現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)和一般過去時態(tài)的區(qū)別.ppt
Unit26,MakingJourneys,Unit26,P100現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)和一般過去時態(tài)的區(qū)別,主要從時間狀語上來區(qū)別,Sheboughtabookonthewaytoschool.Shewaslatefortheclassthismorning.Shewasbornin1980.Ihadagoodmealthismorning.,現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),Ihavealready(just/never/ever)boughtacar.Shehasnotfinishedhisbookyet.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthepastfewyears.Ihavebeenherefortwentyyears.IhavelivedinNingBosince1980,,Ago10daysagoIn1987WhenhewasyoungLastyearLonglongagoOneday,,EverNeverAlreadyYetJustInthepastfewyearsFor10yearsSincelastyear,,by強(qiáng)調(diào)的是到某個時間前某事已經(jīng)發(fā)生,包括這個時間點(diǎn)在內(nèi);而before強(qiáng)調(diào)的是在某個時間點(diǎn)之前,不包括這個時間點(diǎn)在內(nèi)。till則是強(qiáng)調(diào)動作一直持續(xù)到這個時間點(diǎn)為止,有時表示動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)時間比較長,P100by/till/until,Forexample:,I’llbebackbythree.我三點(diǎn)以前回來。Itbegantorain,justbeforemidnight.就在午夜前天開始下雨。Theytalkedtilloneo’clockthismorning.他們一直談到深夜一點(diǎn)。,注意:not…..until,hedidn’tgotobeduntilhefinishedhishomework.Hewasn’tlateforclassuntilhelosthiswatch.Hedidn’tgothereuntilhehadsomethingtodo.,,,Tell----told,TellsbsthtellmeastoryTellalie/astory.TellsbaboutsthtellhimaboutthatthingTellsbtodosth/tellsbnottodosthtellhimtofinishitTellsbthat,,Tomsaidtome“Iwanttogo”.Tomtoldme(that)hewantedtogo,P93情態(tài)動詞,Can能夠IcansaymyABC.Canyouhelpme?=couldyouhelpme?=whatcanIdoforyou?猜測:hecannotbepoor.(對否定推測)hemustbeadoctor.(100%肯定)hemaybeastudent.(不太肯定),對過去的推測,Musthavedone對過去肯定的推測地是濕的,昨晚肯定下雨了Itmusthaverainedlastnight,becausethegroundiswet.hemusthavelefthiskeyintheoffice.,,Canbe/doCanIhelpyou?Hecan’tbehere.isawhiminthestreetjustnow.,Couldhavedone本能做某事而實(shí)際未做;可能做某事,但可能性很小,Hecouldhaveleftearly.Tomcouldhavecomeontime.Theycouldhaveborrowedmoneyfrommeyesterday.,Shouldhavedone本應(yīng)該干某事而實(shí)際未干,Youshouldhavefinishedyourhomeworkyesterday.Heshouldhaverepaidmymoney.Jimshouldhavecometocollege.IshouldhavecometohelpyoubutIwastoobusy.,Ihavenoideawhostolehiswallet.it___anyone,A.couldhavebeenB.shouldhavebeenC.musthavebeen,P93不定代詞,SomesomethingsomebodysomeoneIhavesomefriendshere.shehassomemoney.Wouldyoulikesomeapples?(疑問句希望得到對方肯定的回答)someoneiswaitingforyou.Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.,,,SomeIhavesomemoneyIhavesomefriends.Wouldyoulikesomeapples?AnyIhavenotanyfriendsDoyouhaveanyquestions?Youcanvisitmeanytime.noIhavenofriends.,,MusthavedoneShouldhavedoneCouldhavedone.,Any;anyone;anything;anybody,Doyouhaveanymoney?Idon’thaveanybooks.Youcanvisitmeatanytime.Anyonecananswerthisquestion,becauseitisveryeasy.Idon’thaveanythingtodo.,No;noone;nobody;nothing,IhavenomoneyIhavenotanymoney.Thereisnooneintheclassroom.Nothingiswrong.Nobodycanhelpme.Noonecanhelpyou.Thereisnothingwrongwithmywatch.,注意:不定代詞定語后置,Youcanwearanythingyoulike.Ihaveboughtsomethingtoeat.Hedidn’tbuyanythinginteresting.Ihavesomethingimportanttodo.,P95.before/after/while/when,While引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中的動作或狀態(tài)往往持續(xù)時間比較長While引導(dǎo)的從句常常用進(jìn)行時態(tài),WhileIwaswatchingTV,thetelephonerang.當(dāng)我正看電視的時候,電話鈴響了。,While也可以用來連接兩個同時進(jìn)行的動作,比如:Iwascookingwhilemyhusbandwaswriting.我做飯的時候,我丈夫在寫作。,,而when引導(dǎo)的從句中的動作往往延續(xù)時間比較短Iwasjustreadingthenewspaperwhenthetelephonerang.我正在讀報紙時電話鈴響了。當(dāng)老師進(jìn)來的時候,學(xué)生們正在看電視。Whentheteachercamein,thestudentswerewatchingTV.,,meetwalkWhileIwaswalkinginthestreet,Imethim.Whentheteachercamein,thestudentswerereadingabook.,,Whilewas/weredoingdidWhendidwas/weredoingWhileIwasreadingabook,hecamein.Whenhecamein,Iwasreadingabook.,Before/after,__hewasborn,hismotherhadhiselderbrother.________hegraduatedfrommiddleschool,hejoinedthearmy.,二、不定代詞和不定副詞1.構(gòu)成復(fù)合不定代詞、副詞是由some,any,no,every與thing,one,body,where(副詞)構(gòu)成,但noone例外。例如:something,someone,anyone,anybody,somewhere,nowhere等。2.明確用法a.通常情況下,something,somebody,someone,somewhere常用于肯定句;anything,anybody,anyone,anywhere用于否定句和疑問句。但在表示請求、建議、反問等疑問句中,問話者希望得到肯定答復(fù)時,常用something,somebody,someone,somewhere。例如:Thereissomethingwrongwithyoureyes.你的眼睛有毛病了。Isthereanythinginthatbox?那盒子里有什么東西嗎?Willyouasksomeonetocarrytheboxforme?你找人替我扛這箱子好嗎?,b.復(fù)合不定代詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如:Everythingbeginstogrowinspring.春天萬物開始生長。c.復(fù)合不定代詞、副詞被形容詞、動詞不定式等修飾時,形容詞和動詞不定式等應(yīng)置于不定代詞、副詞之后。例如:Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.我有些重要的事情告訴你。d.帶有no的復(fù)合不定代詞、副詞相當(dāng)于"not+any的復(fù)合不定代詞、副詞"。例如:Isawnothingintheroom.=Ididntseeanythingintheroom.我在屋子里什么也沒看見。,e.在反意疑問句中,表示人的復(fù)合不定代詞在陳述句中作主語時,附加疑問句中的主語要用he或they;表示物的復(fù)合不定代詞在陳述句中作主語時,附加疑問句中的主語要用it。例如:Everybodyenjoyedreadingthebook,didnthe/they?每個人都喜歡看這本書,是嗎?Everythinggoeswell,doesntit?一切順利,是嗎?3、注意轉(zhuǎn)換運(yùn)用復(fù)合不定代詞、副詞時還應(yīng)注意否定句與肯定句的轉(zhuǎn)換。例如:Theresnobodythere.=Thereisntanybodythere,三、therebe句型(P111)Therebe句型:therebe句型是含有be動詞的一個重要句型。其結(jié)構(gòu)如下:there+be動詞+名詞+地點(diǎn)狀語Thereisaschoolthere.那里有一個學(xué)校。在這個句型中aschool是真正的主語,be動詞的形式由它決定。當(dāng)這個名詞是單數(shù)時,be動詞是is或was,當(dāng)這個名詞是復(fù)數(shù)時,be動詞用are或were。如:Therearemanystudentsintheclassroom.在教室里有許多學(xué)生Therewasanaccidentinthestreetlastnight.昨晚這街上有個車禍。TherewerelotsofpeopleintheroomwhenIgotin.當(dāng)我進(jìn)去的時候,屋里有很多人。,Therebe/have,Therearemanybooksinmybag,aren’tthere?Thereisabook,twopencilsinmybag.Therewillbeafootballmatchthisafternoon.Ihaveabook.Shehasabrother.Wehavegotachancetogoabroad.,四、表示地點(diǎn)的介詞(p111)英語中有不少介詞可用來表示地點(diǎn),其中有些表示靜止的地點(diǎn),有些表示動態(tài)的方向,有些則可在不同的上下文里分別表示靜止的地點(diǎn)或動態(tài)的方向。例如,above,among,before,under表示靜止的地點(diǎn),from,into,onto,to,toward(s)表示動態(tài)的方向,而aboard,along,on,up等介詞既可以表示靜止的地點(diǎn),也可以表示動態(tài)的方向。表示地點(diǎn)的介詞中,有些相互之間意義比較接近,但仍在不同程度上存在著差異,以下將對幾組介詞進(jìn)行比較:,,In1989/March/inthemorningOnMonday/Tuesdaymorning/onarainynightAtnoon/midnight/six,,,,,(1)at,on和in一般來講,at表示在某個地點(diǎn),on表示在平面或線上,in表示在某范圍或某空間內(nèi)。at常用于表示一個點(diǎn)的概念的地點(diǎn)的名稱前。如一個城鎮(zhèn),當(dāng)它作為地圖上的一個地點(diǎn),與其他地點(diǎn)相對而言時,我們常用at。相反,如果把這個城鎮(zhèn)視為一個具有房屋、銜道等的一塊地盤,將在這個范圍之內(nèi)和在這個范圍之外進(jìn)行比較時,一般用in。因此,常用in表示可測量的區(qū)域,如inJapan,inBeijing。on則一般用來表示在某一平面或線上,試比較:,Letsmeetatthestation.(咱們車站見吧。)Whoisstandingthereatthedoor?(準(zhǔn)站在門口?)WearrivedatLondonyesterday.(昨天我們到了倫敦。)WehavelivedinLondonfortwoyears.(我們在倫敦住了兩年。)Whichhotelshallwestayin?(我們住哪個旅館?)HecomesfromasmallcityontheChangjiangRiver.(他來自長江邊上的一座小城。)(這里on表示在某一線上。)Theystrolledbackwardsandforwardsonthelawns.(他們在草坪上來回走著。)(這里on表示在某一平面上。),這三個介詞可與同一名詞搭配使用,但表示的含義不同,例如:Idprefertoputmydeskatthewindow.(我更想把桌子放在靠窗處。)Afaceappearedinthewindow.(窗子里出現(xiàn)了一張臉。)Theboypressedhisfaceonthewindow.(那個男孩把臉貼在窗子上。)上面第一句中的at意思接近于by,beside,near。in指的是窗戶這個框架里的范圍,on則指玻璃表面。,at經(jīng)常與以下名詞搭配:at(the)bank,church,cinema,hotel,office,school,theatre,university等。在這里,用at是從社會功能上考慮,把以上表示地點(diǎn)的名詞視為一個機(jī)構(gòu),而in與這些名詞一起使用時,往往是從地理面貌上著眼,指一個地理上的地點(diǎn)。試比較:PeterisatCambridge.(彼得在劍橋大學(xué)上學(xué)。)(他是個學(xué)生。)PeterisinCambridge.(彼得在劍橋。)(他可能住在那里,也可能是在那兒參觀訪問。)in和on后面接表示交通工具的名詞時,常??梢曰Q使用。如in/onabus,train,ship等。但一般來講,in更傾向于封閉性的交通工具,如inacar,而不說inahorse。,(2)over,above,under和belowover和above,under和below分別是兩對近義詞。但above和below只表示位置或等級上更高(低),over和under側(cè)重于表示垂直的概念,意思為“directlyabove”和“directlybelow”,即“垂直在上”和“垂直在下”。試比較:Ahillisabovethebridge.Aclearskyisoverthebridge.在這兩句中,above和over不能互換。Thecatislyingunderthetable.(貓在桌子下面。)(表示貓在桌子的正下方,是垂直關(guān)系。)Hewaitedbelowthewindow.(他在窗子下等候。)(這里,他并不是在窗子的正下方,而是斜下方,不是垂直關(guān)系。),Inspiteof,BecauseitisrainingBecauseofrain(n.)/herInspiteof_____________,,Inthemorning/in1987/inMayOnMondayonTuesdaymorningOnarainynightAtsixAtnoon,,HasmadeHasreservedHascollectedHaspickeduphasaskedwillaskHasspokenhasaskedHashadhasgotMadehaspreparedhasbooked,,GetreadyforMadeaphonecallMadeMake/arrangeanappointment,,,WORDSANDEXPRESSIONS:,1.P99:某件事情進(jìn)展怎樣?2.Pickup取物3.Fixthetime定下時間4.Ihavesomethingtodo我有事要做5.參加人員participant6.Havesthdone請別人干某事7.P104:Embark登機(jī)8.偷走walkoffwith,,,P115Ingoodtime正好Departurelounge侯機(jī)廳Lookround閑逛Takeoff脫下Makeadecision作出決定Considerdoing考慮做某事Payavisittosb拜訪某人Inspiteof盡管Fabulous絕妙的suppose假設(shè),