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C Winston Churchill was born in a famous family. His father was successful politician（政治家）. However, as a boy, Churchill was considered a slow learner in school. Later he joined the Army and took part in fights in various countries. In October 1900, Churchill began his political career. For the next sixty years Churchill worked as a great politician who was both brighter and more difficult than his father had been. In 1939, Germany attacked Poland. Churchill prepared to fight. In 1940 he became the Prime Minister of England. France fell. The Germans fought their way through Western Europe. It looked as if Britain was about to lose the war. Was it not possible to ask for peace? Is listening to Hitler the only way out? Churchill spoke, “I have nothing to offer but blood, hard work, tears and sweat(汗水). You ask what is our policy? I will tell you, it is to fight, by sea, by land and by air, with all our force and with all the strength that God can give us. You ask what is our aim? I can answer in one word: victory.” The Germans began moving their armies to the French coast and prepared to start war against the British. The British had not enough guns to go round. Churchill gave the answer, “We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be; we shall fight on the coasts; we shall fight on the landing grounds; we shall fight in the field and in the streets; we shall fight in the hills. We shall never give up. By his courage and hard work Churchill heartened his people and other nations fighting together against Hitler. Victory finally came when the Germans lost World War II. 36. Churchill _______ before he became a politician. A. was a slow student B. was an army man C. helped his father in his career D. had little interest in politics 37. The German attacked Britain _______ A. before France fell B. after France was defeated C. soon after Poland was attacked D. before Churchill became the Prime Minister 38. The underlined word heartened probably means _______ in this passage. A. surprised B. encouraged C. asked for D. called for 39. Which of the following is NOT true? A. Churchill was not so clever as his father. B. Both Churchill and his father succeeded in politics. C. The writer admitted and respected Churchill very much. D. Churchill was one of the most inspiring, brave and wise leaders in the British history. 40. We can learn from the passage that ______ A. finally Hitler had to give in to Churchill. B. Churchill was not born to be a clever boy C. Churchill was a man of great determination. D. Churchill was too poor to provide anything to the British people D In most situations, light helps us see. But when it comes to looking at the night sky, light is actually a kind of pollution. It prevents our view of some of life’s most striking sights: stars, planets, and even galaxies(銀河). “When I was a little boy, I loved the night sky. I remember looking up and the sky was filled with stars. I became an astronomer because I was amazed by their beauty,” says Robert Gent, “Now in most big cities kids can’t see the stars like I did.” Normally, about 2,500 individual(單個(gè)的) stars are visible to the human eyes without using any special equipment. But because of light pollution, you actually see just about 200 to 300 and fewer than a dozen from some cities. Only one in three Americans can see our own galaxy with the naked eye. Those people live far away from the lights of big cities, office buildings, and shopping malls. Fortunately, there’s an inexpensive and useful way. If we shine lights down at the ground instead of up into the sky, and use lower brightness levels,, we can save big amounts of energy and keep the beauty of the night skies. Many cities and towns have passed laws limiting lights at night, making sure enough shine for safety without creating much light pollution. Light pollution affects more than our view of the heavens and can harm wildlife. Migrating birds sometimes fly over cities and become confused by the brightness, flying in circles until they drop from exhaustion. Sea turtles need dark beaches for nesting and won’t approach bright lights. Too much light at night may even affect human health. For all these reasons, researchers are working on ways to use lights only when and where they are truly needed. Everyone deserves to look up at the infinite sky. 41. According to the text, using our naked eyes, _______________. A. over one third Americans can see our own galaxy. B. people in remote areas can see more stars than those in big cities. C. about one in three Americans in big cities can see our own galaxy. D. Americans can only see 200 to 300 stars. 42. Many cities and towns have passed laws limiting lights at night mainly to _______ A. save electricity B. make sure of cities’ safety C. avoid much light pollution D. let you count the number of stars 43. In how many ways will the light pollution do harm? A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four 44. The underlined word “exhaustion” in the last paragraph means ______________ A. tiredness B. air pollution C. breath D. brightness 45. What would be the best title for the text? A. Light Pollution B. Seeking the Sky C. Stars in the sky D. City Pollution