福建省高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語法部分動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)學(xué)案 新人教版

第4講 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)英語中不同時間和方式發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)要用謂語動詞的不同形式來表示，這種表示動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時間和方式的動詞形式稱作動詞的時態(tài)語態(tài)是描述句子中動詞和參與此動作之主語之間關(guān)系的一個術(shù)語當(dāng)主語是動作的發(fā)起者(或之一)時，稱為主動語態(tài)；如果主語為動作之承受者，稱為被動語態(tài)一、動詞時態(tài)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(動詞用原形或單數(shù)第三人稱后加－s / －es)【完成例句】(1)地理老師告訴我們地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. 【結(jié)論1】表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理(不受時態(tài)限制)翻譯句子】(2) We always care for each other and help each other.我們一直互相關(guān)心、互相幫助結(jié)論2】表示現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)時多用系動詞或狀態(tài)動詞；表示經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣性的動作，多用動作動詞，且常與表頻率的時間狀語連用翻譯句子】(3) All the students here belong to No. 1 Middle School. 這兒所有學(xué)生都是一中的結(jié)論3】表示知覺、態(tài)度、感情、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem等。

翻譯句子】(4)The shop closes at 11：00 p. m. every day.這家商店每天晚上11：00 關(guān)門結(jié)論4】少數(shù)用于表示起止的動詞如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，表示一個按規(guī)定、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作，只用一般現(xiàn)在時疑難1】 If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased. 【疑難剖析1】在時間、條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時但要注意由if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示時態(tài)疑難2】 The more you practise, the better your English will be. 【疑難剖析2】在the＋比較級…，the＋比較級…句型中，前者通常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時疑難3】See to it that you are not late again. 【疑難剖析3】在make sure, see to it, mind, care, matter后的賓語從句的謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來。

2. 一般過去時(v.－ed或不規(guī)則變化)【翻譯句子】(5) I met her in the street yesterday. 我昨天在街上遇到了她6) I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn't. 我原以為這部電影會很有趣，但實(shí)際上并不是結(jié)論1】一般過去時的基本用法：①表示過去的事情、動作或狀態(tài)，常與表示過去具體的時間狀語連用(或有上下文語境暗示); ②用于表達(dá)過去的習(xí)慣；表示說話人原來沒有料到、想到或希望的事通常用過去時翻譯句子】(7) He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 他告訴我他昨晚看了一本有趣的小說結(jié)論2】如果從句中有一個過去的時間狀語，盡管從句中的動作先于主句發(fā)生，但從句中的謂語動詞仍用過去式結(jié)論3】表示兩個緊接著發(fā)生的動作，常由以下詞語連接，用一般過去時常見連詞有：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute如：He rushed into the room and sat down immediately.3. 一般將來時【翻譯句子】(8)我們下周將會討論這個話題。

We will talk about this topic next week.【結(jié)論1】表示未來的動作或狀態(tài)常用will / shall ＋動詞(常與表示將來的時間狀語連用，如tomorrow，next week等)翻譯句子】(9) The bus is coming. 公共汽車就要到了結(jié)論2】表示一種趨向或習(xí)慣動作表示趨向行為的動詞，如come，go，start，begin，leave等詞，常用進(jìn)行時的形式表示將來時疑難1】 — You've left the light on. — Oh, so I have. I'll go and turn it off. 【疑難剖析1】　shall / will do表示未事先考慮過，即說話時臨時作出的決定疑難2】 Study hard, and you will pass the exam. 【疑難剖析2】　在祈使句＋and / or＋陳述句句型中，陳述句中只能用will / 情態(tài)動詞＋動詞原形疑難3】If it is fine, we'll go fishing. (√)If it is fine, we are going to go fishing. (×)【疑難剖析3】be going to表示現(xiàn)在打算最近或?qū)硪瞿呈?，這種打算往往經(jīng)過事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準(zhǔn)備；表將來，不能用在條件狀語從句的主句中；而will則表意愿。

疑難4】 A meeting is to be held at 3：00 this afternoon.【疑難剖析4】be to do sth.表按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作，還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等疑難5】Autumn harvest is about to start. 【疑難剖析5】be about to do sth.表示“即將，就要”，后面不能接時間狀語或狀語從句4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(am / is / are ＋ v．－ing)【疑難1】 He is teaching English and learning Chinese. The girl is always talking loud in public. 【疑難剖析1】表示說話時正在發(fā)生著的一個動作；表示現(xiàn)階段但不一定是發(fā)生在講話時；表近期特定的安排或計劃；go，come等起止動作可用進(jìn)行時代替將來時 (與always, often等頻率副詞連用，表經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行動或某種感情色彩)疑難2】The room remains clean. You are allowed to speak here. 【疑難剖析2】下面四類動詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：a. 表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動詞：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。

b. 表存在的狀態(tài)的動詞：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend onc. 表示瞬間動作的動詞：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, completed. 表示感官的動詞：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look5. 過去完成時(had＋ v．－ed)【完成例句】 (10)到去年為止我們已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)了20000輛車 By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. 【結(jié)論1】在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示過去某一時間的短語或從句，其謂語動詞則表示在某一時刻或某一動作之前已經(jīng)完成了的動作，即“過去的過去”完成例句】(11)Jack到的時候，Mary已經(jīng)走了將近一小時了 When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour. 【結(jié)論2】表示從過去某一時刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一過去時刻的動作或狀態(tài)，即“從過去到過去”。

完成例句】 (12)我原本想送給他一張圣誕卡的，但我忘了 I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so. 【結(jié)論3】表示曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended / thought / wanted / expected等或用上述動詞過去式接不定式完成式表示，即：hoped / planned…＋ to have done疑難1】 Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago. He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. 【疑難剖析1】“時間名詞＋ before”在句子中作狀語，謂語動詞用過去完成時；“時間名詞＋ ago”在句中作狀語，謂語動詞用一般過去時疑難2】 We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. ＝ No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. 【疑難剖析2】hardly / scarcely…when (before)；no sooner…than表示“一……就……”。

疑難3】 After he (had)left the room, the boss came in. We arrived home before it snowed. 【疑難剖析3】在before或after引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，用一般過去時代替過去完成時疑難4】 It was the second time that he had been out with her. 【疑難剖析4】It / That / This was the first(second，third…)time＋that從句中，用過去完成時6. 過去將來時(would do, was / were going to do)【完成例句】 (13)我說我會安排一切的I said I would arrange everything.【結(jié)論】過去將來時表示從過去某個時間看將要發(fā)生的事情疑難1】 He was leaving for Beijing. 【疑難剖析1】come, go, leave等用過去進(jìn)行時表過去將來時疑難2】 I was about to leave when the telephone rang. 【疑難剖析2】was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth. 表過去將來， was / were to do sth.常與when搭配。

7. 過去進(jìn)行時(was / were ＋v.－ing)【完成例句】(14)在2010年夏天她在歐洲旅行During the summer of 2010, she was traveling in Europe.【結(jié)論1】過去某一時刻正在進(jìn)行的動作或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生翻譯句子】(15)①門鈴響的時候，他正在看一本小說He was reading a novel when the door bell rang.②我在想你能否載我一程 I was wondering if you could give me a lift.【結(jié)論2】①某一動作發(fā)生時另一動作正在發(fā)生，其中一個在由when或while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中②過去進(jìn)行時可以表示委婉語氣8. 現(xiàn)在完成時(has / have＋v.－ed)【翻譯句子】 (16)我已經(jīng)看過這部電影了強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道電影內(nèi)容) I have seen the film already.【結(jié)論1】表示到現(xiàn)在為止已發(fā)生或完成的動作，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果的影響翻譯句子】(17)過去的幾年我們已經(jīng)種了成千上萬棵樹We've planted thousands of trees in the past few years.(18)他們自2008年一直生活在這兒。

They've lived here since 2008.【結(jié)論2】表示從過去某一時刻開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)常與since＋時間點(diǎn)，for＋時間段及介詞短語during / in / over the last (past)few years (months, weeks), in recent years等連用疑難1】現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：I closed the door. (強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)門的動作曾發(fā)生在過去)I have closed the door. (強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在門還是關(guān)著的)【疑難剖析1】雖然動作都發(fā)生在過去，但現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，而一般過去時的動作與現(xiàn)在沒任何聯(lián)系了疑難2】 It is 3 weeks since I got here. This is the second time that I have played this game. 【疑難剖析2】下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時：It is (has been)＋一段時間＋ since從句This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that ＋完成時This(That / It)is the only…＋ that ＋完成時This(That / It)is the best / finest / most interesting…＋ that＋完成時【疑難3】Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 【疑難剖析3】在時間或條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時可以代替一般將來時。

疑難4】 I haven't met him for two years. 試比較： I have bought the computer for a year. (×) I have kept the computer for a year. (√)【疑難剖析4】非延續(xù)性動詞leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow等的完成時態(tài)，在肯定句中不能與for 或since 等引導(dǎo)的時間段連用，要轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)意義的延續(xù)性動詞才能與一段時間連用其否定式可與這類時間狀語連用二、被動語態(tài)(一)?？紩r態(tài)的被動語態(tài)以下是常見的8種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)：時態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)例句一般現(xiàn)在時助動詞(am / is / are)＋動詞的過去分詞This kind of car is made in Shanghai. 一般過去時助動詞(was / were)＋動詞的過去分詞Was this novel written by his father？時態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)例句一般將來時will / be going to ＋ be ＋動詞的過去分詞The baby will be taken good care of in the hospital. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時助動詞(am / is / are)＋ being ＋動詞的過去分詞The problem is being discussed by the students. 過去進(jìn)行時助動詞(was / were)＋ being ＋動詞的過去分詞The light was being fixed when the electricity was cut off. 時態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)例句現(xiàn)在完成時助動詞(have / has) ＋ been ＋動詞的過去分詞She has been told the news. 過去完成時助動詞(had) ＋ been ＋動詞的過去分詞The work had been done before I arrived. 過去將來時would (was / were going to)be＋動詞的過去分詞I did not say that the equipment would be changed. (二)被動語態(tài)的用法【完成例句】(19)新的課本將在下學(xué)期被使用。

The new test book will be used next term.【結(jié)論1】動作的執(zhí)行者不知道是誰或難以說明時常用被動語態(tài)完成例句】(20)這種自行車在我們店沒有賣 This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.(21)那個賊昨天被警察抓了The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday. 【結(jié)論2】當(dāng)動作的承受者比起動作的執(zhí)行者來說更能引起人們的關(guān)心而需要加以強(qiáng)調(diào)時，要用被動語態(tài)完成例句】 (22)學(xué)生被鋼琴家提了一些建議Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist. ＝The pupils were given some advice by the pianist. 【結(jié)論3】含有雙賓語的句子，主動句中的間接賓語或者直接賓語都可變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)中的主語，另一個保留不變變?yōu)橹髡Z的若是主動句中的直接賓語，間接賓語前則需加介詞to 或for完成例句】(23)他們被老板強(qiáng)迫一天工作10小時They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss. (24)他被看見進(jìn)入房子。

He was seen to enter the house. 【結(jié)論4】在主動語態(tài)句中動詞make, have, let, see, watch, hear, feel等后接動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，動詞不定式不加to但變成被動語態(tài)時后面的不定式都須加上to完成例句】(25)眾所周知紙最先被中國發(fā)明It is known that paper was first made in China. (26)紙被認(rèn)為最先被中國發(fā)明Paper was known to be first made in China. 【結(jié)論5】當(dāng)句子的謂語為say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report等時，被動語態(tài)有兩種形式：a. 謂語動詞用被動語態(tài)，動詞不定式作主補(bǔ)b. 用it作形式主語，真正的主語在后面，用主語從句來表示類似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped / thought that… (三)不能用被動語態(tài)的幾種情況【完成例句】 (27)我的家鄉(xiāng)近來發(fā)生了很大的變化。

take place) Great changes have taken place recently in my hometown.【結(jié)論1】所有的不及物動詞或不及物動詞詞組不能用于被動語態(tài)之中完成例句】(28)他看起來像他父親 He looks like his father.【結(jié)論2】表示狀態(tài)的謂語動詞，如：hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, last, look like, consist of等不用于被動翻譯句子】(29)這支筆屬于Tom The pen belongs to Tom.【結(jié)論3】表示歸屬的動詞，如：have, own, belong to等不用于被動翻譯句子】(30)我想要些蘋果 I would like some apples.【結(jié)論4】表示“希望，意圖”的動詞，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等不用于被動完成例句】(31)小孩自己會穿衣服了 The baby can dress himself now. 【結(jié)論5】賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時謂語動詞用主動語態(tài)，不能用被動語態(tài)。

完成例句】(32)他過著一種簡單的生活He lives a simple life. 【結(jié)論6】賓語是同源賓語，不定式、動名詞等謂語動詞不用被動語態(tài)翻譯句子】 (33)這種衣服很好賣 This kind of clothes sell well.【結(jié)論7】有些動詞以其主動形式表示被動意義，特別是當(dāng)主語是物時常見的動詞有sell, write, wash, open, lock等疑難1】主動形式表被動意義My pen writes smoothly. The car needs repairing. The book is worth reading. The question is hard to answer. 【疑難剖析1】①當(dāng)feel, look, smell, taste, sound等后接形容詞時；當(dāng)cut, read, sell, wear, write等詞接狀語修飾語時；當(dāng)動詞表示“開始、發(fā)生、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動”等意義時，均用主動表被動②want, require, need后面的動名詞用主動表示被動含義③be worth doing用主動形式表示被動含義④在“be ＋形容詞＋ to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語，用主動表被動。

另外：be to blame(受譴責(zé))，be to rent(出租)也用主動形式表被動疑難2】被動形式表示主動意義He is seated on a bench. (He seats himself on a bench. )He was hidden behind the door. (He hid himself behind the door. )【疑難剖析2】被動形式表示主動意義的幾種情況①be seated坐著②be hidden躲藏③be lost迷路④be drunk喝醉⑤be dressed穿著【疑難3】被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別The book was sold by a certain bookstore. (被動語態(tài))The book is well sold. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))【疑難剖析3】被動語態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語的特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)內(nèi)容總結(jié)（1）第4講 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)英語中不同時間和方式發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)要用謂語動詞的不同形式來表示，這種表示動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時間和方式的動詞形式稱作動詞的時態(tài)（2）【完成例句】(11)Jack到的時候，Mary已經(jīng)走了將近一小時了（3）【完成例句】(28)他看起來像他父親。