高中英語(yǔ) Unit1《Period Four Grammar and usage》課件1 譯林版選修6

什么是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞？什么是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞？非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的三種形式非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的三種形式動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式表示未發(fā)生的或后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作表示未發(fā)生的或后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞-ing表示主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作表示主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞-ed表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句子中的作用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句子中的作用1 作主語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)To see is to believe.To recover lost time is impossible. It is / was + adj. + (for / of sb.) to do sth.It is impossible to cove lost time.It is very friendly of you to invite us to your birthday party.單個(gè)不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)單個(gè)不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí), ,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)數(shù)若不定式太長(zhǎng)若不定式太長(zhǎng), ,往往用往往用itit作形式主語(yǔ)作形式主語(yǔ), ,不定式置后不定式置后Be careful!動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)Fighting broke out between the South and the North.It is / was +(no) adj. +doing sth.Eg. Its no use learning lots of words without knowing how to use them.But: It is not useful / good to do sth. It is use / good for sb. To do sth.動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：不定式作主語(yǔ)不定式作主語(yǔ)常表示具體的常表示具體的某一動(dòng)作；動(dòng)某一動(dòng)作；動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)表名詞作主語(yǔ)表示泛指或一般示泛指或一般的抽象概念的抽象概念在在there / it+be+no use / good/help / need之之后常用動(dòng)名詞后常用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)不定式可以和不定式可以和when / where /how /what / whether等連用，在句中作等連用，在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，而動(dòng)名詞則不能主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，而動(dòng)名詞則不能高考鏈接：高考鏈接：_ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A.The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk二二 作賓語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)He decided to work harder in order tocatch up with the others.I refuse to accept whatever you buy for me. 記憶口訣：記憶口訣：決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望，決心學(xué)會(huì)想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝，主動(dòng)應(yīng)答選計(jì)劃，主動(dòng)應(yīng)答選計(jì)劃，同意請(qǐng)求幫一幫。同意請(qǐng)求幫一幫。decide / determine, learn, want, hope / expect / wish,refuse, manage, care, pretend,offer, promise, choose, plan,agree, ask / beg, help高考鏈接：高考鏈接：We agreed _ here, but so far shehasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)Eg. I would appreciate you calling back tonight.I regret not having taken your advice.Hearing what happened in Sichuan, many people couldnt help crying. 記憶口訣：記憶口訣：考慮建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒得想，考慮建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒得想，避免錯(cuò)過(guò)繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成就欣賞，避免錯(cuò)過(guò)繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成就欣賞，禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn)，不禁建議準(zhǔn)逃亡。禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn)，不禁建議準(zhǔn)逃亡。consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardonadmit, delay/put off, fancy,avoid, miss keep/keep on, practisedeny, finish, enjoy/appreciate,forbid, imaging, risk,cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape某些特殊動(dòng)詞：某些特殊動(dòng)詞：forget, remember, regret, stop, try, mean, go on, cease,Want, need, require高考鏈接：高考鏈接：1. The light in the office is still on. Oh, I forgot _. A.turning it off B. turning it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 2. You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well, now I regret _ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 三三 作賓補(bǔ)作賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)V1 + sb. + to do sth.ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like / think /judge / suppose / believe / consider / imagine / call on / depend on / wait for / ask for V2 + sb. + do sth.感官動(dòng)詞：感官動(dòng)詞： see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen, smell, taste, feel使役動(dòng)詞：使役動(dòng)詞：have，make，let “五看三使二聽二味一感覺五看三使二聽二味一感覺”You dont have to make Paul learn French. Paul doesnt have to be made to learn French. 某些動(dòng)詞真奇怪，某些動(dòng)詞真奇怪，to來(lái)來(lái)to去令人猜；去令人猜； 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)to離開，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)離開，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)to回來(lái)?；貋?lái)。不定式用在介詞不定式用在介詞but, except, besides后時(shí)如果這些介詞前有行為動(dòng)詞后時(shí)如果這些介詞前有行為動(dòng)詞do的的各種形式各種形式,那么介詞后的不定式不帶那么介詞后的不定式不帶to,相反則帶相反則帶to。(1)She could do nothing but cry.(2)I have no choice but to go.(3)What do you like to do besides sleep.Be careful!動(dòng)名詞作賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)名詞作賓補(bǔ) V + sb. + doing sth.I saw Mary lying on bed, crying, when I ran into the classroom.How could you keep such a little boy working long day?Mother found the boy smoking in the corner.On the grass-covered slopes, one could see sheep and cattle grazing peacefully.過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ) V + sb. / sth.+ done sth.I need this chapter rewritten before tomorrow.Arriving at the station, we found the train gone already.四四 作定語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)1. 表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 He has no wish to see her. (表主動(dòng)表主動(dòng)) 他并不想見她。他并不想見她。 The power station to be built next year will be of great value to the people. (表被動(dòng)表被動(dòng)) 明年將修建的發(fā)電站將對(duì)人們有利。明年將修建的發(fā)電站將對(duì)人們有利。 2. 在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)、在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)、 the first， the last, the only 等修飾的名詞后作定語(yǔ)。等修飾的名詞后作定語(yǔ)。He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他總是第一個(gè)來(lái)最后一個(gè)走。他總是第一個(gè)來(lái)最后一個(gè)走。3. 若作定語(yǔ)的不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞若作定語(yǔ)的不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞,或者或者及物動(dòng)詞與被修飾的詞不能構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系及物動(dòng)詞與被修飾的詞不能構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)時(shí),則不定式動(dòng)詞后須加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。則不定式動(dòng)詞后須加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。 He is looking for a room to live in. 他正在找房子住。他正在找房子住。 4. 一個(gè)帶有賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作一個(gè)帶有賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí),為了使句意完整為了使句意完整,須須加一個(gè)相應(yīng)的介詞。加一個(gè)相應(yīng)的介詞。When I handed the report to John， he said that Tom was the person to send it to. 當(dāng)我把報(bào)告交給約翰時(shí)當(dāng)我把報(bào)告交給約翰時(shí),他說(shuō)我應(yīng)該他說(shuō)我應(yīng)該把報(bào)告交給湯姆。把報(bào)告交給湯姆。動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)1. -ing 形式和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有形式和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系主謂關(guān)系,表示這個(gè)名詞表示這個(gè)名詞(人或物人或物)的動(dòng)作的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)或狀態(tài),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如:These dancing girls (= these girls who are dancing) are from my class.正在跳舞的這些女孩是我班上的。正在跳舞的這些女孩是我班上的。At 11 oclock， please find the waiting bus (the bus which is waiting) at the entrance. 十一點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)十一點(diǎn)鐘時(shí),請(qǐng)?jiān)谌肟谔幷业日?qǐng)?jiān)谌肟谔幷业群虻墓财?。候的公共汽車。表示現(xiàn)在表示現(xiàn)在(或當(dāng)時(shí)或當(dāng)時(shí))的狀態(tài)的狀態(tài),變?yōu)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句變?yōu)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句時(shí)常用一般時(shí)態(tài)。時(shí)常用一般時(shí)態(tài)。The temple standing (=which/that stands) on the top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty.坐落在山頂上的那個(gè)寺廟建于明朝。坐落在山頂上的那個(gè)寺廟建于明朝。表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,變?yōu)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句時(shí)變?yōu)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句時(shí)要用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。要用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。Do you see the woman talking to (=who/that is talking to) the secretary？你看見那位和秘書談話的婦女了嗎你看見那位和秘書談話的婦女了嗎?-ing形式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，它所表示的動(dòng)作是正形式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，它所表示的動(dòng)作是正在進(jìn)行或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作幾乎同在進(jìn)行或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先有后時(shí)發(fā)生。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先有后,一般不用一般不用-ing形式作定語(yǔ)形式作定語(yǔ),這時(shí)應(yīng)用定語(yǔ)從句。這時(shí)應(yīng)用定語(yǔ)從句。Those who have finished their work can go home now.完成工作的那些人現(xiàn)在可以回家了。完成工作的那些人現(xiàn)在可以回家了。being不能單獨(dú)用作定語(yǔ)。不能單獨(dú)用作定語(yǔ)。 Anyone who is fit for (不用不用being fit for) this job can sign your name here.任何能勝任這任何能勝任這項(xiàng)工作的人都可在這里簽名。項(xiàng)工作的人都可在這里簽名。-ing形式的完成式一般不能用作定形式的完成式一般不能用作定語(yǔ)語(yǔ),除非為非限制性的后置定語(yǔ)。除非為非限制性的后置定語(yǔ)。 The manager wasnt angry with the man who had been so rude. (不用不用having been so rude) 經(jīng)理并不為這個(gè)人的粗魯而生氣。經(jīng)理并不為這個(gè)人的粗魯而生氣。2. -ing 形式和它所修飾的名詞在邏輯上形式和它所修飾的名詞在邏輯上沒有主謂關(guān)系沒有主謂關(guān)系,表示這個(gè)名詞的某種用表示這個(gè)名詞的某種用途和性能途和性能,作作“供供;作作之用之用”解。如解。如:There is a swimming pool (= a pool for swimming) in our school.我們學(xué)校有座游泳池。我們學(xué)校有座游泳池。We should do something to improve our living conditions (=conditions for living).我們應(yīng)該做些事情來(lái)改善我們的生活條我們應(yīng)該做些事情來(lái)改善我們的生活條件。件。過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)1.過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,并且表被動(dòng)。并且表被動(dòng)。A letter posted this morning will probably reach her tomorrow.明天她可能會(huì)收到今早寄出的信。明天她可能會(huì)收到今早寄出的信。2. 沒有一定的時(shí)間性沒有一定的時(shí)間性,僅表示被動(dòng)。僅表示被動(dòng)。I dont like to see the letter written in pencil.我不喜歡看用鉛筆寫的信。我不喜歡看用鉛筆寫的信。 3. 表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,不表示被動(dòng)不表示被動(dòng),動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞通常為不及物動(dòng)詞。通常為不及物動(dòng)詞。 the risen sun = the sun which has risen 已升起的太陽(yáng)已升起的太陽(yáng)the fallen leaves= the leaves which have fallen 落葉落葉4.如過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作正在如過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生發(fā)生,其結(jié)構(gòu)為其結(jié)構(gòu)為being done。 The question being discussed is important.現(xiàn)在正在討論的問(wèn)題很重要?，F(xiàn)在正在討論的問(wèn)題很重要。高考鏈接：高考鏈接：1. Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying2. The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung3. There are five pairs _， but Im at a loss which to buy. A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choose4. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formedThe following verbs are normally followed by the infinitive.afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, care, choose, claim, come, consent, dare, decide, demand, deserve, determine, elect, endeavor Remember!expect, fail, get, guarantee, hate, help, hesitate hope, hurry, intend, learn, long, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise refuse, say, seem, tend, threaten, want, wish The following verbs are normally followed by V-ing. avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, cant helpRemember them!The following verbs are normally followed by V-ing or the infinitive. love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, startBear them in your mind!HOMEWORKGo over the grammar.Finish Ex A & B on Page 9.