彌_器中的氣囊需要持續(xù)充壓以達(dá)到約百分之六十至七十的管路壓力。 如果下游增壓站運(yùn)行工況發(fā)生變化， 排出靜壓在幾分鐘之內(nèi)能從 4826 千帕增加到 11032 千帕以上。若這種情況發(fā)生，緩沖器便會(huì)失效。The cost of the parts and labor that could be attributed to this problem was in excess of $500,000. Tenneco, the piping designer and the pump manufacturer began a study to determine the cause or causes of the vibrations and failures. However, the complex relationship of the system variables made it difficult to develop definite conclusions.由于這些問(wèn)題導(dǎo)致的另部件成本和人工費(fèi)用多達(dá)50 萬(wàn)美元。在 太耐克公司內(nèi)部（ Tenneco）,管路設(shè)計(jì)人員和制造商已經(jīng)展開(kāi)了對(duì)振動(dòng)及管路失效原因的探究，然而，系統(tǒng)中變量之間的關(guān)系復(fù)雜使產(chǎn)生一個(gè)明確的結(jié)論很難。There were several changes during this phase in a vibrations and reduce the made in the piping system attempt improve the failure. These included changing the piping (at the recommendation of the accumulator vendor) so that the flow would be directed at the bladder. This piping modification did not improve the pulsation characteristics of the system.在此期間 ,致力于改善振動(dòng)以及減少管路失效對(duì)于管道系統(tǒng)也做過(guò)許多整改工作。包括調(diào)整管道使液體能直接通向氣囊（在緩沖器供應(yīng)商的建議下） 。此次管道改造也未能改善系統(tǒng)的脈動(dòng)特性。Another modification which was tried on the suction side of pumps I and 3 was the replacement of the bladder- type accumulators with nitrogen- charged, flow-through accumulators (Figure l). No noticeable improvements were observed after these changes were implemented.另一種致力于泵的吸入端 1 和 3 的修正是氣囊式充氮緩沖器和流通式緩沖器的置換。但是在這些修正之后泵的脈動(dòng)特性并沒(méi)有很顯見(jiàn)的改善。FIGURE l.Pump Piping Layout Showing PressureMeasurement Locations圖 1. 泵管路布置的壓力測(cè)量位置視圖。The severity of the problems brought the basic design of the system into question since the suction and discharge lead lines from the headers to the pump manifold were shorter than normal for most pipeline stations. The pumps were located on 16 foot (4.88 m) centers with the suction and discharge headers located 10 to 12 feet (3.05 t0 3.66 m) away from the pump flanges.自從從源頭到泵體的吸入和排除主管道在大部分管路位置比正常的變得更短之后，系統(tǒng)基本設(shè)計(jì)的問(wèn)題嚴(yán)重性出現(xiàn)了。泵體位于比吸入和排出端高 16 英尺的位置，而吸入和排出端離泵的法蘭大約 10 到 12 英尺的位置。The station capacity was 39900 barrel per day (264m3/h) when the pumps were at their rate capacity of 388 gallons per minute (88 m3/h) .this results in a fluid velocity of 3.3 ft/s (1 m/s) inthe 12 inch schedule 40 suction manifold and 6.9 ft/s (2.1 m/s) in the10 inch schedule XS discharge manifold. The flow velocities in the individual pump piping were 1.1 ft/s (0.34 m/s) inthe 12 inch standard weight suction pipe and 2.7 ft/s (0.82 ra/s) in the 8 inch extra heavy discharge pipe.當(dāng)泵的功率容量達(dá)到 388 加侖每分鐘（88 立方米每小時(shí)）時(shí)，水站的容量是 39900 桶每天（264 立方米每小時(shí)）。這個(gè)導(dǎo)致了流體的速度為 3.3 英尺每秒（一米每秒）在 12 英寸的吸入室，和 6.9 英尺每秒（ 2.1 米每秒）在 10 英寸的排出室。泵的獨(dú)立管道流體速度是 1.1 英尺每秒（ 0.34 米每秒）在 12 英寸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)重量的吸入管道和 2.7 英尺每秒（ 0.82 米秒）在 8 英尺的附加重排出管道。Engineering Dynamics Incorporated (EDI) was requested to investigate and make recommendations to alleviate the problems.The first step in the analysis was to model the acoustical characteristics of the piping systems on a digital computer program to define the expected pulsation resonances and the overall amplitudes in the suction and discharge piping.A detailed field invesrigation was then made to evaluate the pulsation and vibration characteristics of the pumps. Solutions were then developed to eliminate the problems.Engineering dynamics incorporated 被要求去調(diào)查和對(duì)其中一種問(wèn)題作推薦， 分析第一步就是在電子計(jì)算機(jī)程序上模仿其聲音特性并在吸入和排出管道中定義其期望的脈動(dòng)相應(yīng)和最大振幅。 為了評(píng)估泵的脈動(dòng)特性和振動(dòng)特性， 做了一個(gè)很詳細(xì)的廣泛的調(diào)查。研究出消除這些問(wèn)題的解決方案。FIELD INVESTIGATIONInstrumentation And Test ProceduresThe instrumenration and data acquisition system used to determine the pulsation and vibration characteristics are shown in Figure 2.Piezoelectric pressure transducers and accelerometers were used to measure che presaure pulsations and the vibrations. A sketch of the pump suction and discharge piping illustrating some of the pressure test points are shown in Figure l. The pulsation and vibration signals were analyzed for frequency conr:ent with a two channel Hewlett-Packard 3582A FFT analyzer and documented on a HP 7470A digital plorter. The analyzer and instruments were controlled by an Apple II+ microcomputer using software written specially for analyzing vibration and pulsation data. Torsional vibrations were measured with a HBM torsiograph mounted on the stub end of che pinion gear shaft on pump l.現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查研究?jī)x器和測(cè)試流程如圖 2 所示儀器和數(shù)據(jù)獲得系統(tǒng)是用來(lái)用來(lái)測(cè)量脈動(dòng)和振動(dòng)特性。 壓力電壓轉(zhuǎn)換器和加速極用來(lái)測(cè)量壓力， 脈動(dòng)和振動(dòng)。泵的吸入和排出結(jié)構(gòu)的一些測(cè)量點(diǎn)如圖1 所示。頻率容量的脈動(dòng)和振動(dòng)信號(hào)的分析和測(cè)量是由雙通道hewlett-packard3582A FFT 分析器和一臺(tái) HP 7470A 數(shù)字計(jì)量?jī)x測(cè)量的。這個(gè)分析器和儀器是由一臺(tái)蘋(píng)果的 II+ 微機(jī)利用專(zhuān)門(mén)為分析振動(dòng)和脈動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)的軟件控制。扭轉(zhuǎn)振動(dòng)式由一臺(tái)在泵 1 轉(zhuǎn)軸齒輪末端轉(zhuǎn)軸測(cè)量?jī)x所測(cè)量的。2 Channel FFT Analyzer 通道 FFT 分析儀Micro-Computer 微型計(jì)算機(jī)Floppy Di3k Drive軟盤(pán) Di3k 車(chē)道Digital Plotter數(shù)字繪圖儀Tuneable Filters 可調(diào)濾波器2 Channel Oscilloscope2 通道示波器Transducer S18nal Conditioner and Power Supply8 Channel FM Tape Recorder8 頻道 FM 錄音機(jī)Function Generator 函數(shù)發(fā)生器Strain Gage Amplifier and Frequency DemodulatorFIGURE 2.Data Acquisition System傳感器 S18nal 調(diào)節(jié)器和能源供應(yīng)應(yīng)變放大器和頻率解調(diào)器數(shù)據(jù)咨詢(xún)系統(tǒng)Vibration and Pulsation TestingThe initial vibration surveys revealed high vibration amplitudes on the piping,indicating large excitation forces present in the piping system.analysis of the present pulsation waveforms revealed severe cavitation in the suction piping system.This cavitation was the source of the high energe causing the high piping vibration, valve failures, and pump part failures.震動(dòng)與脈動(dòng)測(cè)試最初的震動(dòng)調(diào)查最初的調(diào)查顯示， 在管道中的高震動(dòng)頻率， 預(yù)示著大的集電沖力存在于管道系統(tǒng)分析， 現(xiàn)有的震動(dòng)波形揭示了吸入系統(tǒng)中嚴(yán)重的氣穴現(xiàn)象， 高能量引起的高震動(dòng)，閥門(mén)失效以及部分管道失效皆源于此種氣穴現(xiàn)象。Cavitation氣穴For liquid reciprocating pumps, the static pressure in the suction system must be adequte to compensate for acceleration head,and the pulsations present in the system.This ensures that the pressure of the oil was less than 2 psia.when pulsations exit in a system,they will be added to the static pressure and a negative peak which will be substracted from the stastic pressure.If thenegative peak of the pulsation, when subtracted from the static pressure, reaches the vapor pressure, the fluid will cavitate,resulting in high pressure spikes as the liquid vaporizes and then collapses as the pressure increases above the vapor pressure.對(duì)于液態(tài)往復(fù)式泵來(lái)說(shuō)， 吸入系統(tǒng)中的靜壓力必須足夠彌補(bǔ)系統(tǒng)中的加速頭和脈動(dòng)。這就保證了石油的壓力小于 2psia.當(dāng)脈動(dòng)存在于系統(tǒng)中時(shí)，它們將被添加到靜態(tài)壓力和負(fù)峰之上， 負(fù)峰是從靜壓力中扣除的， 當(dāng)脈動(dòng)的負(fù)峰從靜壓力下扣除時(shí)達(dá)到飽和壓力， 那么液體將會(huì)產(chǎn)生氣穴， 然后在液體蒸發(fā)時(shí)產(chǎn)生峰值高壓， 最后在蒸汽壓力之上的壓力便會(huì)崩潰。To illustrate the effects of cavitation, consider the pressure-time wave shown in Figure 3 which shows that cavitation occurs on the suction stroke.Note that when the cavitation portion of the waveform is expanded,the pressure spikes are approximately 0.00025 seconds.The pressure of cavitation can usually be observed on the complex wave since pulsations,which “squre-off ”at the trough of the waves when the vapor pressure is reached. The type of data to substantiate cavitation(Figure 4) illustrates the squaring-off of the wave, followed by the sharp spiking characteristic of severe cavitation. This data, taken on pump unit 1,showed pressure spikes of 600 psi(4137 kpa).為了解釋氣穴的影響，考慮到柱塞壓力波時(shí)間會(huì)體現(xiàn)在圖3，這就表明空化現(xiàn)象會(huì)發(fā)生在吸力沖程中，當(dāng)波形中氣穴比例擴(kuò)大時(shí)，高壓尖峰將會(huì)接近 0.00025 每秒，通常在源自脈動(dòng)的復(fù)雜的電波中能觀測(cè)到氣穴。其中“平方壓力”出現(xiàn)在當(dāng)蒸汽壓力到達(dá)波槽的情況下。顯示氣穴現(xiàn)象的數(shù)據(jù)類(lèi)型解釋了電波的平方關(guān)閉，隨之而來(lái)的是嚴(yán)重的氣穴現(xiàn)象下尖銳的摩擦。 這些取自管道單元 1 的數(shù)據(jù)顯示了高達(dá) 600psi 的高壓尖峰。FIGURE 3.Pump Plunger Pressure-time WaveShowing Cavitation泵柱塞壓力與時(shí)間關(guān)系波形顯示氣穴現(xiàn)象FIGURE 4. Cavitation Caused By High Pulsations高脈動(dòng)引起的氣穴現(xiàn)象The effect of the statuc pressure on the cavitation was investigated by raising the suction pressure to the maximum possible (90 psig/621 kpa).The increase in suction pressure alone was not sufficient to eliminate the cavitation. Severe pulsations were found with levels in excess of 200 psi peak-to-peak. At a suction pressure of 76.5 psia , pulsations of approximately 75 psi zero-peak are required to cause cavitation. This value is obtained by substracting the negative pulsation peak from the static pressure. Since pulsations greater than 75 psi were always present at the higher speeds, cavitation always occurred.通過(guò)把吸入壓力提高到最大可能值來(lái)調(diào)查氣穴現(xiàn)象下靜態(tài)壓力的影響。 單獨(dú)靠增加吸入壓力不足以消除氣穴現(xiàn)象。平均增加 200psi 對(duì)峰峰值時(shí)會(huì)有嚴(yán)重的脈動(dòng)。在吸入壓力為 76.5psi 和將近 75psi 零峰值情況下的脈動(dòng)都會(huì)引起氣穴現(xiàn)象。 通過(guò)從靜壓力減去脈動(dòng)負(fù)峰從而得到這個(gè)值。由于高于 75psi 的脈動(dòng)通常存在于更高的速度條件下，因此氣穴現(xiàn)象時(shí)有發(fā)生。In the presence of caviLation, it is practically impossible to evaluate the influence of variables, such as the effect of other units, speeds and the accumulator design. Obviously, a reduction of the pressure pulsations was necessary in order to obtain meaningful test data on the units.氣穴現(xiàn)象存在時(shí)，實(shí)際操作上不能去評(píng)估各種影響，例如其他單位，速度，以及蓄能器設(shè)計(jì)的影響。 顯然，為了得到單元中有意義的測(cè)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)， 減少高壓震動(dòng)很有必要。AcousticalResonances .聲學(xué)共振The major succion pulsation -components were at frequencies near ll0 to 150 Hz with pulsation amplitudes of approximately 100 - 150 psi (689 - 1034 kPa) peak-to-peak, which, whencombined with the pulsation at the lower pump harmonics, caused the overall static pressure to drop below the vapor prassure. It l was detemined that acoustical resonances were causing the high amplitude pulsations. Acoustical resonances amplify the pulsations whenever one of theharmonics of the pump speed passes through the resonant frequency. The acoustical resonance at 130 Hz was a quarter-wave resonance of the suction pipe and was associated with the 9 foot (2.74 m) length from the end of the suction manifold to the accumulator.主要的吸入震動(dòng)成分，頻率在近 110-150Hz，震動(dòng)振幅接近 100-150psi 對(duì)峰值，加上在較低的脈動(dòng)泵和聲學(xué)， 所造成的靜態(tài)壓力降至蒸汽壓力， 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，脈動(dòng)振幅講引起聲學(xué)共振。 無(wú)論何時(shí)一個(gè)泵的和聲學(xué)的速度超過(guò)共振頻率， 聲學(xué)共振都將擴(kuò)大振動(dòng)。 130Hz 的聲共振是一種吸入管道季波的共振， 并與來(lái)自累加到蓄能器的九英尺長(zhǎng)的吸管尾端聯(lián)結(jié)。When an acoustical resonance is encountered in a system, the pressure pulsations can be reducedby eliminatingthe resonance orby attenuating the amplitudes throughthe addition of aresistiveelement, such as an orifice. Therefore, an orifice plate was instaLled at the suction flangein an attemptto attenuate the pulsation amplitudes and possibly movethe acoustical naturalfrequency. Adiameter ratio (orifice diameter to inside diameter ofpipe)of approximately0.4was used to ensure a significantacoustical effect. When the orificeplatewas installed,thepulsations were reduced; however,the reduct:ion was not sufficient to completely eliminate thecavitation.當(dāng)系統(tǒng)中遭遇聲學(xué)共振， 通過(guò)消除共振或是通過(guò)增加諸如孔之類(lèi)的電阻元件來(lái)減少振幅便可以減少振幅。于是，在吸力凸緣上安裝一個(gè)孔板試圖減少脈動(dòng)振幅，并可能移除聲學(xué)固有頻率。一個(gè)大約 0.4 的直徑比（孔口管道內(nèi)直徑）被用來(lái)確保重要的聲學(xué)效果。 當(dāng)孔板被安裝后， 脈動(dòng)即會(huì)減少， 但是減少的程度還不足以完全消除氣穴現(xiàn)象。Interaction With Other Pumps.與其他泵的相互作用All the other pumps were shut down and pump I was run to determine if the cavitation was caused by interaction with the other pumps or was a function of the individual piping design. These tests indicated that the pulsations were caused by the individual pumps and that the major factor was the acoustical resonances near 130 Hz. This test also gave evidence that the location of the pumpin the manifold system was not a major factor in the cavitation. This is verified by the factthatcavitation occurred on units I and 3 at the exact same speed under the same operating conditions. Units l and 3 are separated by 32 feet (9.75 m) with unit 2 midway between them. If the locationof the pump in the header was a prime facCor, t:here would have been different pulsation andcavitation characteris tics .To further investigate the interaction of the other pumps, tests weremade with pump I on the verge of cavitation and the adjacent unit 2 was swept through the entirespeed range to determine if it affected the speed at which cavitation occurred. This test showedthat the adjacent unit: did not influence the cavitation.Inan attemptto deterraine whether theacoustical resonance was associated with a piping length from the other units, the suction blockvalve was pinched momentarily to see if a pressure drop taken on the upstream side of the accumulator would affect the resonances in the 130 Hz range. The pressure drop of approximately l0 psi in the block valve did not have a significant effect.所有其他的泵都關(guān)閉后， 泵 1 繼續(xù)運(yùn)行，通過(guò)與其他泵相互作用或是個(gè)人管道設(shè)計(jì)的作用來(lái)決定氣穴現(xiàn)象會(huì)否發(fā)生。 這些測(cè)試表明脈動(dòng)是由單個(gè)泵引起的且其主要原因是聲學(xué)共振接近 130 赫茲。此項(xiàng)測(cè)試也證明了在多方面系統(tǒng)中泵的位置不是氣穴現(xiàn)象的主要原因。 同一操作條件下， 氣穴現(xiàn)象以完全相同的速度發(fā)生在單元 1 和 3，通過(guò)這一事實(shí)，此項(xiàng)測(cè)試也得以證實(shí)。單元 1 和 3 被單元 2 以 32 英尺的距離在二者中間隔開(kāi)。 如果頭泵的位置是一個(gè)主要原因， 那么將會(huì)有不同的脈動(dòng)和氣穴特征。 為了進(jìn)一步研究與其他泵的相互作用， 進(jìn)行了相關(guān)測(cè)試， 在氣穴邊緣以及與其毗鄰的單元 2 覆蓋了整個(gè)速度范圍來(lái)確定是否是它影響了氣穴發(fā)生時(shí)的速度。 此項(xiàng)測(cè)試還表明與其毗鄰的單元并沒(méi)有影響到氣穴發(fā)生。 為了摸清聲學(xué)共振與其他管道長(zhǎng)度是否有關(guān)系， 吸座閥被瞬間壓緊來(lái)判斷蓄能器的上流一側(cè)壓力驟降時(shí)會(huì)否影響到 130 赫茲范圍內(nèi)的共振。座閥上接近 10psi 的壓力下降并無(wú)決定性的影響。Finalng Testing.最終測(cè)試After the orifice plate was installed and the nitrogen-charged accumulator bottle on the suction system had the maximum gas charge, the cavitation was elitainated over much of the speed range making it possible to study the effect of varying system parameters. The normalprocedure for the testing was to establish a set of steady-seate conditions, (such as suction pressure, gas volume in the bottle, or charge pressure in the bladder accumulator, peeds on the other pumps, etc.) and then change the pump speed from 190 rpm to 290 rpm. During the speed run, thepulsations in the sucCion and discharge piping were tape recorded for later evaluation. The resulting data presentation for the speed variation is given in Figure 5, showing the harmonics of pump speed pulsation pressures in the suction manifold of pump 3 over the speed range. The data shows that the primary cause of the cavitation was the high level pulsations at the acoustical natural frequencies in the system near 130 and 140 Hz which were excited by the 2lst through the 30th harmonics of pump speed.孔板被安裝后， 且安裝在吸入系統(tǒng)中的氮充電式蓄能器得到最優(yōu)氣體充電后， 氣穴現(xiàn)象將在更大范圍內(nèi)消除， 這就使得研究多變系統(tǒng)指標(biāo)的作用成為可能。 正常的測(cè)試程序是建立一系列的穩(wěn)座條件 （如吸入壓力， 瓶中氣體容量， 氣囊式蓄能器中的充電壓力，其他泵的速度等等）然后把泵的速度從 190 轉(zhuǎn)切換到 290 轉(zhuǎn)。在此速度運(yùn)行中， 吸排管道的震動(dòng)被磁帶錄下用以稍后評(píng)估。 這些數(shù)據(jù)表明氣穴的首要原因是在將近 130 到 140 赫茲的興奮是由為 21 泵的額速度通過(guò)第三十次諧波系統(tǒng)的聲學(xué)固有頻率高的水平脈動(dòng)。FIGURE5.SpeedRasterOfPumpSuctionPulsations泵吸脈動(dòng)的速度光柵Speed Effects.速度因素The effect of speed on cavitation can be seen in Figure 6 which gives the complex pressure wave for speeds from 220 t0 270 rpm for a suction pressure of 60 psig (414 kPa). Pulsations generally increase with speed unless there are acoustical resonances. As shown, when the speed increased above 250 rpm, the pulsations increased to the point chat the negative pressure pulsation amplitude was the capor pressure and the wave became flattened on the trough. As the speed was further increacedthe cavitation became more severe .氣穴現(xiàn)象中速度的影響可以在圖 6 中看到，圖 6 給出了速度從 220 到 270 的復(fù)雜的壓力波，吸入壓力為 60psi，脈動(dòng)會(huì)速度增長(zhǎng)除非有聲學(xué)共振。如數(shù)據(jù)顯示，當(dāng)速度增加到高于 250 轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，脈動(dòng)增加到一個(gè)點(diǎn)， 負(fù)壓脈動(dòng)振幅是蒸汽壓力和波形在槽中變得平穩(wěn)。由于速度變得更快，氣穴現(xiàn)象便會(huì)變得更加嚴(yán)重。FIGURE 6.Complex Wave Of Pressure Pulsation VersusSpeed For Suction Pressure Of 60 Psig壓力脈動(dòng)對(duì)應(yīng)的復(fù)雜波形60psig 吸入壓力的速度Static Pressure Effects.靜態(tài)壓力的影響When the static suction pressure was inreased to 90 psig, the pulsation amplitudes were reduced and the unit could be run at 280 rpm without cavitation (Figure 7). The higher suction pressure seemed to inhibit the amplitude of the pulsations. The results of these tests indicated that_ the cavitarion could be minimized by increasing the suction pressure to the maximum possible, installing an orifice plate to reduce the pulsation amplitudes, and ensuring that the accumulator was properly charged.當(dāng)靜態(tài)吸入壓力達(dá)到 90psi 時(shí)，脈動(dòng)振幅便會(huì)減少，機(jī)組能運(yùn)行至 280 轉(zhuǎn)，且沒(méi)有氣穴（見(jiàn)圖 7）.較高的吸氣壓力似乎抑制了脈動(dòng)振幅。這些測(cè)試的結(jié)果表明，通過(guò)增加吸氣壓力到最大可能值， 安裝一個(gè)孔板來(lái)減少脈動(dòng)振幅， 并確保蓄能器供電充足，那么，氣穴現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生就可以最小化。