高三英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí) 語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)突破四 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 動(dòng)詞不定式課件 北師大版

語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)突破語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)突破(四四)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式 一、動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)to have been goingto have been making完成進(jìn)行式(發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前并且一直持續(xù)到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，仍在進(jìn)行)to have goneto have been madeto have made完成式(發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前)to be goingto be making進(jìn)行式(在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行)to goto be madeto make一般式(與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生)動(dòng)詞不定式主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)不及物動(dòng)詞及物動(dòng)詞 及物與不及物類別 時(shí)態(tài) 語(yǔ)態(tài)【特別提醒】1. 當(dāng)作定語(yǔ)的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式既可用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，也可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但其含義有所不同。試比較：Have you got anything to send?你有什么東西要寄嗎？(不定式to send的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“你”)Have you got anything to be sent?你有什么要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎？(不定式to be sent的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“我”或“別人”)2. 不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式。Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon with? (A knife cuts the watermelon.)你有切西瓜的刀子嗎？3. 不定式作表語(yǔ)形容詞的狀語(yǔ)，和句子主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)不定式多用主動(dòng)形式。This book is difficult to understand.這本書(shū)很難懂。4. 在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)說(shuō)話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式；如果說(shuō)話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的事情本身必須被完成，則用被動(dòng)形式。There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work.)有很多工作要做。(某人去做)There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done.)有很多工作有待被做。(強(qiáng)調(diào)工作被做) 二、動(dòng)詞不定式的句法功能We could do nothing but wait.We have no choice but to wait.We cant choose but wait.不定式在介詞but, except, besides后面時(shí)，如果介詞之前為動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，則后接不帶to的不定式，否則帶to。此外，cannot choose but和cannot help but, cannot but等后面的不定式也省略toThe boy pretended to have fallen asleep.They refused to take him back.不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往跟在某些及物動(dòng)詞后面。常見(jiàn)的有：afford, agree, ask, decide, desire, pretend, plan, intend, refuse, wish等賓語(yǔ)My goal is to be a scientist.表示主語(yǔ)的“職業(yè)、職責(zé)和性質(zhì)”等表語(yǔ)Its very hard to learn an art.常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式典句例示要點(diǎn) 功能類別動(dòng)詞不定式賓語(yǔ)不定式作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，其后跟補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而把不定式后置I make it a rule to do tai chi every morning.tell, show, understand, know, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss等動(dòng)詞可跟“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”。He showed us how to do the work.定語(yǔ)不定式和所修飾的詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面就要有相應(yīng)的介詞I have a meeting to attend.He has a nice pen to write with.不定式與被修飾的詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系She is always the first to come to school.說(shuō)明所修飾的名詞的內(nèi)容，與該詞存在同位關(guān)系。常用于chance, opportunity, time, money, decision, refusal, wish, right等詞后I must keep the promise to pay within a month.動(dòng)詞不定式賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)此類動(dòng)詞有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, teach, tell, order等Its hard to persuade Dad to give up smoking.動(dòng)詞不定式作動(dòng)詞feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe等感官動(dòng)詞以及have, let, make等使役動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式符號(hào)to要省略。但如果這些句子變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，必須帶toI heard my neighbour lock the door.I will have all my friends come over this weekend.My neighbour was heard to lock the door.動(dòng)詞不定式狀語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等She did all she could to save him.They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.目的狀語(yǔ)還可以用in order to或so as to來(lái)表示，但so as to不能置于句首，only to do, so . as to do和such . as to do中的不定式均作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.He was so angry as to be unable to speak.【特別提醒】1.不定式的否定形式的構(gòu)成：動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是在不定式的符號(hào)“to”前直接加上not，有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)也可以用否定詞never來(lái)否定。Its wrong of you not to go to school on time.你不按時(shí)上學(xué)是不對(duì)的。2.在“be+性質(zhì)形容詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。常見(jiàn)的形容詞有：easy, hard, difficult, interesting, heavy, pleasant, good, fit, comfortable, safe, dangerous, impossible等。三、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，就是分詞或不定式有自己的獨(dú)立主語(yǔ)，可以不與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，所以在語(yǔ)法上不是句子。此結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中起原因、方式、時(shí)間、條件、伴隨情況狀語(yǔ)從句的作用。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)與句子的主體部分分隔開(kāi)來(lái)。其功能和用法見(jiàn)下表：表現(xiàn)形式意義典句例示名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)或正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)或已經(jīng)完成Weather permitting, well go out for a walk. Homework finished, the boy went out to play.不定式表將來(lái)，計(jì)劃安排要做的事The exam to be held tomorrow, I cant go to the cinema tonight.形容詞/副詞表示名詞或代詞所處的狀態(tài)Our lessons (being) over, we went to play football.介詞短語(yǔ)表位置The girl is walking in the field, packet on the back.with+名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行They pretended to be working all night with their lights burning.過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)或完成She had to walk home with her bike stolen.不定式表將來(lái)I cant go out to play with so much homework to do.形容詞表狀態(tài)He used to sleep with windows open.副詞表狀態(tài)He went up to sleep with lights on.介詞短語(yǔ)表位置The children came running toward us, with flowers in their hands.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用法比較非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用法比較一、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子的主語(yǔ)就是其邏輯主語(yǔ)。高考考查過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，作狀語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞一般位于句首，而且該分詞與句子的主語(yǔ)之間存在邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的用法1. 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，即動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)的背景或狀況；其邏輯主語(yǔ)通常就是句子的主語(yǔ)，且主語(yǔ)是過(guò)去分詞動(dòng)作的承受者，過(guò)去分詞與主語(yǔ)之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。Built in the Ming Dynasty, the building is still in good condition.雖然建于明代，但這座建筑仍然狀況良好。(build和the building之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 倘若給予更多的關(guān)注，這些樹(shù)會(huì)生長(zhǎng)得更好。2. 某些動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化，且往往用于一些系表結(jié)構(gòu)中。此時(shí)這些過(guò)去分詞既不表示被動(dòng)，也不表示完成，而表示一種狀態(tài)，這樣的詞有：lost“迷路的”； seated“坐”； hidden“躲”； stationed“駐扎”； lost / absorbed in“沉溺于”； dressed in“穿著”； tired of“感到厭倦”等，不管它們作什么成分都不用其-ing形式。Absorbed in his book, he didnt notice me enter the room. 專心于讀書(shū)，他沒(méi)注意到我進(jìn)入房間。Dressed in red, she looks more beautiful.穿著紅色的衣服，她看上去更漂亮了?，F(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)的用法1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)其邏輯主語(yǔ)往往是句子的主語(yǔ)，這時(shí)該動(dòng)詞與句子的主語(yǔ)之間往往存在主謂關(guān)系。As the light turned green， I stood for a moment, not moving, and asked myself what I was going to do.當(dāng)燈變綠色時(shí)，我站了一會(huì)兒，不動(dòng)，并且自問(wèn)自己要做什么。They entered the theatre, talking and laughing.他們說(shuō)笑著進(jìn)了劇院。2. 現(xiàn)在分詞有：一般式、被動(dòng)式、完成式和完成被動(dòng)式四種形式，每一種形式的否定式都是直接在前面加not構(gòu)成。一般式(doing)表示主動(dòng)的一般性的動(dòng)作或者正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；被動(dòng)式(being done)表示正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，完成式(having done)表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前的主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作；完成被動(dòng)式(having been done)表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.沒(méi)有得到答復(fù)，他決定再寫(xiě)信去。The old man, having worked abroad for twenty years, came back to his motherland.在國(guó)外工作了二十年后，這位老人回到了祖國(guó)。(work與句子的主語(yǔ)the old man之間存在主謂關(guān)系，而且work這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前)Having won the championship, he was awarded a million dollars.因?yàn)楂@得了冠軍，他被獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)100萬(wàn)美元。 3. 有一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)，如：generally speaking, according to, judging from / by等，無(wú)論主語(yǔ)是什么都用這種形式作狀語(yǔ)。 Generally speaking, children like playing in the fields.一般來(lái)說(shuō)，孩子們喜歡在田野里玩。Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.從他說(shuō)的話來(lái)判斷，他一定是一位誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。 4. 一些考生在做題過(guò)程中不知道應(yīng)該選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)。現(xiàn)在教大家一個(gè)行之有效的方法：作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，是用動(dòng)詞-ing形式還是用過(guò)去分詞，取決于該動(dòng)詞與句子主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。如果是意義上的主謂關(guān)系，一般用動(dòng)詞-ing形式；如果是意義上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則一般用過(guò)去分詞。請(qǐng)記住下面的例子，并細(xì)心體會(huì)。注意：句子的主語(yǔ)改變了，分詞的形式也要相應(yīng)地發(fā)生變化。Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks even more beautiful.從山頂上看，這個(gè)公園顯得更加美麗。(see與主語(yǔ)the park之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系) Seeing from the top of the hill， we find the park even more beautiful.從山頂上看，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)公園顯得更加美麗。(see與主語(yǔ)we之間存在主謂關(guān)系)不定式作狀語(yǔ)的用法不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)往往用來(lái)作目的狀語(yǔ)、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)或原因狀語(yǔ)。1. 不定式用來(lái)作目的狀語(yǔ)：作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)通常也是全句的主語(yǔ)，這里往往譯作“為了；想要”。To be a winner, you need to give all you have and try your best.要想成為贏家，你要付出所有并竭盡全力。2. 不定式用于：so . as to . ; such . as to; enough to . ; too . to; only to等結(jié)構(gòu)中往往用來(lái)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。He hurried to the booking office only to be told all the tickets had been sold out.他匆忙去了售票處，結(jié)果被告知所有的票已經(jīng)賣完了。(“only + to do”表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，tell和主語(yǔ)he之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，因而應(yīng)用不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。)【注意】 不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)往往表示意想不到的結(jié)果，而現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)則表示自然而然的結(jié)果。His parents died, leaving him an orphan.他的父母去世了，使他成為孤兒。3. 不定式與形容詞連用時(shí)，大多表示原因，用來(lái)作原因狀語(yǔ)。這些形容詞主要有：happy, kind, surprised, frightened, angry, shocked, glad, delighted, disappointed等。Im very glad to hear the news.聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息我非常高興。二、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)1. 要解答好這類題目，第一步判斷該動(dòng)詞與被修飾的名詞之間的關(guān)系，如果是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系就要用表示被動(dòng)的非謂語(yǔ)形式(過(guò)去分詞，現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式，不定式的被動(dòng)式)，如果是主謂關(guān)系則用現(xiàn)在分詞或動(dòng)詞不定式；第二步看動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，如果沒(méi)有確定的時(shí)間，一般情況下動(dòng)賓關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞，主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞。2. 現(xiàn)在分詞(短語(yǔ))作定語(yǔ)與所修飾的名詞之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示該動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行。China is a developing country.中國(guó)是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。Be quiet. Theres a sleeping baby.安靜點(diǎn)，這兒有一個(gè)正在睡覺(jué)的孩子。3. 過(guò)去分詞(短語(yǔ))作定語(yǔ)與它所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示該動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)或完成。The developed countries also need help from any other country in the world.發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家也需要世界上其他國(guó)家的幫助?！癟hings lost never come again!” I couldnt help talking to myself.“失去的東西再也不會(huì)回來(lái)!”我情不自禁地自言自語(yǔ)。4. 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)多表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作。The problem to be discussed is of great importance.要討論的這個(gè)問(wèn)題很重要。三、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ)1. 過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，該動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。Ill have my house painted tomorrow.明天我會(huì)讓人把我的房子粉刷一下。When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.當(dāng)我打開(kāi)門時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)地面被落葉所覆蓋。2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，該動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)之間存在主謂關(guān)系。現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)正在進(jìn)行中的主動(dòng)動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作過(guò)程的一部分?？梢詭в羞@種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。He saw a boy getting on the bus.他看見(jiàn)一個(gè)男孩正在上公交車。(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行)Jenny found a wallet lying on the ground.詹妮發(fā)現(xiàn)地上有一個(gè)錢包。(主動(dòng))3. 不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，該動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)之間存在主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作已完成。I hear him sing a song.我聽(tīng)到他唱了一首歌。四、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)1. 常接v.-ing作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。suggest, advise, finish, practise, dislike, enjoy, consider, appreciate, imagine, excuse, delay, miss, forbid, permit, allow, mind, escape, avoid,為了便于記憶，有人編成了順口溜：建議完成練習(xí)，不喜歡考慮感激，想象原諒過(guò)錯(cuò)，不允許介意逃避。常接v.-ing作賓語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ)：feel like, devote . to . , get used to, look forward to, object to, set about, put off等。2. 常接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。afford“負(fù)擔(dān)得起”, agree“同意”, decide“決定”, determine“決定”, expect“期望”, hope“希望”, manage“設(shè)法”, refuse“拒絕”, want“想”, wish“希望”, offer“提供”, pretend“假裝”, promise“許諾”, choose“選擇”, fail“失敗”, long“渴望”等。3. 可用動(dòng)名詞,也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，但意義區(qū)別不大的動(dòng)詞begin“開(kāi)始”, continue“繼續(xù)”, like“喜歡”, love“喜愛(ài)”, prefer“寧愿”, start“開(kāi)始”, hate“討厭”等。4. 可用動(dòng)名詞，也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，但意義區(qū)別明顯的動(dòng)詞。forgetto do sth.忘記去做某事(未做)doing sth.忘記做過(guò)某事(已做)regretto do sth.對(duì)即將做的事表示遺憾(未做) doing sth.對(duì)做過(guò)的事表示后悔(已做)tryto do sth.盡力去做某事doing sth.試著做某事go onto do sth.繼續(xù)做另一件事doing sth.繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事5. 動(dòng)詞want, need, require意為“需要”時(shí)，后面跟動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)式或動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式作賓語(yǔ)區(qū)別不大。The flowers need / want / require watering / to be watered. 這些花需要澆水。rememberto do sth.記著去做某事(未做)doing sth.記著做了某事(已做)meanto do sth.打算做某事doing sth.意味著做某事6. 在動(dòng)詞allow, advise, forbid, permit后面直接跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，如果有名詞或代詞作賓語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)構(gòu)成“allow / advise / forbid / permit+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式(作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))”。We dont allow smoking here.我們不允許在這里吸煙。We dont allow anyone to smoke here.我們不允許有人在這里吸煙。五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作表語(yǔ)1. 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，它們大多數(shù)是已經(jīng)形容詞化的現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞，而且大多數(shù)是與心理狀態(tài)有聯(lián)系的詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞通常表示“某事/物令人感到”，而過(guò)去分詞則表示某人的感受，意為“感到的”。這樣的詞常見(jiàn)的有：interesting“有趣的”, interested“感興趣的”； exciting“令人興奮的”, excited“感到興奮的”； disappointing“令人失望的”， disappointed“感到失望的”等。這類現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般是物作主語(yǔ)；而過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，則一般是人作主語(yǔ)。The story sounds interesting.那個(gè)故事聽(tīng)起來(lái)有趣。She is interested in the story.她對(duì)那個(gè)故事感興趣。2. 動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)往往表示具體的動(dòng)作或表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。My job is to clean the house three times a week.我的工作是每星期打掃三次房子。六、have, get后接三種形式作賓補(bǔ)have, get表示“使、讓、叫”，后接三種形式作賓補(bǔ)。1. have sth. done=get sth. done使/讓某事由別人去做(叫/讓某人做某事)Ill have / get my bike repaired tomorrow.我明天得(請(qǐng)人)修一下我的自行車。Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.史密斯先生在度假期間，他家的房子被別人破門而入。2. The captain got the soldiers moving towards the front after a short rest. 休息了片刻之后，上尉讓士兵們開(kāi)始朝前線行進(jìn)起來(lái)。 【注意】 have sb. doing若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”之意。 I wont have you speaking to your dad like that. 我不允許你和你父親那樣講話。have sb./ sth. doing使/讓某人/物持續(xù)地做某事 (v.-ing形式表主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行)get sb./ sth. doing使某人/物開(kāi)始行動(dòng)起來(lái) 3. Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt. 媽媽讓我去商店買些食鹽。have sb. do sth.get sb. to do sth.使/讓/叫某人去做某事七、動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的比較1. 動(dòng)詞不定式表示一次性的、具體的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)名詞常表示一般的、泛指的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如：However, buying a pen that youll enjoy is not difficult if you keep the following in mind.然而，如果你記住以下這些，買一支自己喜歡的鋼筆并不難。Its necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher.和一位有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老師討論一下這個(gè)問(wèn)題很有必要。2. 不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，即用句型：It is + adj. + for / of sb. to do sth.如：It would be easy for you to keep him happy, he said.他說(shuō)，你讓他高興很容易。F高考體驗(yàn)1. (2012遼寧)This machine is very easy _. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.A. operatingB. to be operatingC. operated D. to operate答案 D解析 句意：這臺(tái)機(jī)器很容易操作。任何人幾分鐘就能學(xué)會(huì)操作。不定式作表語(yǔ)形容詞的狀語(yǔ), 表示在哪一方面存在這個(gè)形容詞表示的情況或產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因。本題結(jié)構(gòu)可換為It is very easy to operate the machine.?；騎o operate the machine is very easy.。這一結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式要用主動(dòng)式且要用及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞。故此處D項(xiàng)正確。2. (2012山東)George returned after the war, only _ that his wife had left him.A. to be told B. tellingC. being told D. told答案 A解析 句意：?jiǎn)讨螒?zhàn)后回來(lái), 卻被告知妻子已離他而去了。only + to do sth.表示意想不到的結(jié)果；doing表示自然的結(jié)果。3. (2012陜西)If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but _ an even greater challenge.A. meets B. meetingC. meet D. to meet答案 D解析 句意：如果接受這份工作, 除了接受更大的挑戰(zhàn)之外他別無(wú)選擇。have no choice but to do sth.“除了做某事之外別無(wú)選擇”。4. (2011天津)Passengers are permitted _ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.A. to carryB. carryingC. to be carriedD. being carried答案 A解析 句意：乘客只被允許帶一件手提行李登機(jī)。該題考查permit的固定搭配be permitted to do sth.(被允許做某事)的用法。動(dòng)詞不定式在permit sb. to do中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ), 但在be permitted to do中作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)?？膳懦鼴、D選項(xiàng)。根據(jù)passengers與carry之間的主動(dòng)關(guān)系可確定選A項(xiàng)。5. (2011浙江)If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city _ by their enthusiastic supporters.A. being cheeredB. be cheeredC. to be cheeredD. were cheered答案 C解析 句意：如果他們今晚贏得了決賽, 這個(gè)隊(duì)就會(huì)全城游行, 接受熱情支持者們的喝彩。分析句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知, _ by their enthusiastic supporters在句中作伴隨狀語(yǔ), 空格后的by提示cheer與the team之間是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系, 且事情還沒(méi)有發(fā)生, 所以用動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。6. (2011北京)Its important for the figures _ regularly.A. to be updatedB. to have been updatedC. to updateD. to have updated答案 A解析 句意：對(duì)數(shù)字進(jìn)行定期地更新非常重要。分析題干可知update與the figures之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系, 故排除C、D兩項(xiàng)；又因?yàn)檫@里談及的是日常規(guī)律性的事情, 因此應(yīng)該用一般式, 故排除B項(xiàng)。7. (2011重慶)More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced _ peoples concern over food safety.A. to raiseB. raisingC. to have raisedD. having raised答案 A解析 句意：據(jù)政府官員所說(shuō), 更多的電視節(jié)目將會(huì)被制作, 以提高人們對(duì)食品安全的關(guān)注。動(dòng)詞不定式表示目的, 而且動(dòng)作為將來(lái), 因此選A項(xiàng)。8. (2011四川)Simon made a big bamboo box _ the little sick bird till it could fly.A. keepB. keptC. keepingD. to keep答案 D解析 句意：西蒙做了一個(gè)大竹箱子來(lái)養(yǎng)這只生病的小鳥(niǎo), 直到它能飛。根據(jù)句意可確定此處缺少目的狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式to keep可表示目的。9. (2011江蘇)Recently a survey _ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.A. comparedB. comparingC. comparesD. being compared答案 B解析 句意：最近, 在兩家不同超市對(duì)相同商品進(jìn)行的一次價(jià)格比較調(diào)查引起了市民熱烈的討論。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知, 句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為has caused,故空格處應(yīng)為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式, 來(lái)充當(dāng)a survey的后置定語(yǔ)。a survey與compare之間存在主動(dòng)關(guān)系, 故用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)。實(shí)際上現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)comparing prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句which / that compares .。10. (2011重慶)Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself _ of his own dreams. A. remindingB. to remindC. remindedD. remind答案 C解析 句意：邁克爾在床邊掛了姚明的一張照片來(lái)提醒他自己他的夢(mèng)想。本題考查“keep+賓語(yǔ)+v.-ing”和“keep+賓語(yǔ)+v.-ed”用法辨析, 選擇用v.-ing還是v.-ed, 要根據(jù)賓語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系而定, 如果它們之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系, 則用v.-ing, 如果為被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 則用v.-ed。himself與remind之間存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 故選C。11. (2010全國(guó)卷)With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad.A. buyB. to buyC. buyingD. to have bought答案 B解析 句意：父親節(jié)就要來(lái)了，我已經(jīng)從銀行取了一些錢以便給父親買禮物。不定式可以作目的狀語(yǔ)，且動(dòng)作還沒(méi)有發(fā)生，故正確答案為B。12. (2010山東)I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term.A. completingB. to completeC. completedD. being completed答案 B解析 句意：這個(gè)學(xué)期結(jié)束前，我要做很多閱讀練習(xí)。由于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before the end of this term表示未來(lái)的時(shí)間，所以空格處使用動(dòng)詞不定式表示將來(lái)，充當(dāng)readings的定語(yǔ)。13. (2010上海)That is the only way we can imagine _ the overuse of water in students bathrooms.A. reducingB. to reduceC. reducedD. reduce答案 B解析 句意：這是我們唯一能想出的減少學(xué)生浴室過(guò)度用水的方法。the only way后有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)we can imagine；一個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ)to reduce .。14. (2010重慶)Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one _ first is the library.A. repairedB. being repairedC. repairingD. to be repaired答案 D解析 句意：這個(gè)城市的很多建筑都需要修繕，但是最先需要修繕的是圖書(shū)館。the one指代前面提到的buildings與repair是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，由前半句房屋需要修繕可知修繕這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在need之后，所以用to be repaired。15. (2009山東)We are invited to a party _ in our club next Firday.A. to be heldB. heldC. being heldD. holding答案 A解析 句意：我們被邀請(qǐng)參加下周五在我們俱樂(lè)部舉行的一個(gè)聚會(huì)。party和hold之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，next Friday是將來(lái)時(shí)間，故正確答案為A。16. (2009全國(guó)卷)The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom.A. looked at B. to look atC. to looking atD. look at答案 B解析 句意：當(dāng)那個(gè)著名的女演員走進(jìn)教室，孩子們都回過(guò)身看她。句中缺少目的狀語(yǔ)，故選擇不定式to look at。17. (2009天津)_ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.A. CompletingB. Having completedC. To have completedD. To complete答案 D解析 句意：為了及時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工程，員工們周末都在工作。句中缺少原因狀語(yǔ)，且complete這個(gè)動(dòng)作還沒(méi)有完成，故正確答案為D。18. (2009江蘇)Schools across China are expected to hire 50 000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, _ reduce unemployment pressures.A. helpB. to have helpedC. to helpD. having helped答案 C解析 句意：今年全國(guó)的學(xué)校預(yù)計(jì)招聘5萬(wàn)名大學(xué)畢業(yè)生作為臨時(shí)教師以幫助減輕失業(yè)壓力，這個(gè)數(shù)字幾乎是去年的三倍。句中缺少原因狀語(yǔ)，且help這一個(gè)動(dòng)作還沒(méi)有發(fā)生，故正確答案為C。19. (2009上海)David threatened _ his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid.A. to be reportedB. reportingC. to reportD. having reported答案 C解析 句意：大衛(wèi)威脅他的鄰居，如果損失得不到賠償，他就會(huì)報(bào)警。threaten后跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)，根據(jù)句意可知report和David之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故正確答案為C。F模擬預(yù)測(cè)1. The project _ by the end of 2013 will expand the citys telephone network to cover 2 000 000 users.A. accomplishedB. to be accomplishedC. being accomplishedD. having been accomplished答案 B解析 the project與accomplish之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系， by the end of 2013暗示動(dòng)作還未發(fā)生，故用不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作定語(yǔ)。2. Shanghai Disneyland Park, _ in 2015, will attract tourists from all over China then.A. to have been completedB. being completedC. completedD. to be completed答案 D解析 主句主語(yǔ)與complete之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系， in 2015暗示該動(dòng)作還未發(fā)生，故用不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作定語(yǔ)。3. (2013南寧一模)We hurried all the way to the airport, only _ that the flight had been called off because of the foggy weather.A. being told B. to be toldC. having told D. to have been told答案 B解析 考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：我們一路匆匆忙忙地趕到機(jī)場(chǎng), 結(jié)果卻被告知, 航班因有霧而被取消。此處不定式(only) to be told作狀語(yǔ)，表示結(jié)果，通常表示一個(gè)出乎意料的、令人失望的結(jié)果。4. (2013濟(jì)南一中階段測(cè)試)She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role _ in making the earth a better place to live in.A. to have played B. to playC. to be played D. to be playing答案 B解析 句意：她將告訴我們?yōu)槭裁此龔?qiáng)烈地感覺(jué)到我們每個(gè)人都得盡一份力來(lái)讓地球成為一個(gè)更好的居住地。不定式作定語(yǔ), 相當(dāng)于play a role in making .。5. (2013浙江寧波十校聯(lián)考)I dont think it easy, even if we work hard, _ the South Korea and the North Korea to sit down to talk at present.A. persuadedB. to persuadeC. persuade D. persuading答案 B解析 句意：即便我們努力, 我認(rèn)為眼下說(shuō)服朝鮮和韓國(guó)坐下來(lái)會(huì)談也不容易。主句為：I dont think it easy to persuade the South Korea .,it作形式賓語(yǔ), to persuade the South Korea .是真正的賓語(yǔ)。6. (2013山東淄博一模) You shouldnt have treated me that way. My heart is broken. Im sorry, Paul. I didnt mean _ you.A. hurtingB. to hurtC. hurtD. having hurt答案 B解析 考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：你本不應(yīng)該那樣對(duì)待我。我的心都碎了。對(duì)不起, 保羅。我不是有意要傷害你。mean to do sth.“打算做某事”。7. (2013銀川模擬)I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while she works.A. working; stoppingB. to work; stoppingC. working; to stopD. to work; to stop答案 C解析 句意：我無(wú)法忍受和簡(jiǎn)在同一個(gè)辦公室工作。她在工作時(shí)總是說(shuō)個(gè)不停。stand后跟doing作賓語(yǔ)；refuse后跟to do作賓語(yǔ)。8. Have you any letters _, sir? No, thanks. You may take a rest.A. to typeB. to be typedC. to be typingD. typed答案 B解析 句意：先生，您有信件需要打印嗎？沒(méi)有，謝謝。你可以休息一下了。have作“有”講時(shí)，其后的賓語(yǔ)常跟不定式作后置定語(yǔ)， letters和type之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故正確答案為B。9. (2013哈爾濱模擬) Have all the mysteries been cleared up? Almost. But _ only one question _.A. there remains; answeredB. it remains; to be answeredC. there remains; to be answeredD. it remains; answered答案 C解析 句意：所有的謎團(tuán)都已經(jīng)解開(kāi)了嗎？差不多了。但是還有一個(gè)問(wèn)題有待解答。there remains . 意為“還有”；question 和answer之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故正確答案為C。10. (2013寶雞模擬)Every minute must be made full use of _ our lessons.A. studyingB. to studyC. studyD. being studied答案 B解析 句意：每一分鐘都必須被利用起來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)我們的功課。句中缺少的是目的狀語(yǔ)，并不是make use of 的賓語(yǔ)，故正確答案為B。11. In the beauty competition, women are asked _ some of the exercises _ the music.A. performing; toB. performing; withC. to perform; toD. to perform; by答案 C解析 句意：在選美比賽中，女性被要求隨著音樂(lè)做一些動(dòng)作。be asked to do “被要求做某事”；to the music“隨著音樂(lè)(的節(jié)奏)”。12. Teamwork is very important in modern society. _ an effective team member, you need to develop a teamwork attitude.A. BecomeB. BecomingC. Having becomeD. To become答案 D解析 句意：在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中團(tuán)隊(duì)合作非常重要。想要成為一名有效率的團(tuán)隊(duì)成員，你需要培養(yǎng)團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作意識(shí)。不定式短語(yǔ)to become . 作目的狀語(yǔ)。13. There will be more than 750 projects _, creating nearly 40 000 jobs starting this summer, including 15 000 in a Youth Conservation Corps.A. startedB. to be startedC. startingD. to start答案 B解析 句意：今年夏天還有750多個(gè)項(xiàng)目即將啟動(dòng)，將會(huì)創(chuàng)造將近4萬(wàn)個(gè)工作崗位，其中包括一個(gè)青年保護(hù)團(tuán)體中的1萬(wàn)5千個(gè)職位。 根據(jù)there will be . 可知工程還未啟動(dòng)，且projects和start之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故正確答案為B。14. The girl came _ to the cinema only _ the tickets had been sold out.A. to run; tellingB. running; to be toldC. and ran; being toldD. running; to tell答案 B解析 句意：女孩跑著來(lái)到電影院卻被告知票已經(jīng)賣完了。第一空用現(xiàn)在分詞作came的伴隨狀語(yǔ)；第二空用不定式作狀語(yǔ)，表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。15. Most students in our class prefer taking pains in our studies to _ with a better education.A. equipB. equippingC. be equippedD. being equipped答案 C解析 句意：我們班的大多數(shù)學(xué)生都愿意努力學(xué)習(xí)好有一個(gè)更好的未來(lái)。本題并不是考查prefer doing to doing，而是考查take pains to do“盡心做某事”，to be equipped with . 是目的狀語(yǔ)。16. If the building project _ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company _.A. to be completed; will be finedB. is completed; is finedC. being completed; will be finedD. completed; is being fined答案 A解析 句意：如果推遲定于本月底完工的建筑工程的話，建筑公司就會(huì)被罰款。由by the end of this month可知應(yīng)用不定式表將來(lái)，而the building project和complete又構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。17. Having bought a new car, _ to tell my wife the good news.A. a phone call was madeB. a phone call was neededC. I made a phone callD. I would make a phone call答案 C解析 句意：買了新車之后，我打電話告訴妻子這個(gè)好消息?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)就應(yīng)是句子的主語(yǔ)，結(jié)合時(shí)態(tài)可知正確答案為C。18. Does Shelly like shopping? Well, she would rather spend time _ at home than _ in the street.A. read; wanderB. reading; wanderC. in reading; to wander D. reading; to wander答案 B解析 句意：雪莉喜歡購(gòu)物嗎？與在大街上閑逛相比，她更愿意在家里讀書(shū)。根據(jù)would rather do than do句型，可知第二空應(yīng)該用wander，故排除C、D兩項(xiàng)；另外，根據(jù)spend+一段時(shí)間+(in)+動(dòng)名詞，可知第一空需用reading，故答案為B項(xiàng)。19. _ to a university in the UK,