新外研版八年級(jí)下冊(cè)M.doc

Module 4 Seeing the doctorUnit 1 I havent done much exercise since I got my computer.【熱身訓(xùn)練】1. 咳嗽 2. 發(fā)燒 3. 頭疼 4. 胃疼 5. 感冒 Ive got a stomachache and my head hurts. 我胃疼和頭疼。I have got a stomachache.意為“我胃疼”，是表示疾病的一種表達(dá)方式，還可以用“My stomach hurts/aches. 或I have a pain in my stomach. ”來(lái)表示“我胃疼?！崩纾篒 have got a toothache. My tooth hurts/aches.I have a pain in my tooth.與 stomachache的構(gòu)詞法相同的單詞有：toothache (牙疼）；headache (頭疼）；backache (背疼）等。How long have you been like this? 你像這樣已經(jīng)有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了？how long意為“多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”，用來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)一段時(shí)間。通常對(duì)“for + 一段時(shí)間”或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句提問(wèn)。How long do you sleep every night? 你每晚睡多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間？For about eight hours. 大約8個(gè)小時(shí)。how long也可意為“多長(zhǎng)”，用來(lái)提問(wèn)物體的長(zhǎng)度。How long is the ruler? 這把直尺有多長(zhǎng)？【即學(xué)即練】 will it take you from your school to the library?About half an hour. So Ill be there by 9 oclock.A. How farB. How soonC. How longD. How many解析:本題考查特殊疑問(wèn)短語(yǔ)。how far“多遠(yuǎn)”，對(duì)距離提問(wèn)；how soon“多久以后”，對(duì)將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間提問(wèn)；how long“多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”，對(duì)時(shí)間段或長(zhǎng)度提問(wèn)；how many“多少”，對(duì)可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量提問(wèn)；由此可知選C。Since Friday. Ive been ill for about three days! 自從星期五開(kāi)始。我已經(jīng)病了大約三天了。since可作介詞或連詞，意為“自以來(lái)”，后接表示過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的名詞或短語(yǔ)，表示一段時(shí)間，常用于完成時(shí)態(tài)。She has worked here since 1992. 自從 1992 年以來(lái)她就在這兒工作。He has taught us since he came to our school. 自從他來(lái)到我們學(xué)校就一直教我們。for+段時(shí)間for about three days“大約三天”。“for+段時(shí)間”表示時(shí)間段，表示某種動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)間，所以要與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用。常用于 完成時(shí)態(tài)，但也可以和其他時(shí)態(tài)連用。注意for后接表示一段 時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)。She has lived there for nine months.她住在那兒九個(gè)月 了。He worked here for two years.他在這兒工作過(guò)2年?！炯磳W(xué)即練】1. My uncle has taught in this school he was twenty years old.A. sinceB. forC. untilD. after解析:本題考查連詞。由于主句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，所以從句的引導(dǎo)詞用since，故選A。2. He the English-Chinese dictionary for about twenty years, but it is still new.What a careful man!A. has bought B. has borrowed C. has had解析:本題考查延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法。3. How long have you written letters in English? .A. Since six yearsB. For 1998C. For six yearsD. Six years ago解析:本題考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。由how long可知回答的是時(shí)間段。A和B項(xiàng)本身不對(duì)，可排除；D項(xiàng)與 一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用；只有C項(xiàng)意為“六年了 ”，可回答how long的提問(wèn)，故選C。Thats why youve got a stomachache. 那就是你為什么胃疼的原因。Thats why .是常用句型，意為“那就是的原因；因此”，why后面用陳述句語(yǔ)序。該句型通常用于針對(duì)前面已經(jīng)說(shuō)明過(guò)的原因進(jìn)行總結(jié)。I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. Thats why I got wet all through.我既沒(méi)穿雨衣，也沒(méi)帶雨傘，所以全身都淋濕了。Thats why your father backed off, and thats why you backed off.那正是你爸爸后退的原因，也是你后退的原因?！炯磳W(xué)即練】根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)意思完成句子那就是我為什么上學(xué)遲到的原因。 It can be very harmful to your health. 那會(huì)對(duì)你的健康有害處。be harmful to.意為“對(duì).有害處”，其同義短語(yǔ)是be harmful for/be bad for;其反義短語(yǔ)是be good for“對(duì)有好處”。Eating junk food is harmful to you. 吃垃圾食品對(duì)你有害處。Doing morning exercises is good for your health. 做早操對(duì)你的健康有好處。health健康（狀況）health是名詞，意為“健康（狀況）”，是不可數(shù)名詞。其形容詞形式是healthy，反義詞是unhealthy; 副詞形式是healthily?！炯磳W(xué)即練】1. 在太陽(yáng)底下看書(shū)對(duì)我們的眼睛有害。 提示：注意本題是動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)is。2. 如果你想保持健康，你就得多做鍛煉。 提示：注意keep之后接形容詞，意為“保持一種狀態(tài)”。3. 老年人比青年人更注重健康。 提示：本題考查名詞。在their之后，要用名詞作look after的賓語(yǔ)。1. Reading in the sun is harmful to our eyes.2. If you want to keep healthy, you have to do more exercise.3. The old look after their health better than the young. Unit 2 We have played football for a year now.【熱身訓(xùn)練】1. take him for a walk 2. the first member of the team 3. 在過(guò)去的幾年里 4. 臉上帶著微笑 Now I get exercise by taking him for a walk every day. 現(xiàn)在，我通過(guò)每天帶他散步來(lái)做鍛煉。by doing sth. 通過(guò)做某事短語(yǔ)中by是介詞，意為“通過(guò)；以方式”，其后接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。對(duì)它提問(wèn)時(shí)用特殊疑問(wèn)詞how。How do you study for a test? 你是怎么備考的？I study for a test by working in groups. 我是通過(guò)小組合作學(xué)習(xí)的方式備考的?！炯磳W(xué)即練】按要求完成句子The students study English by reading aloud in the morning. (對(duì)畫(huà)線(xiàn)部分提問(wèn)） 解析:本題考查對(duì)表示方式的短語(yǔ)的提問(wèn)。對(duì)方式提問(wèn)用 特殊疑問(wèn)詞how。本題是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語(yǔ)是the students，所以用助動(dòng)詞do。I have had him for three months now. 現(xiàn)在我已經(jīng)擁有他有三個(gè)月了。had在句中是動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，與助動(dòng)詞have構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成 時(shí)。又因?yàn)閔ad是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，可以和表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。Tony bought the car two years ago. 托尼兩年前買(mǎi)的這輛車(chē)。= Tony has had the car for two years. 托尼擁有這輛車(chē)已經(jīng)有兩年了。動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式、發(fā)生過(guò)程的長(zhǎng)短可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，可以與表示時(shí)間段的狀語(yǔ)連用。非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也稱(chēng)終止性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng) 詞，表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。但是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞之間可以轉(zhuǎn)換，常用且常考的有：leavebe awayborrowkeepbuyhavebegin/startbe ondiebe deadjoinbe in catch a coldhave a coldcome herebe herego therebe therebecomebecome backbe backget to knowknow The old man died 4 years ago. 這個(gè)老人四年前去世了。The old man has been dead for 4 years. 這個(gè)老人已經(jīng)去世四年了。He joined the Party 2 years ago. 他兩年前入黨了。 He has been in the Party for 2 years. 他入黨已經(jīng)有兩年了?！炯磳W(xué)即練】1. How long have you this book?For three days.A. borrowedB. keptC. lentD. bought解析:本題考查延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法。由句中的how long可知本題要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞；borrow，lend和buy都是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，keep意為“借了之后的保存”。故本題選B。2.When he arrives at the bus stop, the bus for 20 minutes.A. has leftB. had leftC. has been awayD. had been away解析:本題考查時(shí)態(tài)。由于從句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，所以主句也應(yīng)用相應(yīng)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，故排除B和D項(xiàng)；而A項(xiàng)中l(wèi)eft是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不能和for 20 minutes連用，所以本題選C。. and she also takes part in the same training with us. ., 她也和我們一起參加同樣的訓(xùn)練。take part in意為“參加”，指參加群眾性活動(dòng)、會(huì)議、勞動(dòng)、游行等，往往指參加者持有積極的態(tài)度，起一份作用，有時(shí)與join in可互換。Will you take part in the English evening party? 你同我們一起參加英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)好嗎？All the students took an active part in the thorough cleaning. 所有的學(xué)生都積極參加了大掃除。join也意為“參加”，多指參加某組織，成為其中的一個(gè)成員，如加入某黨派、某組織或某社會(huì)團(tuán)體，以及參軍等，還可表示參與某種活動(dòng)。I will never forget the day when I joined the Party. 我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了入黨的那一天。Will you join us for dinner? 請(qǐng)你和我們一起吃晚飯好嗎I arrive at work with a smile on my face. 我面帶微笑著到達(dá)工作地點(diǎn)。with a smile on my face意為“面帶微笑”，其結(jié)構(gòu)是“with +賓語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)”，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。The man left the meeting with a book in his hand. 這個(gè)男人手里拿著書(shū)離開(kāi)了會(huì)議。The woman with a diamond necklace around the neck must be wealthy.那個(gè)脖子上帶鉆石項(xiàng)鏈的女人一定很有錢(qián)。【小結(jié)】with/without其他復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的用法(1)with或without+名詞/代詞+形容詞；She came into the room with her nose red because of cold.由于天冷她紅著鼻子進(jìn)了房間。(2)with或without+名詞/代詞+副詞；With the meal over, we all went home.吃完飯后，我們都回家了。(3)with或without+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式；He could not finish it without me to help him.沒(méi)有我?guī)椭遣豢赡芡瓿傻摹?4)with或without+名詞/代詞+分詞。She fell asleep with the light burning. (with+名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞）她點(diǎn)著燈睡著了。Without anything left in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat. (without+名詞+過(guò)去分詞）櫥柜里什么都沒(méi)剩下，她出去找吃的了?！炯磳W(xué)即練】根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)意思完成句子1.她開(kāi)著燈睡著了。She fell asleep the light on.2.校長(zhǎng)胳膊底下夾著尺子在到處走動(dòng)。The headmaster was walking up and down ruler under his arm.Unit 3 Language use【熱身訓(xùn)練】一、英譯漢。1. have a healthy diet 2. this type of exercise 3. ride a bike to school 4. from time to time 二、用since或for完成句子。1.He has had this pair of shoes three months.2.The Greens have lived here they moved here two years ago.3.Sandy has been a member of the Party 1999.4.We have studied the Chinese history many years.I havent done much exercise since I got my computer last year.自從去年我買(mǎi)了電腦之后，我就沒(méi)做多少鍛煉。I havent done“我沒(méi)做”是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句形式，其構(gòu)成是在助動(dòng)詞have或has之后加not。We havent studied the project. 我們還沒(méi)有研究這個(gè)課題。非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立刻結(jié)束，不能和一段時(shí)間連用。有趣的是，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的肯定式不能“延續(xù)”，但是它的否定式可以“延續(xù)”，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)動(dòng)作根本沒(méi)有發(fā)生過(guò)。He hasnt come here for two days.他兩天沒(méi)來(lái)這兒了。I havent received her letter for half a month.我有半個(gè)月沒(méi)收到她的信了。So last month I decided to take more exercise and started walking to school. 所以上個(gè)月我決定多做鍛煉，并開(kāi)始走著去學(xué)校。decide作動(dòng)詞，意為“決定”，后面接動(dòng)詞不定式，即decide to do sth.，相當(dāng)于 make up ones mind to do sth.。其否定形式為 decide not to do sth.，意為“決定不做某事”。I decided to stay at home and play with the computer.我決定待在家里玩電腦。He decided not to give up smoking.他決定不戒煙。decision是decide的名詞形式，意為“決定，決心”。make a decision to do sth. “下決心做某事”。His parents were surprised at his decision.他的父母對(duì)他的決定感到很吃驚。At last, we made a decision to buy a new car.最后我們決定買(mǎi)輛新車(chē)?！炯磳W(xué)即練】1.(2013河北中考)The children decide their school yard this Friday afternoon.A. cleanB. to cleanC. cleaningD. cleaned2. Its a pity that Jerry didnt go to yesterdays meeting.Yes, he missed a good of being chairperson of the Students Union.A. chanceB. choiceC. decisionD. conclusion現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法 III一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的延續(xù)性用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過(guò)去就已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或 狀態(tài)，且常和for與since連用。因?yàn)楸硎镜氖浅掷m(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀 態(tài)，所以使用的動(dòng)詞通常是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如：be, stay, study, wait, keep, have等。He has had/kept the book for two months.他買(mǎi)這本書(shū)已經(jīng)有 兩個(gè)月了。He has been here for 2 years.他待在這兒已經(jīng)有兩年了。二、非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞想要表達(dá)延續(xù)的意義時(shí)，我們可以用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)替換部分短暫性動(dòng)詞或與之對(duì)應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞短暫性動(dòng)詞延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞/短語(yǔ)diebe deadborrowkeepbuy/catchhaveget upbe upcomebe inleavebe awayopenbe openclosebe closedbeginbe onbecome interested in be interested in三、for與since 二者后接的詞有所不同(1)for后常跟一個(gè)時(shí)間段，如for two years。Mary has learned Chinese for three years. 瑪麗學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)已經(jīng)有三年了。(2)since后跟一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，如since 1980;也可以接 “一段時(shí)間+ ago”，如 since three years ago, since two months ago; 還可接一般過(guò)去時(shí)的從句，如 since he came here。She has been heartbroken since her boyfriend left her. 自從她的男朋友離開(kāi)她，她就心碎了。四、對(duì)以上表示時(shí)間段的狀語(yǔ)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)要用特殊疑問(wèn)短語(yǔ)how long。How long have you played soccer on the playground?你在操場(chǎng)上踢足球踢了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了?【即學(xué)即練】1. (2013上海中考）一 have you been in the sports club?Since the first month I came to the school.A. How oldB. How longC. How muchD. How soon解析:本題考查特殊疑問(wèn)詞組的辨析。結(jié)合答語(yǔ)可知上句問(wèn)的應(yīng)是“你在運(yùn)動(dòng)俱樂(lè)部多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了？”故how long 符合題意。2. (2013山東濟(jì)南中考）一How long has Robert ?Since 2004.A. been to BeijingB. become a policemanC. joined the art clubD. studied in this school解析:本題考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法。本題是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)， 而且和時(shí)間段搭配，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有D項(xiàng)屬于延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作，所以選D。