高考英語(yǔ)七選五 專題

2017高考七選五專題七選五段落前后往往有同義詞、近義詞、近義表達(dá)語(yǔ)甚至相同詞匯的重復(fù)使用，這是我們解題的一個(gè)很好的判斷線索。其實(shí)就其本質(zhì)而言，上文講的代詞和下文將涉及的近義詞和同一范疇詞都是特殊的同義/近義詞。七選五中，詞匯線索是一個(gè)十分重要的解題方法，所以，瀏覽文章過(guò)程中圈出關(guān)鍵詞十分重要。【解題步驟】一、通讀全文，理解大意快速瀏覽全文，尋找主題句，掌握文章結(jié)構(gòu)及主要內(nèi)容?！伴_(kāi)門見(jiàn)山”與“結(jié)尾總結(jié)”是最常見(jiàn)的寫作方式，因此，在閱讀過(guò)程中，要特別注意文章的首尾兩段，這樣可以快速掌握文章的主題。另外，不少文章都有標(biāo)題或小標(biāo)題，通過(guò)標(biāo)題我們也可以大致確定文章的主題。二、瀏覽選項(xiàng)，初選答案在瀏覽完全文，對(duì)全文的大意有所了解后，我們應(yīng)該順次瀏覽一下所有的選項(xiàng)。在瀏覽的過(guò)程中，要特別注意選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的與原文相同或者相似的詞語(yǔ)，如果遇到這種情況，可以試著把選項(xiàng)代入原文，看看是否符合上下文邏輯。三、詳細(xì)閱讀，確定答案文章正文部分通常分為若干小段落。詳細(xì)閱讀，明確各段的主旨，并找出各個(gè)小段落的關(guān)鍵詞，為解題做好鋪墊。然后再明確各選項(xiàng)的含義，抓住其關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，文章的行文需要通過(guò)一定的銜接手段來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。文章的銜接手段有：重復(fù)使用某一詞語(yǔ)或其近義詞，用總稱指代具體事物或用具體事物指代整體，使用代詞避免重復(fù)，使用語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)記語(yǔ)連接句子等。有時(shí)候我們?cè)谧x文章時(shí)即使沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的銜接手段，也能感覺(jué)到字里行間千絲萬(wàn)縷的邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)。因此我們?cè)诮忸}過(guò)程中，要特別注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1.詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)。復(fù)現(xiàn)是保證文章前后銜接而經(jīng)常使用的一種寫作手段。作者在文章中會(huì)對(duì)同一個(gè)概念重復(fù)描述，從而使得同樣的意思在文章不同的地方重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)通常有同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等。2.代詞。在詳讀文章和選項(xiàng)的過(guò)程中，一定要注意句子中出現(xiàn)的人稱代詞或者指示代詞，特別是選項(xiàng)中以及空格附近句子中出現(xiàn)的代詞。根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)和其在句子中所作的成分，我們可以找出代詞指代的名詞或者句子，從而幫助我們解題。3.語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)記語(yǔ)。語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)記語(yǔ)是指語(yǔ)篇中各種邏輯連接關(guān)系并對(duì)語(yǔ)篇連貫起指示作用的詞語(yǔ)。語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)記語(yǔ)可以是表示時(shí)間順序的first，then，next等；表達(dá)作者組織語(yǔ)篇方式的for example，in other words，in short等。語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)記語(yǔ)不僅能表達(dá)相鄰句子之間的關(guān)系，還能表明某一特定語(yǔ)篇的總體走向。因此，對(duì)語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)記語(yǔ)了解得越多，就越可以更好地理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。4.空前空后。一篇文章的句與句之間必然有一定的邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)，如果我們把其中一句抽掉，必然會(huì)影響其邏輯意義的順暢發(fā)展。比如說(shuō)空前空后的兩句討論的不是同一個(gè)主題，那么空格處所在的句子一般會(huì)起轉(zhuǎn)折、改變?cè)掝}等作用?！窘忸}步驟1】1. 先讀文章的開(kāi)始部分，明確文章的基本話題，然后仔細(xì)閱讀五個(gè)空各自的前后句尋找并畫出關(guān)鍵詞。【巧學(xué)妙記】（一名(名詞)袋（代詞）鼠（數(shù)次）很特殊（特殊疑問(wèn)詞），連（連詞）蹦（動(dòng)詞）帶跳很彪（標(biāo)點(diǎn)/標(biāo)題）悍。）2.要對(duì)文章中出現(xiàn)的銜接手段保持敏感度。銜接手段分為三種：詞匯銜接、邏輯銜接、結(jié)構(gòu)銜接。可按這幾個(gè)原則判斷原文的空與選項(xiàng)是否匹配。3.一旦確定一個(gè)選項(xiàng)，就要在該選項(xiàng)上做出標(biāo)記（例如可以刪掉），以避免干擾和分散注意力。4.將選項(xiàng)代入到文章中重讀，依據(jù)行文邏輯，再次確定選項(xiàng)。段首段尾專題【專題探究】1、問(wèn)題在段首假如問(wèn)題出現(xiàn)在段首，它通常是段落主題句。認(rèn)真閱讀后文內(nèi)容，根據(jù)段落一致性原則，查找同義詞或其他相關(guān)的詞，推斷出主題句。另外著重閱讀后文第一、二句，鎖定線索詞，然后在選項(xiàng)中查找相關(guān)特征詞。通常正確答案的最后一句與空白后的第一句在意思上是緊密銜接的，因此這兩句間會(huì)有某種銜接手段，尤其當(dāng)選項(xiàng)是幾句話時(shí)。_4_ As part of a healthy diet, eat more fruits and vegetables each day. Vitamins (維生素) C and E help protect eyesight and promote eye health. A.Eat your greens.【解析】這是一道小標(biāo)題的試題，位于整個(gè)段落的最前面，這樣的選項(xiàng)，往往是對(duì)下面整個(gè)段落內(nèi)容的概括和總結(jié)，反映整個(gè)段落的主旨和大意。這種試題往往需要從下面的整段中搜索核心詞匯，找出做題的線索?？瞻滋幒笪牡膬?nèi)容是：作為健康飲食的一部分，每天要吃更多的水果和蔬菜。維生素C和E幫助保護(hù)視力，促進(jìn)眼睛健康。這里根據(jù)下文的核心詞匯fruits and vegetables，Vitamins可知，A項(xiàng)“Eat your greens.(吃點(diǎn)綠色蔬菜)”能夠概括本段大意。故選A項(xiàng)。【答案】A2、問(wèn)題在段尾所選答案應(yīng)引出下一段的內(nèi)容。如果在選項(xiàng)中找不出與前文之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，此時(shí)可考慮與下一段開(kāi)頭是否有關(guān)聯(lián)。認(rèn)真閱讀下一段開(kāi)頭幾句，看是否與選項(xiàng)緊密相連。分析與前文是轉(zhuǎn)折還是對(duì)比關(guān)系。此時(shí)要注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，同時(shí)注意選項(xiàng)中所講內(nèi)容是否與前文在同一主題上形成對(duì)立、對(duì)比關(guān)系。如果第一段的段尾設(shè)題，要認(rèn)真閱讀，看此處是細(xì)節(jié)還是主題。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主題，如果在段尾提出主題，會(huì)用一些信號(hào)詞如轉(zhuǎn)折詞引出來(lái)，正確答案中應(yīng)有這樣的特征詞。段尾通常是結(jié)論、概括性語(yǔ)句。注意在選項(xiàng)中查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)等的信號(hào)詞，如：therefore，as a result，thus，hence，in short，to sum up，to conclude，in a word等詞語(yǔ)，選項(xiàng)中也可發(fā)現(xiàn)前文的同義詞句。Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of health information. Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information, how to separate fact from opinion, how to recognize poor reasoning, and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources._1_ G.The following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources.【解析】這個(gè)選項(xiàng)是一個(gè)段落的結(jié)尾句，這種選項(xiàng)通常起著總結(jié)上文，提示下文的功能。根據(jù)文章第二段、第三段、第四段的首句可以看出作者提供了一些建議，因此本空引出了下文的多個(gè)建議，故選擇G項(xiàng)?！敬鸢浮縂In 1900, fewer than 40% of Americans lived in urban areas. Today, over 82% of Americans live in cities. Only about 2% live on farms._3_B.The rest live in small towns.【解析】現(xiàn)在有超過(guò)82%的美國(guó)人住在城市里，大約有2%的人住在農(nóng)場(chǎng)與B項(xiàng)其余的住在小城鎮(zhèn)里信息一致。【答案】B行文邏輯【專題探究】邏輯關(guān)系的銜接過(guò)渡性句子可以從細(xì)節(jié)邏輯上判斷可分為：A, 并列關(guān)系：First(ly),Second(ly),.；First, then/next,.；In the first place， in the second place.;for one thing,for another thing ,.；then /next ,finally/last 等。B, 遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：too ,also, besides, further ,furthermore ,moreover ,whats more , in addition ,as well , to make matters worse ,not .but. ,not only .but also等。C, 解釋例證關(guān)系：for example ,for instance ,in fact/as a matter of fact ,actually ,in other words /that is to say 等D, 因果關(guān)系： so /therefore ,thus ,consequently(結(jié)果） ,as a result (of), so/ such .that .,so that .等E, 轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比關(guān)系：but, however , yet ,while /though ,or /otherwise ,on the contrary ,instead, nevertheless（然而）, still ,yet, on the contrary ,in contrast / comparison 等F, 概況歸納關(guān)系：in short , in brief , in summary ,generally speaking ,in general , to conclude ,in conclusion, in a word ,on the whole , to sum up 等。1.從行文邏輯上判斷例證關(guān)系前后句的某句是為了證明另一句而舉的例子。例證的形式具有多樣性，思維過(guò)程基本是歸納(從例子到觀點(diǎn))和推理(從觀點(diǎn)到例子)。·Protect against UV rays (紫外線).Long-term stay in the sun creates risk to your eyes.No matter what the season is，its extremely important to wear sunglasses._2_C.They can properly protect your eyes.【解析】空白處前面的句子“No matter what the season is，its extremely important to wear sunglasses.”意為“無(wú)論是什么季節(jié)，戴太陽(yáng)鏡是極其重要的”，屬于總結(jié)概括句。戴太陽(yáng)鏡預(yù)防紫外線。選項(xiàng)C意為“它們可以適當(dāng)?shù)乇Ｗo(hù)你的眼睛”，本句是對(duì)上句觀點(diǎn)的舉例說(shuō)明，能很好地順接語(yǔ)境。故選C。2.從行文邏輯上判斷轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系主要指英語(yǔ)行文中后句對(duì)前句構(gòu)成逆轉(zhuǎn)邏輯關(guān)系。如果空格前后兩句話之間有however(然而)，nevertheless(然而，不過(guò))，still(還，仍然)，though(可是，不過(guò)，然而)，yet(然而)，on the contrary(正相反)，in contrast(與此相反，相比之下)，in comparison(比較起來(lái)，與比較)，by comparison(相比之下)等連接詞，則表明前后兩句話是邏輯上的逆轉(zhuǎn)，空格處很有可能表示轉(zhuǎn)折。Dont forget to forgive yourself._5_ But it can rob you of your self-confidence if you dont do it.E.For some people, forgiving themselves is the biggest challenge.【解析】E項(xiàng)中的信息forgiving themselves與本段的主題“不要忘記原諒你自己”意義一致，并且選項(xiàng)E與后面的句子之間用but連接，有轉(zhuǎn)折的語(yǔ)氣，因此構(gòu)成了一種意義上的對(duì)比關(guān)系，尤其是but這個(gè)詞，更加突出了對(duì)比的意義，因此選項(xiàng)E符合這里的意義和結(jié)構(gòu)。3.從行文邏輯上判斷因果關(guān)系做題時(shí)最重要的是要在讀懂空格前后的句子的基礎(chǔ)上，依據(jù)彼此的關(guān)系來(lái)確認(rèn)答案。有時(shí)，前后的句子之間出現(xiàn)as a result(結(jié)果)，thus/therefore(因此)，so(such).that(如此以至于)等標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)，表明前后句有著原因和結(jié)果之間的關(guān)系，說(shuō)明前因后果或者前果后因等情況。Large cities were impossible until agriculture became industrialized.Even in advanced agricultural societies, it took about ninety-five people on farms to feed five people in cities._4_A.That kept cities very small.【解析】空格的上一句話提到了，即使在先進(jìn)的農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)，也需要大約95個(gè)農(nóng)民養(yǎng)活5個(gè)城市人，這只有一個(gè)結(jié)果，就是使得城市很小，與A項(xiàng)信息呼應(yīng)。4.從行文邏輯上判斷遞進(jìn)關(guān)系遞進(jìn)關(guān)系主要指英語(yǔ)行文中后句對(duì)前句是一種順承邏輯關(guān)系。如果空格前后兩句話之間有also(也，而且)，further(進(jìn)一步地，而且)，furthermore(而且，此外)，likewise(同樣地，也)，similarly(相同地，類似地)，moreover(而且，此外)，in addition(另外，加之)，whats more(更重要的是)，not only.but also(不但而且)等連接詞或詞組，則表明前后兩句是邏輯上的遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，空格處很有可能是個(gè)遞進(jìn)的句子。Over the past two centuries, the Industrial Revolution has broken this balance between the city and the country._5_ Today, instead of needing ninety-five farmers to feed five city people, one American farmer is able to feed more than a hundred non-farmers.F.Modernization drew people to the cities and made farmers more productive.【解析】空格前面的一句話提到，在過(guò)去的兩個(gè)世紀(jì)里，工業(yè)革命打破了城鄉(xiāng)之間的平衡。后一句話提到，現(xiàn)在的情況不需要95個(gè)農(nóng)民養(yǎng)活5個(gè)城市人了，在美國(guó)一個(gè)農(nóng)民就能養(yǎng)活一百多個(gè)非農(nóng)民，與F項(xiàng)信息，即：“現(xiàn)代化把人們吸引到城市里來(lái)，并使得農(nóng)民更加多產(chǎn)”一致。5.從行文邏輯上判斷并列關(guān)系如果空格前后兩句話之間有first(首先，第一)，second(第二)，third(第三)；firstly(第一，首先)，secondly(第二)，其次)，thirdly(第三)；first(第一)，next(其次)，then(那么，然后)；in the first place(第一，首先)，in the second place(第二，其次)；for one thing(首先，一則)，for another(其次)；to begin with(首先，第一)，to conclude(最后)等連接詞或詞組，則表明前后兩句是邏輯上的并列關(guān)系，空格處很有可能是個(gè)并列的句子。One is the establishment (制定) of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies; and accounting._4_ The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments.E.The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.【解析】根據(jù)上文所提到的one和下文所提到的the third可知，這里是按照順序排列，此處應(yīng)該是第二條，與E項(xiàng)The second aspect.相呼應(yīng)【例題】Maybe you're feeling down because of the financial crisis. Maybe you're feeling overwhelmed (難以承受的) by holiday tasks. Or maybe you're just having an unpleasant day. If so, you can make yourself happierright now.1.Boost your energy.Stand up and pace while you talk on the phone or, even better, take a ten­minute walk outside. _1_ The activity and sunlight are good for your focus, your mood, and the retention of information. Plus, because of “emotional infection”， if you act energeticly, you'll help the people around you feel energetic, too. 2._2_ Take ten minutes to think about all the things in your life that are going right, about all the things that other people do to help you, about all the things that you're thankful for. In the disorder of everyday life, it's very easy to focus on the negative and to lose sight of what really matters. 3.Reach out to friends. _3_ Having warm, close bonds with other people is the KEY to happiness, so take time to stay in touch. Somewhat surprisingly, socializing boosts the moods not only of extroverts (外向者), but also of introverts (內(nèi)向者)4.Create a calmer environment.Clear some physical and mental space around yourself by sorting papers, pitching junk, cleaning a closet, answering a few emails, filing, or even just making your piles neater. A large stack of little tasks can feel overwhelming, but often just a few minutes of work can make a sizeable decrease. _4_ For example: never postpone any task that can be completed in less than one minute.5.Rid yourself of a troublesome task.Answer a difficult email, do a mission you've been putting off, or call to make that dentist's appointment and finish the regular check which has been missed for several times._5_ACount your blessings.BThink about your future.CGo to the doctor's for some advice.DTry to get in the habit of using the “one minute rule”EMake a lunch date or send an email to a friend you haven't seen in a while.FResearch shows that when people move faster, their metabolism (新陳代謝) speeds up.GCrossing a boring chore off your to­do list will give you a big rush of energy and relief.【分析】本文提出五點(diǎn)建議，能夠使你在緊張的壓力之下快樂(lè)起來(lái)。1【解析】根據(jù)上文的“Stand up and pace while you talk on the phone or, even better, take a ten­minute walk outside.”(打電話時(shí)站起來(lái)走動(dòng)走動(dòng)，能到戶外散步十分鐘則更好。)可知選F項(xiàng)(研究表明，當(dāng)人快速活動(dòng)時(shí)，新陳代謝會(huì)加快)?！敬鸢浮縁2【解析】該段說(shuō)的是不要忘了感恩發(fā)生在自己身上的幸運(yùn)的事情，由此可知A項(xiàng)(常懷感恩)為本段的主題句?！敬鸢浮緼3【解析】本段的標(biāo)題是“Reach out to friends.”故E項(xiàng)(如果有段日子沒(méi)見(jiàn)某個(gè)朋友，不妨約個(gè)飯局或發(fā)封電子郵件)與標(biāo)題相符?！敬鸢浮縀4【解析】根據(jù)上文提到“A large stack of little tasks can feel overwhelming, but often just a few minutes of work can make a sizeable decrease.”可知，很多繁瑣的事情加在一起會(huì)讓人沒(méi)了頭緒，喘不過(guò)氣。但是，常常只需幾分鐘，就可能解決掉很大一部分。故選D項(xiàng)(要努力養(yǎng)成利用“一分鐘規(guī)則”的習(xí)慣)?？蘸蟮摹癷n less one minute”也是提示?！敬鸢浮緿5【解析】上文提到的“Answer a difficult email, do a mission you've been putting off, or call to make that dentist's appointment and finish the regular check which has been missed for several times.”都是說(shuō)處理掉令人頭疼的事情。故選G項(xiàng)(解決掉很多煩心事中的一件會(huì)讓你突然渾身是勁，心情輕松)?！敬鸢浮縂【探究】長(zhǎng)難句分析'Take ten minutes to think about all the things in your life that are going right, about all the things that other people do to help you, about all the things that you're thankful for.花十分鐘想想生活中所有順當(dāng)?shù)氖?，想想別人對(duì)你的所有幫助，想想所有讓你心懷感恩的事情。句式分析：這是一個(gè)祈使句，三個(gè)about與think構(gòu)成固定短語(yǔ)，每個(gè)about.結(jié)構(gòu)之后都包含一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。內(nèi)容總結(jié)（1）2017高考七選五專題七選五段落前后往往有同義詞、近義詞、近義表達(dá)語(yǔ)甚至相同詞匯的重復(fù)使用，這是我們解題的一個(gè)很好的判斷線索（2）語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)記語(yǔ)不僅能表達(dá)相鄰句子之間的關(guān)系，還能表明某一特定語(yǔ)篇的總體走向（3）【答案】B行文邏輯【專題探究】邏輯關(guān)系的銜接過(guò)渡性句子可以從細(xì)節(jié)邏輯上判斷可分為：A, 并列關(guān)系：First(ly),Second(ly),.