2018屆二輪語法專題復習《動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)》經(jīng)典教學課件

時態(tài)構(gòu)成(以do為例)用法一般現(xiàn)在時do/does表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復發(fā)生的動作、現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段的情況或狀態(tài)、客觀事實或普遍真理、按計劃要發(fā)生的動作以及在時間、條件或讓步狀語從句中表將來等。 一般過去時did表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)、前一會兒發(fā)生的事、過去習慣性的動作、在時間或條件狀語從句中表過去將來等。現(xiàn)在進行時am/is/are doing表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作和發(fā)生的事、經(jīng)常性的動作、在時間或條件狀語從句中表將來、說話人的某種情緒、按計劃要進行的動作等。過去進行時was/were doing表示過去某一時刻或某階段正在發(fā)生的動作、按計劃過去某時要發(fā)生的動作等。 一般將來時will/shall do表示將來要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)、未來習慣性的動作、提出請求、作出允諾、表示同意等。過去將來時would/ should do常用在賓語從句和間接引語中, 從過去觀點看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)等。現(xiàn)在完成時have/has done表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果, 過去已經(jīng)開始并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)等; 常與already, so far, since等連用。 現(xiàn)在完成進行時have/has been doing表示過去某時開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(這個動作可能剛停止, 也可能還在進行), 不少情況下表示與現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)有聯(lián)系, 有時表示動作的重復等。過去完成時had done表示在過去某個動作或時間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作；intend, mean, want等的過去完成時表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望。 英語的語態(tài)分為主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者, 被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。只有及物動詞或含及物意義的短語動詞才能轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài)。被動語態(tài)常由助動詞be加及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。 1. 幾種形式的被動語態(tài)(以動詞give為例) 一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài) am/is/are given 一般過去時態(tài) was/were given 一般將來時態(tài) shall/will be given 一般過去將來時態(tài) should/would be given 現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài) am/is/are being given 過去進行時態(tài) was/were being given 現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài) has/have been given 過去完成時態(tài) had been given 將來完成時態(tài) shall/will have been given 過去將來完成時態(tài) should/would have been given 2. 特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的被動形式 (1)雙賓動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu) 雙賓動詞變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時, 一般將主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中的主語, 直接賓語不變。如將主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中的主語, 間接賓語之前則應加介詞to或for。 (2)帶復合賓語的動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu) 帶復合賓語的動詞變被動語態(tài)時, 一般將主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中的主語, 而將賓語補足語保留不動(這時的賓語補足語為主語補足語)。 (3)“be過去分詞不定式”式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)如: He is reported to have broken a world record.據(jù)報道他已經(jīng)打破了一項世界紀錄。She is said to know three languages.據(jù)說她懂三門語言。 (4)“itbe過去分詞從句”式的被動結(jié)構(gòu) 如：Its said that she has some supernatural powers.據(jù)說她有一些超自然能力。Its reported that they have discovered a new star.據(jù)報道他們已發(fā)現(xiàn)一顆新恒星。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)還有：It is known that.眾所周知It is suggested that.有人建議It is believed that.人們相信 (5)“getdone”構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)此種形式用來表示狀態(tài)或情況, 常考的形式如下：get married 結(jié)婚；get engaged 訂婚；get hurt/wounded 受傷；get lost 迷路；get drunk 喝醉了；get caught/stuck/trapped 被困；get dressed 穿好衣服；get run over 被(車)軋等。 動詞的時態(tài)是歷年高考中一個非常重要的考點。近幾年高考試題命題常有以下三種情況：一、題干中用了標志性的時間狀語或某種句式 時間狀語代表動作發(fā)生的時間點或時間段，不同類型的時間狀語分別對應不同的時態(tài)。其次，注意一些常用句式中要用固定的時態(tài)。 【考例1】The manager _ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am. (2012 大綱全國卷II)A. has told B. is tellingC. has been telling D. will have told【分析】選C。由時間狀語since 9 am判斷, 該句謂語動詞應該用現(xiàn)在完成時; 又根據(jù)語境可知設空處強調(diào)動作現(xiàn)在還在進行, 故用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。 【考例2】Close the door of fear behind you, and you _ the door of faith open before you. (湖南2012)A. saw B. have seenC. will see D. are seeing 【分析】選C。本題用了“祈使句+ and + 陳述句”句式。在該句式中, 祈使句相當于if引導的條件狀語從句, 陳述句相當于主句, 所以and后面的陳述句要用一般將來時, 故選C項。 【考例3】Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, _ some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays. (安徽2012)A. keeps B. keepC. have kept D. had kept【分析】選A。本題考查時態(tài)和主謂一致。根據(jù)題干中的時間狀語on Mondays through Saturdays可知, 該句敘述的是現(xiàn)在的事實, 所以用一般現(xiàn)在時; 且因為主語Walmart是第三人稱單數(shù), 所以謂語動詞用keeps。 【考例4】Can I call you back at two oclock this afternoon?Im sorry, but by then I _ to Beijing. How about five? (陜西2012)A. fly B. will flyC. will be flying D. am flying 【分析】選C。根據(jù)題干中的two oclock this afternoon以及by then可知, 設空處表示在將來的某個時間點正在做某事, 故選C項。 【考例5】They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house _. (四川2012)A. is being rebuilt B. has been rebuiltC. is rebuilt D. has rebuilt【分析】選A。根據(jù)時間狀語for the moment與are living可知, rebuild所表示的動作正在發(fā)生; 且house與rebuild之間是被動關系, 所以要用被動語態(tài)。 二、題干所用時間狀語或特殊句式有較強迷惑性 雖然題干中用了某個時間狀語或某種特殊句式, 但這些線索不足以構(gòu)成判斷動詞時態(tài)的依據(jù)。這時, 考生需要通過分析題意及其它邏輯關系, 并挖掘隱含的時間信息, 最后得出正確的選項。 【考例1】Mum, I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I _ on Friday. (遼寧2012)A. get paid B. got paidC. have paid D. had been paid【分析】選A。I was wondering if . 句式表示委婉語氣, 并不表示過去, 且根據(jù)on Friday可知，until從句的動作尚未發(fā)生, 但時間狀語從句中需用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來, 故選A項。 【考例2】The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he _ some European business partners. (江蘇2012)A. would meet B. is meetingC. meets D. had met【分析】選D。題干中雖然用了句式sb. is said to have done sth.，但設空處并不能用一般現(xiàn)在時。從have arrived back可知，“回來”發(fā)生在過去，所以“會見”歐洲生意伙伴發(fā)生在“回來”之前，即過去的過去，因此設空處需用過去完成時。 三、題干不提供時間狀語，也非某種特殊句式 結(jié)合題干中其它動詞的時態(tài)以及前后句語境判斷要用的時態(tài)。【考例1】Did you ask Sophia for help?I _ need to I managed perfectly well on my own. (2012大綱全國卷II)A. wouldnt B. dontC. didnt D. wont【分析】選C。由Did you ask和managed可知，答語中破折號前的謂語動作發(fā)生在過去，故排除B、D兩項；A項為過去將來時，不符合語境。 【考例2】The manager was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers _. (山東2012)A. will leave B. are leavingC. have left D. were leaving【分析】選D。主句謂語動詞的時態(tài)是一般過去時，從句要用相應的過去時態(tài)，且leave的進行時可用來表達按計劃或安排即將發(fā)生的動作，故選D項。 【考例3】Look! Somebody _ the sofa.Well, it wasnt me. I didnt do it. (江西2012)A. is cleaning B. was cleaningC. has cleaned D. had cleaned 【分析】選C。根據(jù)Look!可知，設空處表示現(xiàn)在的情況，且根據(jù)I didnt do it可知，清掃沙發(fā)這件事已經(jīng)有人做了，故選C項。 被動語態(tài)用法很多，除與各種時態(tài)或情態(tài)動詞相結(jié)合考查外，還有以下幾種常考點： 一、一些特殊動詞或短語動詞不用被動語態(tài) 有些及物動詞或短語動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)，如cost, fit, have, wash, belong to, come true, consist of, come into being, date back to, take place, turn out, run out, break out等。 【考例】Food supplies in the flood-stricken area _. We must act immediately before theres none left. (重慶2012)A. have run out B. are running outC. have been run out D. are being run out【分析】選B。run out意為“用完”, 不用于被動語態(tài), 且根據(jù)第二句可推斷, 食物快用完了, 故用are running out表示即將發(fā)生的動作。 二、主動形式表示被動意義1. 某些連系動詞，如feel, sound, smell, look, taste, prove等。2. 某些可與well, easily等副詞連用的不及物動詞，如read, write, sell, wash等。3. 某些可與cant, wont等連用的不及物動詞，如move, lock, open, shut等。 三、非謂語動詞的某些主動形式表示被動意義1. 在“be +形容詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式表示的動作與句子主語之間是邏輯上的動賓關系時，用主動形式表示被動意義。用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的常見形容詞有：cheap, comfortable, difficult, hard, easy, light, heavy, expensive, pleasant, interesting, fit等。 【考例】This machine is very easy _.Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. (遼寧2012)A. operating B. to be operatingC. operated D. to operate D 2. 在have(有), find, lend, give等動詞的賓語后跟不定式, 不定式表示的動作與賓語之間是邏輯上的動賓關系, 且句子的主語是不定式動作的執(zhí)行者時, 不定式用主動形式表示被動意義。【考例】I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term. (山東2010)A. completing B. to completeC. completed D. being completedB 3. 在be worth doing和be to blame結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞-ing形式或動詞不定式用主動形式表示被動意義。如：The book you bought me is worth reading.Officials believe that more than one person may be to blame for the fire.4. 當want, need, require表示“需要”時，其賓語可用動詞-ing形式的主動形式表示被動意義。 1. When I first met Bryan I didnt like him, but I _ my mind. (2013新課標全國卷I)A. have changed B. changeC. had changed D. would change 2. We _ very early so we packed the night before. (2013新課標全國卷II)A. leave B. had leftC. were leaving D. have left 3. Hurry up, kids! The school bus _ for us! (四川2013)A. waits B. was waitingC. waited D. is waiting 4. Could I use your car tomorrow morning? Sure. I _ a report at home. (江蘇2013)A. will be writing B. will have writtenC. have written D. have been writing 5. On Monday mornings it usually _ me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles. (陜西2013)A. takes B. is takingC. took D. will take 6. The girl has a great interest in sport and _ badminton classes twice a week over the last three years. (福建2013)A. took B. is takingC. takes D. has been taking 7. He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he _ it for a very long time. (遼寧2013)A. has had B. had hadC. has D. had 8. If nothing _, the oceans will turn into fish deserts. (湖南2013)A. does B. had been doneC. will do D. is done 9. So what is the procedure? All the applicants _ before a final decision is made by the authority. (北京2013)A. interview B. are interviewingC. are interviewed D. are being interviewed 10. A Midsum m er Nights Dream _ at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland. (重慶2013)A. opens B. is openedC. will open D. will be opened 1. My brother is a successful businessman now, but he _ as an ordinary clerk in a small company for five years.A. worked B. is workingC. has worked D. had worked 2. Forget the terrible experience, face the problem bravely, and you _ a new way to success.A. find B. will findC. found D. have found 3. The workers _ the road for two years, but nobody knows when they will finish it.A. had been building B. have builtC. have been building D. had built 4. When we reached the school gate, some teachers and students _ there and then they showed us around the school.A. wait B. had waitedC. have waited D. were waiting 5. By the end of next month, we _ the eight chapters including all the language items.A. reviewed B. will reviewC. have reviewed D. will have reviewed 6. After the two children _ to bed at night, the tired mother has to wash clothes for the family.A. are sent B. were sentC. will be sent D. have been sent 7. The young man has been working in the foreign company since 2005, when the company _ in China.A. is founded B. foundedC. was founded D. has founded 8. The workers were very tired because they _ for ten hours without a rest.A. worked B. have workedC. had worked D. had been working 9. Good morning! I want to know whether my computer I left here three days ago _ yet.A. repairs B. repairedC. was repaired D. has been repaired 10. All entertainment programs _ since the earthquake broke out.A. cancel B. cancelledC. have been cancelled D. had been cancelled