湖南省高考英語(yǔ) 考點(diǎn)5 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

Part2 考點(diǎn)5Part2 語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)5 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 對(duì)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查在湖南高考中主要出現(xiàn)在單項(xiàng)填空部分。1.主要考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)：(1)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)、完成時(shí)的用法及區(qū)別(2)時(shí)態(tài)在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的體現(xiàn)(3)根據(jù)語(yǔ)境選用正確的時(shí)態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)：(1)掌握動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)的用法，尤其是過(guò)去時(shí)和完成時(shí)。(2)掌握各種時(shí)態(tài)的用法區(qū)別。(3)掌握被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)以及不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況。3. 如何應(yīng)對(duì)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查往往結(jié)合在一起。解題時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)要結(jié)合時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或上下文提示，分析題干句子的語(yǔ)境，確定正確的時(shí)態(tài)。涉及語(yǔ)態(tài)的問(wèn)題應(yīng)考慮是不是主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的情況。 (2010湖南) This coastal area _ a national wildlife reserve last year. A. was named B. named C. is named D. names 思路點(diǎn)撥：思路點(diǎn)撥：該題既考查時(shí)態(tài)又考語(yǔ)態(tài)。分析題干，根據(jù)last year這一時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，可知時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，再根據(jù)語(yǔ)意可知，根據(jù)主語(yǔ)“This coastal area”與name之間的被動(dòng)關(guān)系排除B、D兩項(xiàng)，故判斷空格處應(yīng)該選A。熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(動(dòng)詞用原形或第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù))(1)The geography teacher told us the earth moved around the sun. 改錯(cuò)(movedmoves)(2) We always care for each other and help each other.熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思(3) All the students here is belonging to No.1 Middle School. 改錯(cuò)(is belongingbelong)(4) The shop will close at 11：00 pm. 改錯(cuò)(will closecloses)(5) The harder you study, the better results you will get.(6) See to it that you are not late again.歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則1：表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理(不受時(shí)態(tài)限制)，如：(1)中的“move”。規(guī)則規(guī)則2：表示現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)時(shí)，多用系動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞；表示經(jīng)常或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，且常與表頻率的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如：(2)。規(guī)則規(guī)則3：表示知覺(jué)、態(tài)度、感情、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念的詞：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，如：(3)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則4：少數(shù)用于表示起止動(dòng)作的瞬間動(dòng)詞，如：come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，如：(4)。規(guī)則規(guī)則5：在the morethe more句型中，前者通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)，如：(5)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則6：在make sure, see to it, mind, care, matter后的賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)，如：(6)。【注意】 在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。但要注意由if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示時(shí)態(tài)。熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)(動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式：v.ed或不規(guī)則變化)(1) I met her in the street yesterday. I think the film would be interesting, but it isnt. 改錯(cuò) (thinkthought)(2) He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 規(guī)則規(guī)則1：一般過(guò)去時(shí)，表示過(guò)去的事情、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與表示過(guò)去具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(或有上下文語(yǔ)境暗示)；如(1)中的met。用于表達(dá)過(guò)去的習(xí)慣，表示說(shuō)話人原來(lái)沒(méi)有料到、想到或希望的事，如：(1)。規(guī)則規(guī)則2：如果從句中有一個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，盡管從句中的動(dòng)作先于主句發(fā)生，但從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用過(guò)去式，如：(2)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)(1) Well die without air or water.(2) Its said that he is coming this afternoon. (3) Youve left the light on. Oh, so I have. Ill go and turn it off.(4)Work hard, and you will pass the exam.(5)A meeting is to be held at 3：00 this afternoon.歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則1：表示未來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如tomorrow，next week等。規(guī)則規(guī)則2：表示一種趨向或習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。如：(1)。規(guī)則規(guī)則3：表示趨向行為的動(dòng)詞，如：come，go，start，begin，leave等，常用進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式表示將來(lái)時(shí)，如：(2)。【注意】 be going to與will, shall, be to do, be about to do用法及區(qū)別：(1)shall / will do表示未事先考慮過(guò)，即說(shuō)話時(shí)臨時(shí)作出的決定，如：(3)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)(2) 在祈使句and/or陳述句句型中，陳述句中只能用will /情態(tài)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞原形，如：(4)。(3) be going to表示現(xiàn)在打算最近或?qū)?lái)要做某事，這種打算往往經(jīng)過(guò)事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準(zhǔn)備；be going to不能用在條件狀語(yǔ)從句的主句中；而will則能，表意愿。be going to 還表示有跡象表明即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。If it is fine, well go fishing.()If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.()歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié) The dark clouds are gathering. Theres going to be a storm.(4) be to do sth.表按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等，如：(5)。(5) be about to do sth.表示“即將，就要”，在時(shí)間上指最近的將來(lái)，后面不能接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) (am/is/arev.ing)(1) He is teaching English and learning Chinese. (2) The girl is always talking loud in public.歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則1：表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在發(fā)生著的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或表示現(xiàn)階段或近期某特定的安排或計(jì)劃，如：(1)。規(guī)則規(guī)則2：與always, often等頻度副詞連用，表經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行動(dòng)或某種感情色彩，如：(2)?！咀⒁狻?一般情況下，下面4類(lèi)動(dòng)詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)(1)表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動(dòng)作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。(2) 表存在的狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。(3) 表示瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。(4) 表示感官的動(dòng)詞：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思5現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(has/havev.ed)(1) Weve planted thousands of trees in the past few years.(2)I have kept the computer for a year.(3) Dont get off the bus until it stop. 改錯(cuò)(stophas stopped)歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則1：表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常與since時(shí)間點(diǎn)，for時(shí)間段及介詞短語(yǔ)：during / in / over the last (past) few years (months, weeks), in recent years等連用，如：(1)。規(guī)則規(guī)則2：表示到現(xiàn)在為止已完成的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則3：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow等的完成時(shí)態(tài)，在肯定句中不能與for 或since 等引導(dǎo)的段時(shí)間連用，要轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)意義的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞才能與一段時(shí)間連用。但其否定式可與這類(lèi)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如：(2)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)【注意】 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：(1)雖然動(dòng)作都發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)任何聯(lián)系了。I have closed the door. (強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在門(mén)還是關(guān)著的)I closed the door. (強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去曾發(fā)生關(guān)門(mén)的動(dòng)作)歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)(2) 下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： It is (has been) 一段時(shí)間 since從句 This(That / It)is the first(second)time that現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) This(That / It)is the onlythat現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) This(That / It)is the best / finest / most interesting that現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。(3)在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)，如：(3)。熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思6過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had ved)(1) By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.(2) When Jack arrived, Mary had_been_away(離開(kāi)) for almost an hour.(3) I had_hoped_to_send_him(本打算送給他的) a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so.(4)He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思(5)We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. No_sooner_had we been_seated than the bus started.(6) After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.(7)It was the second time that he had been out with her.(8) We arrived earlier than we had expected.歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則1：在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)或從句，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則表示在某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，如：(1)。規(guī)則規(guī)則2：表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到另一過(guò)去時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，即“從過(guò)去到過(guò)去”，如：(2)。規(guī)則規(guī)則3：表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended / thought / wanted / expectedto do或用上述動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式接不定式完成式表示，即：hoped / planned to have done，如：(3)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)【注意】(1)“時(shí)間名詞 before”在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；“時(shí)間名詞 ago”在句中作狀語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，如：(4)。(2) 表示“一就”的幾個(gè)句型：Hardly/scarcelywhen (before)No soonerthan如：(5)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)(3) 在before或after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)，如：(6)。(4) It/That/This was the first(second, third)time that (從句中用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài))，如：(7)。(5) than sb. had thought/expected/hoped/wanted，如：(8)。熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思7. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(would do, was / were going to do) (1) I said I would arrange everything.(2) I was about to leave when the telephone rang.歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則：規(guī)則：過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的事情，如：(1)。【注意】(1) was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表過(guò)去將來(lái)， was/were about to do sth.常與when搭配，如：(2)。(2)come, go, leave等用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思8. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/were v.ing)(1) During the summer of 2010 she was traveling in Europe.(2) I met Diana while I was shopping this morning.(3) I was wondering if you could give me a lift.歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)規(guī)則規(guī)則1：過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生，如：(1)。規(guī)則規(guī)則2：某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)另一動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，常用于由while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，如：(2)。規(guī)則規(guī)則3：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示委婉語(yǔ)氣，如：(3)。熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(1)His wallet got stolen on the bus to the office. (2) Street lights are often turned on at six in winter. (3) This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.(4) The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.Some advice _was_given_to_ the pupils by the pianist.(5)The boss made them work ten hours a day._They_were_made_to_work_ ten hours a day by the boss.熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思(6) Paper is known to have been first made in China.It is known that paper was first made in China. (7)These books _are_going_to_be_posted_(post) tomorrow.(8) We havent been invited to the party.(9)The problem is being discussed by the students.(10)Your composition must be handed in tomorrow.(11)These novels wont sell well.熟熟 讀讀 深深 思思(12)The house requires _cleaning_(clean) at once. (13)The girl isnt easy to get along with.(14)He is seated on a bench.He _seats_(seat) himself on a bench.(15)He was hidden behind the door. He hid himself behind the door.(16)The book was sold by a certain bookstore. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))The book is well sold. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)成：助動(dòng)詞be/get及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。用法：(1)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不知道是誰(shuí)或難以說(shuō)明時(shí)常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：(2)。(2) 當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：(3)?！咀⒁狻?1) 帶雙賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，若將間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)，直接賓語(yǔ)則保留不變；若將直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)，間接賓語(yǔ)前則需加介詞to 或for，如：(4)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)(2) 動(dòng)詞make, have, let, see, watch, hear, feel等接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to；但他們變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)后面的不定式都須加上to，如：(5)。(3) 當(dāng)句子的謂語(yǔ)為say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report, suggest, think等時(shí)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式： 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，動(dòng)詞不定式作主補(bǔ)。 用it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)在后面，用主語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示，如：(6)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)：(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 助動(dòng)詞am/is/are 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如：(2)、(3)。(2) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)助動(dòng)詞was/were 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如：(4)。(3) 一般將來(lái)時(shí) will 或be going to be 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如：(7)。(4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 助動(dòng)詞have/has been 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如：(8)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)(5) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)be being 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如：(9)。(6) 帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 be 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如：(10)?！咀⒁狻?主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義(1) cut, read, sell, wear, write, cook, lock, wash等表示主語(yǔ)性質(zhì)功用的動(dòng)詞接狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，如：(11)。(2) want / require / need doing中的doing(也可用to be done)用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義，如：(12)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)(3) 在“be 形容詞 to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)，如：(13)。(4)系動(dòng)詞feel, look, smell, taste, sound等。(5) 表示“開(kāi)始、發(fā)生、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動(dòng)”等動(dòng)詞。(6) 在be worth doing中，doing用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。(7) 不定式 to blame (受譴責(zé))，to rent(出租)作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)2. 被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義 be seated 坐著；be hidden 躲藏；be lost 迷路；be drunk 喝醉；be dressed 穿著，如：(14)、(15)。3. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語(yǔ)的特征或狀態(tài)，如：(16)。 不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況：(1)所有的不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞詞組不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。歸歸 納納 總總 結(jié)結(jié)(2) 表示狀態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，如：hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, last, look like, consist of等。(3) 表示歸屬的動(dòng)詞，如have, own, belong to等。(4) 表示“希望， 意圖”的動(dòng)詞，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等。(5) 賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。(6) 賓語(yǔ)是同源賓語(yǔ)，不定式、動(dòng)名詞等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。