新高考英語二輪教師用書：第二板塊 專題一 第二部分 第1講 細(xì)節(jié)理解題 Word版含解析

第二部分題型應(yīng)對(duì)探究第一講細(xì)節(jié)理解題整體感知·明方向細(xì)節(jié)理解題在英語高考閱讀理解中占了較大的比重，但此類題型相對(duì)比較簡單，只需要根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，回到原文定位信息區(qū)間，稍加比對(duì)，就能得出答案。因此，對(duì)于這類題目要力求讀得快、找得準(zhǔn)、答得對(duì)，力爭(zhēng)不丟分，保住基本分才能得高分。細(xì)節(jié)理解題常分為直接信息題和間接信息題。所謂直接信息題就是可以在原文中直接找到答案的細(xì)節(jié)題，主要考查原文中的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物等信息。間接信息題需要通過有關(guān)詞語和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換，利用主要事實(shí)、圖表、圖形來獲取信息，然后利用因果、類比、時(shí)間、空間等關(guān)系將零碎的細(xì)節(jié)經(jīng)過一系列加工、整理，方能做出正確的判斷，此類試題在高考中占大多數(shù)。1常見設(shè)問方式(1)特殊疑問句形式。以when，where，what，which，who，how much/many等疑問詞引出的問題。(2)判斷是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE，NOT true或EXCEPT等的判斷是非的問題。此時(shí)要注意題干中是否含有否定詞，如not，never等。(3)以“According to.”開頭的提問形式。(4)填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from _.2正確選項(xiàng)特征(1)同義替換。指對(duì)原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換。如把lose one's job換成了be out of work。有些細(xì)節(jié)理解題把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性，如把important變換成of importance；改變?cè)闹芯渥拥恼Z態(tài)，如主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。(2)信息歸納。用精煉的語言來概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息，設(shè)置為正確答案。(3)正話反說。把原文中的意思反過來表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。3干擾選項(xiàng)特征張冠李戴是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容無中生有符合常識(shí)，但不是文章的內(nèi)容曲解文意與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動(dòng)顛倒是非在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反正誤參半部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤分類例析·通技法直接信息題典例(2019·全國卷閱讀A節(jié)選)Stewardship Youth Ranger ProgramYou could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer.Who is eligible：Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire，but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.22What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program?A15­18.B15­24.C15­29. D16­17.解題示范第一步定信息區(qū)間抓關(guān)鍵題干中的關(guān)鍵詞：Stewardship Youth Ranger Program鎖信息定位：用Stewardship Youth Ranger Program尋讀，在文中找到信息源Who is eligible：Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire，but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.第二步比對(duì)定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思定位A15­18無中生有B15­24無中生有C15­29無中生有D16­17直接信息分析選D比對(duì)選項(xiàng)和信息句可知，學(xué)生的年齡應(yīng)該在16­17歲。故選D。間接信息題間接信息題“兩步解題法”典例(全國卷閱讀D節(jié)選)When a leafy plant is under attack，it doesn't sit quietly.Back in 1983，two scientists，Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin，reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds，VOCs for short.32What does a plant do when it is under attack?AIt makes noises.BIt gets help from other plants.CIt stands quietly.DIt sends out certain chemicals.解題示范第一步審讀題干抓關(guān)鍵，定位信息區(qū)間根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞的醒目性和唯一性原則，可以確定本題的關(guān)鍵詞為plant和under attack。從而定位本題的信息區(qū)間為所節(jié)選段。第二步選項(xiàng)與原文逐一比對(duì)，確定正確選項(xiàng)AIt makes noises.答案：D概括細(xì)節(jié)理解題概括、歸納信息是指命題人用精煉的語言來概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息，這是命題人設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)理解題的正確選項(xiàng)時(shí)經(jīng)常使用的手段之一?？忌紫葢?yīng)依據(jù)題干指向，找到文中相應(yīng)的信息區(qū)間，然后嘗試用自己的語言去歸納總結(jié)文中的信息或事實(shí)，然后再看選項(xiàng)，挑選出和自己所歸納總結(jié)的信息最接近的選項(xiàng)作為正確答案。典例(2019·全國卷閱讀C節(jié)選)“I prefer to go out and be out.Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book.Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.She returns to work feeling energized.“Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.29Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?ATo meet with her coworkers.BTo catch up with her work.CTo have some time on her own.DTo collect data for her report.解題示范第一步定信息區(qū)間抓關(guān)鍵題干中的關(guān)鍵詞：prefer to go out for lunch鎖信息定位：用prefer to go out for lunch尋讀，在文中找到信息源Today，I just wanted some time to myself.第二步比對(duì)定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思原文意思定位A與她的工友見面有時(shí)與工友一塊吃中午飯張冠李戴B追趕上她的工作在她桌旁吃午飯時(shí)工作張冠李戴C擁有自己的時(shí)間把時(shí)間留給自己信息歸納D為她的報(bào)告收集資料原文中沒有出現(xiàn)，也無法做出有效歸納無中生有分析選C根據(jù)該段內(nèi)容，尤其是最后一句中的“Today，I just wanted some time to myself”可知，Bechtel喜歡獨(dú)自外出吃飯因?yàn)樗霌碛袑儆谧约旱臅r(shí)間。故選C。正誤判斷題正誤判斷題是細(xì)節(jié)理解題中解題比較繁瑣的題目，說其繁瑣，因?yàn)槠湫畔⒉幌衿渌愵}目那樣集中在文章的某一句或某一段，而是分散在文章的各個(gè)角落，對(duì)于這類題目，考生要靜下心來，看清范圍，確定方向，找到每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)的對(duì)應(yīng)信息后，謹(jǐn)慎排除，綜合選優(yōu)。典例(福建卷閱讀A節(jié)選)Food festivals around the worldStilton Cheese RollingMay Day is a traditional day for celebrations，but the 2,000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans.Teams of four，dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes，roll a complete cheese along a 50­metre course.On the way，they must not kick or throw their cheese，or go into their competitors lane(賽道)Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly，but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones)All the competitors are served with beer or port wine，the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.Fiery Foods FestivalThe Hottest Festival on EarthEvery year more than 10,000 people head for the city of Albuquerque，New Mexico.They come from as far away as Australia，the Caribbean and China，but they all share a common addictionfood that is not just spicy(辛辣)，but hot enough to make your mouth burn，your head spin and your eyes water.Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March.You might like to try a chocolate­covered habanero pepperofficially the hottest pepper in the world or any one of the thousands of products that are on show.But one thing's for sureif you don't like the feeling of a burning tongue，this festival isn't for you!La TomatinaThe World's Biggest Food FightOn the last Wednesday of every August，the Spanish town of Bunol hosts La Tomatinathe world's largest food fight.A week­long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week's events.The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoesofficial fight­starters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.59Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?AThe chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.BMore than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.CThousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.DAn exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.解題示范第一步定信息區(qū)間選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞信息區(qū)間AThe chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition第一段第四句BMore than 10,000 Chinese第二段第一、二句CThousands of spicy foods are on show第二段倒數(shù)第二句DAn exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning第三段第二句第二步逐一比對(duì)定答案選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)意思原文意思定位AStilton滾動(dòng)奶酪比賽的主要獎(jiǎng)品是啤酒或波爾圖葡萄酒。獎(jiǎng)品是a complete Stilton cheese。張冠李戴B一萬多名中國人參加Fiery Food and BBQ Festival。參加者來自世界各地。曲解文意C在Fiery Food and BBQ Festival上，成千上萬種辛辣食物被展出。展出了成千上萬種食物。同義替換D在La Tomatina節(jié)日的開始，會(huì)舉行一場(chǎng)激動(dòng)人心的“西紅柿大戰(zhàn)”?！拔骷t柿大戰(zhàn)”發(fā)生在節(jié)日結(jié)尾而不是節(jié)日的開始。曲解文意答案C小題夯基練請(qǐng)選擇以下設(shè)誤方式(張冠李戴、無中生有、曲解文意、顛倒是非、正誤參半)或正確選項(xiàng)特征(原文原詞、同義替換、信息歸納、正話反說)填入下表的“診斷”一欄中。1(2018·天津卷閱讀C節(jié)選)Food productionWith a 3D printer，a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake.Not everybody can do thatit takes years of experience，but a printer makes it easy.A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re­create forms and pieces”of food that are“exactly the same，”freeing cooks to complete other tasks.In another restaurant，all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D­printed，rather than farm to table.Q：What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production？選項(xiàng)診斷AIt helps cooks to create new dishes.曲解文意BIt saves time and effort in cooking.信息歸納CIt improves the cooking conditions.無中生有DIt contributes to restaurant decorations.顛倒是非2.(2018·北京卷閱讀B節(jié)選)For the trainees，the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(榮譽(yù)徽章)At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated (模擬) flying to space with the crew from all over the world.The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge.They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(駕駛艙)of a variety of flight simulators.Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water­and land­survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of a “downed” pilot.Q：To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to_.選項(xiàng)診斷Afly to space正誤參半Bget an Aviation badge first顛倒是非Cstudy the principles of flight張冠李戴Dbuild and fire model rockets原文原詞3.(2018·浙江卷閱讀A節(jié)選)In 1870，when Dickens died，the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher，famous and beloved，who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose charactersfrom Oliver Twist to Tiny Timwere held up as moral touchstones.Today Dickens' greatness is unchallenged.Removing him from the pantheon(名人堂)of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.Q：Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress_.選項(xiàng)診斷Ahis reputation in France顛倒是非Bhis interest in modern art顛倒是非Chis success in publication張冠李戴Dhis importance in literature同義替換大題提能練AFrom the Forbidden City to the Great Wall，ancient Chinese people have always been praised for their building skills and wisdom.And their great skills have been passed down to modern Chinese people.Evidence of this can be seen in recent buildings，such as the National Stadium，also known as the“Bird's Nest”in Beijing，and the Shanghai Tower.And recently，China has created even more proof of its great building skills.The Hong Kong­Zhuhai­Macao Bridge(HZMB) was opened on Oct.24,2018.The HZMB，which is located at the waters of the Lingdingyang of Pearl River Estuary，is a huge sea crossing bridge，linking the Hong Kong SAR，Zhuhai City and the Macao SAR.As the world's longest sea­based project，the 55­kilometer bridge is the result of six years of research and another nine years of building.Builders had to make artificial islands in the Pearl River Delta to provide supports for the bridge.There is also a 6.7­kilometer underwater tunnel in the middle of the bridge.This is to allow ships to sail through the Delta.It has been named as one of the “seven wonders of the modern world”by The Guardian.“It is designed with a service life of 120 years.It can endure a strong wind equal to a maximum Beaufort scale 16，”Zhu Yongling，a project official，told The Guardian.“It can also survive a magnitude­8 earthquake.”Meanwhile，the Y­shaped bridge could reduce travel time from Hong Kong to Zhuhai and Macao from more than three hours to about 45 minutes.“The bridge will not only be a transport link.It will be a social，economic，cultural，and tourism connection among the three areas，”Yu Lie，deputy director of the Hong Kong­Zhuhai­Macao Bridge Authority，said.The bridge will be open to tourists to drive across it.However，local car owners will not be able to cross the bridge unless they have a special permit.Most visitors will take a shuttle bus to make the journey.The shuttle buses will cost 300 yuan for a single trip.語篇解讀 一橋連三地，天塹變通途。本文主要介紹了港珠澳大橋在10月24日正式開通以及這座大橋的其他相關(guān)情況。1Why does the author mention some famous buildings?ATo stress the difficulty in architecture.BTo explain the history of building.CTo make advertisements for them.DTo prove Chinese building skills.解析：D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中提到的古代的紫禁城和長城到現(xiàn)代的鳥巢和上海中心大廈等，通過這些著名的建筑例子，說明中國人民高超的建筑才能和智慧。2Why were the artificial islands built?ATo allow ships to sail safely.BTo hold up the long bridge.CTo be used as attractions.DTo serve as resting places.解析：B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句可知，修建人工島的主要目的是支撐大橋。3What does Zhu stress in his words?AWhere the HZMB is located.BWhat the HZMB is made up of.CHow strong the HZMB is.DWhen the HZMB was completed.解析：C推理判斷題。第四段中提到大橋的使用壽命長達(dá)120年，它能夠抵御高達(dá)蒲福風(fēng)力16級(jí)的大風(fēng)，承受8級(jí)地震，推斷出朱說的話強(qiáng)調(diào)了大橋很堅(jiān)固。4How can local car owners cross the bridge?ABy getting a special permit.BBy paying some money for the trip.CBy driving a shuttle bus themselves.DBy carrying some tourists in their cars.解析：A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句可知，當(dāng)?shù)厮緳C(jī)需要獲得特別許可證才可以通過大橋。B(2020·武漢市高三調(diào)研)The boy sat on his chair，with his hands above the keyboard.He thought about what to write.He recalled that the competition deadline was merely a week away.But he still had not even started on his piece.He looked at the brochure again.“WRITING COMPETITION！”the title read.His mom had encouraged him to enter the writing competition，and now he was taking it on as his personal task for the holidays.As the boy reflected on his previous writing efforts，he realized how hopeless his task of winning was.Every story he ever wrote was based on other stories.He had little imagination，and unfortunately，imagination was the key to writing.Suddenly，he had a brainwave.This time，he came up with an original and imaginative story.The words shot towards him like a storm of leaves.Words were coming easily，flowing through him，faster than he could type.He typed faster than he ever had before.He continued to type，amazed how easy writing this story was.The boy could not stop writing.He looked at the word count and saw the number “248”staring right back at him.He was not even halfway yet.Then he heard his mother's call of saying time for bed.He continued writing the piece，ignoring her.He had to make up for the time he had lost in thinking about a topic to write.Finally，he finished.The word count now read“498”“Perfect，”he thought，“Just under the word limit.”He knew this was the story that would win.He went to the website and searched for the competition.He found the page but there was no“Enter” button.Confused，he then re­read the page again.It read COMPETITION CLOSED.語篇解讀 本文是一篇記敘文。小男孩坐在電腦前，苦思冥想地進(jìn)行寫作。他參加的是一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫作比賽，可是怎么也想不出寫作主題。好一會(huì)兒后，他茅塞頓開，快速敲擊鍵盤，可是等到他寫好文章準(zhǔn)備提交時(shí)，頁面上卻顯示“COMPETITION CLOSED”。5What caused the boy to take part in the writing competition?AA new computer.BThe prize money.CHis own interest.DHis mom's encouragement.解析：D考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段尾句“His mom had encouraged him to enter the writing competition，and now he was taking it on as his personal task for the holidays”可知，他的媽媽鼓勵(lì)他參加寫作比賽，現(xiàn)在他把寫作作為假期的個(gè)人任務(wù)；據(jù)此可知，他參加寫作比賽是他媽媽鼓勵(lì)的，故D項(xiàng)正確。6How did the boy finish his earlier writing?AHis mom helped him.BHe copied others' ideas.CHis friends assisted him.DHe used his imagination.解析：B考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段第二句“Every story he ever wrote was based on other stories”可知，他之前寫的每一個(gè)故事都是以其他故事為基礎(chǔ)；據(jù)此可知，以前寫作時(shí)，他總是仿照別人的故事寫，故B項(xiàng)正確。7Why did the boy delay his writing?ABecause he was terribly lazy.BBecause he didn't know what to write.CBecause he wasn't confident.DBecause he read too many stories.解析：B考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“He thought about what to write”及第三段的內(nèi)容“As the boy reflected on his previous writing efforts；he realized how hopeless his task of winning was.He had little imagination，and unfortunately，imagination was the key to writing”及倒數(shù)第五段尾句“He had to.write”可知，想象力是寫作的關(guān)鍵，而他又缺乏想象力，另外，由于他不知道寫什么，故他延誤了寫作時(shí)間，故B項(xiàng)正確。8Which might be the maximum word limit for each entry?A100.B250.C500. D1000.解析：C考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第七段“Finally，he finished.The word count now read498”可知，他寫了498個(gè)詞，終于完成了；結(jié)合第八段第一句“'Perfect，'he thought，just under the word limit.”可知，他認(rèn)為太完美了，剛好低于限定的詞數(shù)；據(jù)此可以判斷，文章的最高限定詞數(shù)可能為500，故C項(xiàng)正確。