高考英語一輪復習 第二部分 語法專練 專題十 特殊句式（倒裝、強調(diào)和省略等）課件 外研版

專題九專題十特殊句式(倒裝、強調(diào)和省略等)考向分析考向分析特殊句式包括倒裝、感嘆句、祈使句、強調(diào)和省略等,在高考試題中只是偶爾會考查一次。雖然特殊句式不是高考的重點考點,但是仍然需要靈活掌握,而且掌握好特殊句式還有助于寫作能力的提升?？键c一考點一 倒裝倒裝考點二考點二 感嘆句與祈使句感嘆句與祈使句考點三考點三 強調(diào)句型強調(diào)句型本專題考點本專題考點考點四考點四 省略省略考點清單考點清單考點一倒裝一、完全倒裝一、完全倒裝單句填空單句填空1.Now, just in front of the house stands (stand)a tall tree with a history of 100 years.答案答案stands句意:現(xiàn)在,就在這座房子前面聳立著一棵有100年歷史的大樹。表示地點的介詞短語置于句首,且主語是名詞,后面的主語、謂語部分需用全部倒裝形式;根據(jù)時間狀語Now可推知設(shè)空處需用一般現(xiàn)在時;本句主語為第三人稱單數(shù),故填stands。語境運用語境運用2.Among the crises that face humans is (be) the lack of natural re-sources.答案答案is該句為倒裝句式,主語為“the lack of natural resources”,而該句描述的是客觀事實,故用一般現(xiàn)在時。故空格處填is。單句改錯單句改錯3.John opened the door and there stand a girl he had never seen before. standstood 答案答案standstoodthere位于句首,且主語不是人稱代詞時,句子應(yīng)用完全倒裝形式,結(jié)合語境可知,stand錯誤,應(yīng)用一般過去時態(tài),故stand改為stood。完全倒裝完全倒裝(Full Inversion)謂語部分完全放在主語之前的句子,便是完全倒裝句。1.副詞、介詞短語類:表示地點的副詞here,there置于句首,且主語是名詞(不是代詞),需用完全倒裝,其形式為:There/Here+謂語+主語。常用于此句型的謂語動詞為be,go,come,exist,follow,remain,lie等,時態(tài)要用一般現(xiàn)在時。There goes the last bus.末班公共汽車開走了。Here is the money I promised you.這是我答應(yīng)給你的錢。There goes the bell for break.下課鈴響了。Here you are.給你。(代詞作主語,不倒裝)用法精講用法精講表示時間的副詞(如:now,then等)、運動方向的副詞(如:out,in,up,down,away等)及表示地點的介詞短語置于句首,且主語是名詞(不是代詞),需用完全倒裝,其形式為:副詞或介詞短語+謂語+主語。常用于此句型的謂語動詞為come,fall,follow,exist,lie,go,remain,run等,時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時。Now comes your turn!現(xiàn)在該你了!Up went the arrow into the air.箭直射向空中。Under the table sleeps a white cat.在桌子下面睡著一只白色的貓。Behind the counter he stood.他站在柜臺后面。(代詞作主語,不倒裝)2.表語類:為了保持句子平衡或強調(diào)表語部分等,將作表語的形容詞、分詞、介詞短語、such置于句首時,需用完全倒裝,其形式為:形容詞/現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/介詞短語/such+be+主語。Happy are those who are contented.知足者常樂。Growing all over the mountain are wild flowers.漫山遍野長滿了野花。Seated on the ground are a group of young people.席地而坐的是一群年輕人。Inside the parcel was a letter.包裹里有封信。Such were his words.(=Such was what he said.)這就是他說的話。二、部分倒裝二、部分倒裝單句填空單句填空1.Not until recentlydid they encourage the development of tourist-re-lated activities in the rural areas.答案答案did 句意:直到近期,他們才開始鼓勵農(nóng)村地區(qū)與旅游有關(guān)的活動的發(fā)展。not until位于句首時,句子需用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),此處指過去所發(fā)生的動作,需用一般過去時,故答案為did。 2.Only when Lily walked into the office did she realize that she had left the contract at home.答案答案did句意:直到莉莉走進辦公室她才意識到她把合同落在家里了?！皁nly+狀語從句”置于句首時,主句需用部分倒裝形式。根據(jù)題干中的had left可以推斷出設(shè)空處應(yīng)該用一般過去時,故填did。語境運用語境運用3. Only by increasing the number of doctors by 50 percent can the pa-tients be treated properly in this hospital.答案答案Only句意:只有將醫(yī)生的人數(shù)增加50%,病人才能在這家醫(yī)院得到恰當?shù)闹委?。“only+狀語”置于句首時,句子要部分倒裝。其正常語序是:The patients can be treated properly in this hospital only by in-creasing the number of doctors by 50 percent.4.So buried was (be)she in doing her homework that she didnt notice it got dark outside.答案答案was句意:她如此全神貫注做她的家庭作業(yè)以至于她都沒注意到外面天已經(jīng)黑了。so.that.句型中,將so.置于句首,后面的主謂語需部分倒裝;根據(jù)題中的didnt可知設(shè)空處需用一般過去時,故答案為was。單句改錯單句改錯5.The headmaster will not permit the change in the course;nor does he even give it a thought. doeswill 答案答案doeswill否定副詞neither,never,seldom等放在句首時,句子用部分倒裝形式。逗號前使用了一般將來時,根據(jù)語境,逗號之后也應(yīng)用一般將來時。二、部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)把be動詞、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞置于主語之前的句子叫部分倒裝句。這類句型主要有下面幾種:1.only 修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句,且放在句首時。Only in this way can we learn English well.只有用這種方法我們才能學好英語。使用特點:(1)在部分倒裝句中,如果謂語部分無助動詞,則需找助動詞來“幫助”構(gòu)成倒裝句。()Only after the war learned he the sad news.()Only after the war did he learn the sad news.只是在戰(zhàn)后他才得知那個不幸的消息。用法精講用法精講(2)only 修飾狀語從句時,從句不可倒裝,主句倒裝。()Only when did he return we found out the truth.()Only when he returned did we find out the truth.只是當他回來的時候,我們才查明了真相。(3)only 修飾主語時,句子不可倒裝。()Only can he answer the question.()Only he can answer the question.只有他能回答這個問題。2.否定詞never,nor,not,hardly,little,seldom,scarcely,rarely及表否定意義的介詞短語at no time,under/in no circumstances,in no case,by no means,on no condition等置于句首時。Never before have I seen such a moving film.=I have never seen such a moving film before.以前我從未看過這么感人的電影。Not a single mistake did he make.=He didnt make a single mistake.他一個錯誤也沒犯。Hardly do I think it possible to finish the work before dark.=I hardly think it possible to finish the work before dark.我認為在天黑之前完成這項工作幾乎是不可能的。3.六個重要的固定句型:(1)“so+be動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語”意為“也是如此”。They love having lots of friends;so do those with disabilities.他們喜歡交很多朋友,那些身有殘疾的人也是如此。使用特點:此句型也可寫成“it is/was the same with.”或“so it is/was with.”。They love having lots of friends;it isthe same withthose withdisabilities.so it is withthose withdisabilities.如果僅是對前面內(nèi)容的肯定或附和(此時的so=indeed),那么,句子不可使用倒裝。試比較:A:I was afraid.(I 指的是A)B:So was I.(I 指的是B。此句意為:I was afraid,too.)A:我害怕。B:我也是。A:I was afraid.(I 指的是A)B:So you were.(you 指的也是A。此句意為:Indeed you were afraid.)A:我害怕。B:你就是這樣。(2)“neither/nor+be動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語”意為“也不這樣”。Lily cant ride a bicycle;neither/nor can Lucy.莉莉不會騎自行車,露西也不會。使用特點:此句型也可寫成“it is/was the same with.”或“so it is/was with.”。Lily cant ride a bicycle;此句型中的neither/nor不可用so.not 替代,但可用not.either 改寫。()I have never been abroad.So hasnt he.()I have never been abroad.Neither/Nor has he.()I have never been abroad.He has never/not been abroad,either.我沒出過國。他也沒有。(3)So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself under-stood.他說英語說得如此清晰,以至于別人都能聽得懂。Such an interesting book does he have that we all want to read it.他有一本如此有趣的書,以至于我們都想讀。So./.that.Such(a /an ).that.adjadvadjn如此以至于使用特點:在這個句型中,so,such后面的句子要倒裝,而that 引導的從句不倒裝。(4)Neither.nor.意為“不,也不”。Neither do I know it;nor do I care about it.我不知道這件事,也不關(guān)心。使用特點:由于neither 和nor 都是否定詞,所以它們后面的句子均需倒裝。(5)Not only.but also.意為“不僅而且”。Not only will help be given to people to find jobs,but also medical treat-ment will be provided for people who need it.不僅要給那些找工作的人提供幫助,而且也要給那些有需要的人提供藥物治療。使用特點:此句型也可寫成 Not only.but.或Not only.but.as well 的形式,但but(also)連接的句子必須用正常語序。(6)Not until.意為“直到才”。Not until 4:00 in the morning could he fall asleep.直到早晨4點他才睡著。Not until he returned did we have supper.直到他回來我們才吃晚飯。但是:Not until did he return we had supper.()使用特點:not until 引導的是從句時,從句的主謂不可倒裝,只是主句需要倒裝。三、其他倒裝三、其他倒裝單句填空單句填空1.One has reason to believe that Chinas anti-corruption over the past few years, tough as/though it is, has achieved inspiring progress.答案答案as/though句意:一個人有理由相信在過去的幾年里中國的反腐活動取得了令人鼓舞的成就,雖然該活動很艱難。as/though引導讓步狀語從句時采用了形式倒裝。2.Try as/though she might, Sue couldnt get the door open.答案答案as/thoughas/though引導讓步狀語從句時從句采用倒裝語序(though位于句首時,從句是否倒裝均可),即把表語、狀語或動詞放在句首,故空格處填as/though。語境運用語境運用as和though引導讓步狀語從句時的倒裝(1)表語的倒裝Tired as/though he was,he still went on with his work.盡管很累,他還是繼續(xù)工作。Strange as/though it seems,it is true.盡管看上去奇怪,這事卻是真的。Exhausted as/though she was,she wasnt able to sleep.盡管已經(jīng)筋疲力盡,但她還是睡不著覺。注意:如果是單數(shù)名詞或形容詞的最高級作表語,前置時要省略冠詞。用法精講用法精講(2)謂語動詞的倒裝Try as he might,he didnt pass the exam.盡管他可能努力了,但考試還是沒有通過。Search as they would here and there,they could find nothing in the room.盡管他們到處尋找,但在房間里找不到任何東西。(3)狀語的倒裝Much as he likes the bike,he doesnt want to buy it.他雖然很喜歡那輛自行車,但并不想買它。Hard as I studied,I could not catch up with them.我雖然努力學習,但趕不上他們。溫馨提示:though引導讓步狀語從句位于句首時,從句是否倒裝均可,而although引導的讓步狀語從句不倒裝?？键c二感嘆句與祈使句單句填空單句填空1. What a strange plant! Ive never seen it before.答案答案What根據(jù)感嘆句的句式“What+a/an+形容詞+名詞+主謂!”可知空格處填What。2.(2016課標全國)It could be anythinggardening, cooking, music, sportsbut whatever it is, make (make) sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.答案答案make空前是讓步狀語從句,且最后一個逗號之后為祈使句,空格處作謂語,故填動詞原形。語境運用語境運用3.One of my favorite sayings is,“ Laugh (laugh) and the world laughs with you.”答案答案Laugh句意:我最喜歡的一句諺語是:“歡笑,世界會與你一起歡笑。”本句采用了“祈使句+and+陳述句”句型,設(shè)空處為祈使句,故用動詞原形。單句改錯單句改錯4.My dear friends, dont afraid of problems, but take advantage of them to be the best of ourselves. dont后加后加be 答案答案dont后加be句意:我親愛的朋友們,不要害怕問題,而要充分利用它們使我們自己成為最佳?！癲ont afraid of problems”為祈使句的否定形式,形容詞afraid前需加上系動詞be。(一)感嘆句1.What(+a/an)+形容詞+名詞+主語+謂語!2.How+形容詞+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+主語+謂語!3.How+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語!What a clever boy he is!=How clever a boy he is!多聰明的男孩兒呀!What beautiful flowers they are!多么美麗的花呀!What sweet water it is! 多么甜的水呀!How high the mountain is! 這山真高呀!How fast he runs!他跑得真快呀! 用法精講用法精講4.省略形式的感嘆句(1)how直接修飾謂語動詞:How+主語+謂語!How(much)we love our motherland!我們多么熱愛我們的祖國呀!(2)省略主語和謂語How wonderful(it is)!真棒!5.其他形式的感嘆句How can you be so silly!你怎么這么傻!The design and the colours!多美的圖案和色彩!To sell such a suit as that to a millionaire!竟然要把那樣一套衣服賣給一個百萬富翁!(二)祈使句1.祈使句表命令、建議、請求、警告、禁止、勸告等。其常見形式有三種:(1)動詞原形(+賓語+其他成分)。Please have a seat here. 請這邊坐。Come on, Helen.海倫,加油。(2)Be+表語。Be a good boy! 要做一個好男孩子!(3)Let+賓語+賓補。Let me help you. 讓我來幫你。但Lets與Let us表達的意思不同。Lets have a rest.讓我們休息一下吧。(表示號召或建議,其中的“我們”包括說話者和對方)Let us have a rest. 您讓我們休息一下吧。(表示請求,其中的 “我們”不包括對方)2.常見的祈使句否定式有四種:(1)Dont或Never+動詞原形。Dont be so sure.別那么有把握。Never come late.千萬別遲到。Dont be late for school!上學不要遲到!(2)Let+賓語+not+動詞原形。Lets not walk any further.我們別再往前走了。Lets not forget it.我們可不能忘了它。(3)Dont+let+賓語+動詞原形。Dont let him go.別讓他走。(4)No+名詞或動名詞。No smoking! 禁止吸煙!3.祈使句的強調(diào)式Do drive slowly. 開車千萬要慢些。Do someone help him quickly.務(wù)必有人趕快幫他的忙。Do everyone sit down.大家務(wù)必坐下?？键c三強調(diào)句型單句填空單句填空1.You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel that the coach picks up tourists.答案答案that句意:你等錯地方了。長途客車是在賓館接游客的。考查強調(diào)句型。被強調(diào)部分為at the hotel,故設(shè)空處填that。2.(2017湖北荊門調(diào)研)It wasnt until in high school that I began to trust other people again.答案答案that句意:直到上了高中我才開始再次信任別人。本句考查強調(diào)句型“It is/was+not until+詞/短語/從句+that+其他.”。語境運用語境運用3.Mr. Mike didnt understand what it was that made his wife so upset this morning.答案答案what句意:邁克先生不明白是什么使得他妻子今天早晨如此不安。本句understand后的賓語從句為強調(diào)句型,改為普通句型為:Mr. Mike didnt understand what made his wife so upset this morning.單句改錯單句改錯4. (2017湖南衡陽八中、永州四中一聯(lián)) It is working in teams instead of on my own which has freed me from trouble and made my work more effi-cient. whichthat 答案答案whichthat句意:是團隊合作而不是我自己單打獨斗使我克服了困難并使我的工作效率更高。本句考查強調(diào)句型。強調(diào)句型為:It is/was+被強調(diào)部分+that+其他.。由此可知將which改為that。(一)強調(diào)句型的基本用法1.基本結(jié)構(gòu):It is/was+被強調(diào)部分+that+其他.(被強調(diào)的對象可以是一個詞、短語,也可以是從句)It was because of the bad weather that the football match had to be put off. 由于糟糕的天氣,足球賽不得不推遲舉行。2.一般疑問句:Is/Was it+被強調(diào)部分+that+其他?Was it on a lonely island that he was saved one month after the boat went down?他是在小船沉沒一個月后在一個孤島上獲救的嗎?用法精講用法精講3.特殊疑問句:What/Who/How/When etc.+is/was+it+that+其他?Who was it that phoned just now?剛才打電話的究竟是誰?4.not.until的強調(diào)句型:It is/was+not until+詞/短語/從句+that+其他.Bach died in 1750, but it was not until the early 19th century that his musi-cal gift was fully recognized.巴赫于1750年去世,但直到19世紀早期,他的音樂天賦才被完全認可。5.復合句的強調(diào)句型:It is/was+主語從句/狀語從句+that+其他.It was when I got back to my apartment that I first came across my new neighbors.(被強調(diào)的是when引導的時間狀語從句)當我回到我的公寓的時候,我第一次遇見了我的新鄰居。6.當強調(diào)句型強調(diào)人時that和who均可使用,但是對人以外的內(nèi)容強調(diào)時只能使用 that。It was David that was late for class yesterday.(被強調(diào)的是人,that也可換為who)是戴維昨天上課遲到了。7.如對主語進行強調(diào)時,that/who之后的謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)該與被強調(diào)的部分保持一致。It is that student who speaks English best in the class.(who之后的謂語speaks與student保持一致)是那個學生在班上英語說得最好。(二)強調(diào)句型與其他相似句型的區(qū)別1.強調(diào)句型與It is/was+時間+when.句型在“It is/was+時間+when.句型”中,it 指時間,when引導的是時間狀語從句。注意兩種句型中“時間”表達方式的不同。試比較:It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.昨天午夜我回到了家里。It was midnight when I got back home yesterday.昨天當我回到家里時,已經(jīng)是午夜了。句是強調(diào)句型,被強調(diào)的是時間狀語at midnight;而句是一般句型,時間以名詞的方式表達,用來作表語。2.強調(diào)句型與 It is/has been+時間段+since.句型It is/has been.since.表示“自從以來已有(時間)”。兩個句型中的時態(tài)一般不同。試比較:It was two years ago that I began to learn English.我是在兩年前開始學英語的。It is/has been two years since I began to learn English.我學英語兩年了。句為強調(diào)句型,it后的be動詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時;而句表示“從過去到現(xiàn)在已有多長時間”,it后的be動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在完成時。3.強調(diào)句型與It was/will be+時間段+before.句型It was/will be+時間段+before.句型可有以下幾個句式:It wasnt/wont be long before.不久以后就會了/用不了多久就會It was two years/days before.過了兩年/兩天才It was not two years/days before.不到兩年/兩天就It will be two years/days before.還得兩年/兩天才It will not be two years/days before.用不了兩年/兩天就會試比較:It was two years before he came back from abroad.It was two years later that he came back from abroad.句為一般句型,句為強調(diào)句型。同樣表示“他兩年以后回的國”。注意強調(diào)句型中時間狀語的表達方式?？键c四省略單句填空單句填空1.If accepted (accept) for the job,youll be informed soon.答案答案accepted句意:如果這個工作你被錄取,你將很快被通知。本題考查狀語從句的省略。完整的句子為:If you are accepted for the job,youll be informed soon.。2.Video games can be a poor influence if left (leave) in the wrong hands.答案答案left句意:電子游戲如果落入不對的人的手里就可能有壞的影響。這里考查了leave作及物動詞的用法,可以理解為if(the video games are) left in the wrong hands,主從句的主語相同,省略從句中的主語和be動詞。語境運用語境運用3.The climate here is quite pleasant,the temperature rarely, if ever,reaching 30 in summer.答案答案if句意:這里的氣候很宜人,夏天的氣溫極少達到30攝氏度。本題考查狀語從句的省略。當從句中的主語是it,謂語動詞中又含有系動詞 be 時,可以把it和系動詞 be一起省略。if ever與rarely連用,意為“極少”。單句改錯單句改錯4.(2017山西重點中學協(xié)作體一模)When taken exams, we sometimes cheat in order to get good results to make our parents and teachers pleased. takentaking 答案答案takentaking句意:當我們參加考試時,為了取得好成績來使我們的父母和老師高興,我們有時會作弊。本題考查省略。將句子補全后為:When we are taking exams, we sometimes cheat in order to get good re-sults to make our parents and teachers pleased.時間狀語從句主語與主句主語一致,且從句中含有be動詞時,可將從句主語和be動詞去掉,故將taken改為taking。(一)定語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象限制性定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞that,which,whom?？梢允÷?當先行詞是time(次數(shù)),reason,place時,關(guān)系詞that和why,where也可以省去(詳見“定語從句”和“名詞性從句”部分)。This is the first time(that)Ive acted on the stage.這是我第一次登臺演出。(二)狀語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致,且從句中含be動詞時,可以省略狀語從句中的主語和be動詞,這時從句中可出現(xiàn)如下結(jié)構(gòu):1.時間狀語從句中常見的省略現(xiàn)象Dont speak until spoken to.有人對你說話時你再說。用法精講用法精講While in Beijing,I paid a visit to the Summer Palace.在北京時,我參觀了頤和園。 As a young man,Abraham Lincoln was a storekeeper and a postmaster.亞伯拉罕林肯年輕時當過零售店店主和郵政局長。He often makes mistakes when speaking English.說英語時他經(jīng)常出錯。She always sings while doing her work.她干活時總是唱歌。2.條件狀語從句中常見的省略現(xiàn)象Come tomorrow if possible.如果可能的話,就明天來吧。 If so,you must go back and get it.如果這樣的話,你必須回去把它拿來。Ill buy a TV set if necessary.如有必要,我就買一臺電視機。The girl never gave in unless wrong.這個女孩不會屈服的,除非她錯了。 Unless repaired,the machine is of no use.如果不被修理,這臺機器便毫無用處。3.方式狀語從句中常見的省略現(xiàn)象Some flowers shut up at night as if(they did this in order)to sleep.有些花夜間收攏,好像要睡覺一樣。She stood at the gate as if(she was)waiting for someone.她站在門口好像在等人。The woman teacher left the classroom silently as though(she was)angry.這位女教師默默地離開教室,好像生氣了。The inspector looked round,as if(he was)in search of something.這位稽查員四處看了看,好像在尋找什么。4.其他狀語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象 Though cold,he still wore a shirt.天氣雖然冷,但他仍然穿一件襯衫。Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.在空白處需要的地方填上冠詞。另外,我們還可以用so或not代替上文內(nèi)容,此時可有“if+so/not”省略句式。Get up early tomorrow.If not(=If you dont get up early),you will miss the first bus.明天得早起。如果不早起,你就趕不上首班車。He may not be at home then.If so(=If he is not at home),leave him a note.那時他可能不在家。如果他不在家的話,給他留個便條。技巧點撥技巧點撥針對特殊句式的試題,在答題中需要分別對待。涉及倒裝的試題,注意題干是符合全部倒裝的條件,還是符合部分倒裝的條件,然后再結(jié)合倒裝的具體形式(有時還需要結(jié)合時態(tài)、主謂一致等知識)推測答案。針對感嘆句的試題,結(jié)合感嘆句的相關(guān)句式即可確定正確答案。而祈使句最明顯的特征在于謂語動詞是動詞原形,這也是確定正確答案的重要依據(jù)。強調(diào)句型考查的重點是that的判斷,只要依據(jù)強調(diào)句型的結(jié)構(gòu)特點判斷出題干屬于強調(diào)句型,那么就能得出答案。針對省略方面的試題,需要結(jié)合省略的條件確定省略的內(nèi)容,然后再依據(jù)其他相關(guān)知識對題干進一步分析判斷。