定語從句vs同位語從句

定語從句定語從句 vsvs 同位語從句同位語從句attributive clause vs appositive clause語法功能和概念語法功能和概念先行詞先行詞引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞語法功能和概念上的區(qū)別語法功能和概念上的區(qū)別定語從句形容詞性從句：對先行詞的性質(zhì)、特征進行描述與先行詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系（即修飾限定）同位語從句名詞性從句：對前面名詞進一步的補充性解釋說明 它與前面的名詞是同位關(guān)系，即前面名詞是從句的概括總結(jié)，從句是前面名詞的具體內(nèi)容 名詞與該同位語從句有邏輯上的系表關(guān)系，可用“主+系+表”來構(gòu)成它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系，而定語從句與它所修飾的先行詞無法用be來構(gòu)成語法上的邏輯關(guān)系。（即解釋說明）語法功能和概念上的區(qū)別語法功能和概念上的區(qū)別實例：There is a faint chance that you will find him at home. 若用“主+系+表”結(jié)構(gòu)來表示，則是“a faint chance is that you will find him at home”,這在邏輯上成立。實例：It was the chance she had been waiting for. 而“the chance is she had been waiting for”這在邏輯上不成立。先行詞先行詞上的區(qū)別上的區(qū)別定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞，代詞，主句的一部分或是整個主句。同位語從句的先行詞是抽象名詞，如：idea，news，answer，fact，hope，thought，belief，order，truth，possibility等。同位語從句的先行詞往往沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式實例：The messages that he would teach us English cheered us up yesterday .（）注意：stage,situation,point,case,position,condition等詞一般用where引導(dǎo)定語從句，表達“階段、情況”先行詞上的區(qū)別先行詞上的區(qū)別實例：The boy who is playing football is my classmate Those who work hard will succeed The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody The fact that you are talking about is important 在句中，其先行詞是普通名詞boy，是定語從句，它不能用作同位語從句的先行詞。 在句中，其先行詞是代詞those，是定語從句，代詞不能用作同位語從句的先行詞。 在句是同位語從句，其先行詞是名詞fact，它同樣可以用作定語從句的先行詞，句便是一例。 由以上分析可見，同位語從句的先行詞一定可以用作定語從句的先行詞，但定語從句的先行詞不一定能用作同位語從句的先行詞。引導(dǎo)詞的區(qū)別引導(dǎo)詞的區(qū)別定語從句和同位語從句共同的引導(dǎo)詞有四個：that，when，where，why。引導(dǎo)詞如how, whether, what可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句但不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。*We are investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞的區(qū)別的區(qū)別1引導(dǎo)詞that 引導(dǎo)定語從句的that叫做關(guān)系代詞，它除了起連接作用，還在定語從句中充當成分（作賓語可省略），并且在意義上代表先行詞；引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that叫做從屬連詞，它只起連接作用且不可省略。實例：The news that you told me yesterday was really exciting No one can deny the essential fact that the traffic problem over the last years has caused wide pubic concern all over the world. 句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語，在意義上指代先行詞news。句是同位語從句，that沒有任何意義，只起連接作用。引導(dǎo)詞的區(qū)別引導(dǎo)詞的區(qū)別2引導(dǎo)詞when，where，why 引導(dǎo)定語從句時，它們叫做關(guān)系副詞，在從句中充當狀語，可以轉(zhuǎn)換成介詞關(guān)系代詞的形式；引導(dǎo)同位語從句時，它們叫做連接副詞，在從句中充當狀語，但不能轉(zhuǎn)換成介詞關(guān)系代詞的形式Peoplewillalwayskeepinmindthetimewhen(=atwhich)HongKongandMacaoreturnedtoourmotherland.Peopletrappedintheroomhadnoideawheretheywerewhentheyregainedawareness.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,duringwhich(=when)thesailingtimewas226days.Forevergonearethedayswhen(=onwhich)theChinesepeopleused“foreignoil”.HarmoniousinterpersonalrelationshipistheprimaryreasonwhyIenjoyworkinghere.小結(jié)功能和概念功能和概念先行詞先行詞引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞定語從句修飾限定名詞、代詞、主句的一部分或是整個主句that,which,who,whom,whose,when,where,why同位語從句解釋說明抽象名詞（可數(shù)名詞為單數(shù)）that,who,what,when,where,why,how,whether,whatTranslate sentences below：1.ThiswastheperiodwhenNewtonbegantheresearchwhichresultedinthecreationofhisfamousTheoryofGravity.2.Hemadeapromisethatwhoevercouldsethimfree,hewouldshowhimallthetreasuresintheworld.3.AbrightideasuddenlystruckmethatIcouldusethemoneyIsavedtohelpapoorstudentinthecountryside.4.Althoughheisagreenhand,hehasenterpriseandcreativitywhicharedecisiveinwinningsuccessinthefield.5.Thewholetruthcameoutatlastthathewasawolfinsheepsclothing.6.Thepossibilitythatthemajorityofthelabourforcewillworkathomeisoftendiscussed.Practice makes perfect:1.There is no obvious evidence _there is life on any other planet in the solar system.A.which B.that C.how D.where2.I can think of many cases _students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay.A.where B.which C.that D.at whichPractice makes perfect:3.Thereisanewprobleminvolvedinthepopularityofprivatecars_roadconditionsneed_.A.that;tobeimprovedB.which;tobeimprovedC.where;improvingD.when;improvingPractice makes perfect:4.Astorygoes_ElizabethIofEnglandlikednothingmorethatbeingsurroundedbycleverandqualifiednoblemenatcourt.A.whenB.whereC.whatD.that5.Ofthetwobrothers,Billis_youngerone,andheisaquiteboy,_thatmostadultslikeverymuch.A.a;oneB.a;theoneC.the;oneD.the;theoneThanks for listeningLiving without an aim is like sailing without a compass. - John Ruskin 生活沒有目標，猶如航海沒有羅盤。- 羅斯金 What is your aim?還可以說：It struck/hit/occur to/come to sb that.都表達某人突然想到.*類似的用法還有：There is no doubt/denying/possibility/chance that.無疑/不可否認/不可能 注意:固定搭配It is no wonder that.難怪There is no denying that the phenomenon has harmed all the animals that the earth is becoming increasingly warm.*以下隱含有“地點”之意的詞如：point,situation,stage,position,case,condition常用where(=介詞+which)引導(dǎo)定語從句Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepoint_hecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.A.whenB.whereC.whichD.whose *That is the point that the teacher wants to stress.*固定搭配The/A story goes that.意為據(jù)說.=It is said that.類似表達如：The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery. The rumour spread that a new school would be built here. Report has it that the Smiths are leaving the town. Word/News came that most people had survived the accident.*Is this factory_ your father worked in last year? Is this the factory _ your father worked last year ?Is this museum_ we visited two years ago?The number 911 is a special number, _, I think, that will be remembered by the Americans forever.注：one替代“a單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”，表泛指；若需特指，則用 the one*