高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí) 第二部分 語法專練 專題十一 構(gòu)詞法課件 外研版

專題十一構(gòu)詞法考向分析考向分析構(gòu)詞法包括合成法、派生法、轉(zhuǎn)化法、縮寫和簡寫,名列高考大綱的語法項(xiàng)目表之中,其中合成法和派生法是重點(diǎn),特別是派生法,是每年高考的高頻考點(diǎn)之一,例如,形容詞的副詞形式、動(dòng)詞的名詞形式、名詞的形容詞形式等?？键c(diǎn)清單考點(diǎn)清單一、合成法一、合成法單句改錯(cuò)單句改錯(cuò)1.(2017課標(biāo)全國)But unlike her school friends, 16-years-old Sarah is not spending half-term resting.16-years-old16-year-old答案答案16-years-old16-year-old在帶有連字符的復(fù)合形容詞中,名詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式,故16-years-old改為16-year-old。語境運(yùn)用語境運(yùn)用2.(2016課標(biāo)全國)On my recent visit, I held a lively three-months-old twin that had been rejected by its mother.three-months-oldthree-month-old答案答案three-months-oldthree-month-old復(fù)合形容詞three-months-old使用錯(cuò)誤,名詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。3.Stephen Francis observed eighteen-years-old Shelly Ann at a track meet and was convinced that he had seen the beginnings of true greatness.eighteen-years-oldeighteen-year-old答案答案eighteen-years-oldeighteen-year-old在題干中,eighteen-years-old錯(cuò)誤,中間的名詞years應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。合成法是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞按一定的規(guī)則合成一個(gè)新詞的方法。這樣的詞被稱為合成詞。1.合成形容詞用法精講用法精講構(gòu)成方式典例數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞two-hour兩小時(shí)的,one-child獨(dú)生子女的數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞+形容詞a two-meter-long ruler一把兩米長的尺子,a ten-year-old boy 一個(gè)10歲的男孩數(shù)詞+名詞+-edfour-footed四只腳的,three-legged 三條腿的形容詞+名詞part-time業(yè)余的,high-class高級(jí)的形容詞/副詞+形容詞dark-blue深藍(lán)的,light-green淺綠的形容詞+名詞+-edkind-hearted好心腸的,cold-blooded冷血的形容詞/副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working勤奮的,ugly-looking長相丑陋的形容詞/副詞+過去分詞ready-made現(xiàn)存的,newly-built新建的名詞+名詞X-ray X光的,English-language英國語言的名詞+形容詞world-wide世界范圍的, ice-cold冰冷的名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞world-shaking震驚世界的,man-eating吃人的名詞+過去分詞hand-made手工制作的,man-made人造的2.合成名詞構(gòu)成方式典例名詞+名詞power plant發(fā)電廠,chairman主席,postman郵遞員形容詞+名詞blackboard黑板,highchair高腳椅,supermarket超市動(dòng)名詞+名詞swimming pool游泳池,sewing machine縫紉機(jī)動(dòng)詞+副詞take-off起飛,cut-off截止點(diǎn),breakdown故障類別典例合成動(dòng)詞safeguard保衛(wèi),underline在下面畫線,sleepwalk夢游合成代詞everybody每人,everything每件事,anyone任何人 合成副詞sometimes有時(shí),outdoors在戶外,meanwhile同時(shí)合成介詞throughout遍及,inside在里面,within在之內(nèi)3.其他形式的合成詞二、派生法二、派生法(一一)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞單句填空單句填空1.(2017課標(biāo)全國)Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.答案答案fairly空格處在句中作狀語,修飾形容詞unpleasant,故填提示詞的副詞形式。語境運(yùn)用語境運(yùn)用2.Dr. Barone was my doctor when I was a kid, and even though I was proba-bly (probable) just another patient to her, to me she was more than just my doctor.答案答案probably空格處在句中作狀語,故空格處填副詞probably。3.(2015廣東)Luckily (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk ev-ery day.答案答案Luckily空格處作狀語,用于修飾整個(gè)句子,故空格處填提示詞的副詞形式。單句改錯(cuò)單句改錯(cuò)4.(2016課標(biāo)全國)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady.steadysteadily答案答案steadysteadily句尾的詞在句中作狀語,用于修飾動(dòng)詞,故steady改為steadily。1.派生法是在詞根上添加后綴或前綴來變成新單詞的方法,這樣構(gòu)成的單詞被稱為派生詞。添加后綴往往改變?cè)~性,而添加前綴往往改變?cè)~義。2.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞的常用后綴:用法精講用法精講常用后綴構(gòu)成例詞一般情況加-lyquickquickly,bravebravely,immediateimmediately輔音字母+y結(jié)尾將y改為i再加-lyeasyeasily,happyhappily,heavyheavily,busybusilyle結(jié)尾去e加-ysimplesimply,gentlegently元音字母+e結(jié)尾去e加-lytruetrulyll結(jié)尾只加-yfullfully,dulldullyic結(jié)尾加-allybasicbasically,scientificscientifically溫馨提示溫馨提示1.注意以下形容詞變副詞的拼寫wholewholly 完全地shyshyly害羞地drydryly干燥地goodwell 好地2.注意以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞friendly友好的lovely 可愛的lively生動(dòng)的lonely 孤獨(dú)的deadly致命的monthly每月的yearly每年的daily每日的weekly每周的(二二)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞單句填空單句填空1.In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings ad-mirable is their ability(able)to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.答案答案ability結(jié)合空前的形容詞性物主代詞their可知,空格處應(yīng)填名詞ability。2.The line has a length(long) of 174 km as a double tracked passenger dedicated line, with ten stations situated along its route.答案答案length根據(jù)空前的冠詞可知,空格處應(yīng)該填提示詞的名詞形式。語境運(yùn)用語境運(yùn)用3.(2017河北衡水中學(xué)高三小二調(diào))Now there is a resurgence (復(fù)蘇) in its popularity(popular) in the UK and it is available to anyone who can afford it.答案答案popularity根據(jù)空前的形容詞性物主代詞its可知,空格處填名詞popularity。4.(2017黑龍江哈爾濱師大附中高三月考)Only in this way can we enjoy the pleasure and convenience (convenient) of online shopping without the concern of being cheated.答案答案convenience空格處在句中作賓語,結(jié)合空前的pleasure可知,空格處填名詞convenience。形容詞變名詞的常用后綴:用法精講用法精講常用后綴例詞-ageshortshortage不足;短缺-cyefficientefficiency效率;功效fluentfluency流利;流暢accurateaccuracy準(zhǔn)確性privateprivacy隱私;私密-domfreefreedom自由;自主wisewisdom明智;智慧-encedifferentdifference 差異silentsilence沉默-nessweakweakness虛弱;弱點(diǎn)kindkindness仁慈;好意carelesscarelessness粗心大意-thstrongstrength力氣;優(yōu)點(diǎn)warmwarmth溫暖;熱情-y-ty-ityhonesthonesty誠實(shí)difficultdifficulty困難cruelcruelty殘酷;殘暴safesafety安全disabledisability傷殘responsibleresponsibility責(zé)任(三三)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞單句填空單句填空1.(2017課標(biāo)全國)She is determined to carry on with her education (educate).答案答案education空格處在句中作賓語,結(jié)合空前的定語her可知,空格處應(yīng)填寫提示詞的名詞形式。2.(2017課標(biāo)全國)This development was only possible with theintroduction (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.答案答案introduction根據(jù)空前的定冠詞the和空后的介詞of可知,空格處應(yīng)該填名詞introduction。語境運(yùn)用語境運(yùn)用3.Magically, that show remains the Great Jasons best performance (perform) to this day.答案答案performance根據(jù)空前的定語best可知,空格處應(yīng)該填寫名詞performance。4.(2016課標(biāo)全國)Then, handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of achievement (achieve).答案答案achievement根據(jù)空前的of和語境可知,此處為常用短語“a sense of achievement”,意為“成就感”,故空格處填提示詞的名詞形式。動(dòng)詞變名詞的常用后綴動(dòng)詞變名詞的常用后綴:常用后綴例詞-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationcorrectcorrection改正celebratecelebration慶祝;慶祝會(huì)concludeconclusion結(jié)論;結(jié)束discussdiscussion討論;辯論decidedecision決定admitadmission接納;準(zhǔn)許入學(xué)attractattraction吸引inviteinvitation邀請(qǐng)explainexplanation解釋graduategraduation畢業(yè)expectexpectation期望用法精講用法精講常用后綴例詞-er/-ordrivedriver司機(jī);駕駛員gathergatherer收集者;采集者conductconductor指揮;售票員teachteacher老師announceannouncer播音員-mentpunishpunishment懲罰achieveachievement成績;成就argueargument辯論;論據(jù)treattreatment對(duì)待;治療equipequipment裝備;設(shè)備governgovernment政府-ance/-enceappearappearance出現(xiàn);外貌guideguidance指引;指導(dǎo)performperformance表演;節(jié)目existexistence存在;生活preferpreference偏愛referreference參考;查閱-inghearhearing聽力;聽覺beginbeginning開始-ure/-turefailfailure失敗presspressure壓力mixmixture混合;混合物departdeparture離開;出發(fā)-yrecoverrecovery恢復(fù);痊愈discoverdiscovery發(fā)現(xiàn)其他choosechoice選擇varyvariety多樣化;種類tendtendency趨向;趨勢(四四)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞單句填空單句填空1.(2017課標(biāo)全國)However, be careful (care) not to go to extremes.答案答案careful空格處作表語,結(jié)合空后的不定式可知,空格處填形容詞。故填careful。2.I gave him a quick hug and went back into the seating area, leaving him with a surprised (surprise) smile.答案答案 surprised 空格處在句中作名詞smile的定語,結(jié)合語境可知,空格處填surprised。語境運(yùn)用語境運(yùn)用3.While there are amazing(amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.答案答案amazing空格處在句中作定語,用于修飾名詞stories,故填amaz-ing。1.動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞的常用后綴動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞的常用后綴:2.分詞形容詞化:annoy,disappoint,frighten,terrify,worry等使役性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞可作為形容詞使用?，F(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的形容詞常用于物,過去分詞構(gòu)成的形容詞常用于人,而修飾與人有關(guān)的表情、眼神、聲音等時(shí),常用過去分詞構(gòu)成的形容詞。用法精講用法精講常用后綴例詞-ing,-ed,-able,-ful,-less,-iveamazed,confusing,reliable,enjoyable,forgetful,careful,careless,attractive(五五)名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞單句填空單句填空1.(2017課標(biāo)全國)The Central London Railway was one of the most successful (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.答案答案successful根據(jù)空前的the most和語境可知,此處為形容詞最高級(jí),故填提示詞的形容詞形式。語境運(yùn)用語境運(yùn)用2.(2015課標(biāo)全國)As natural(nature)architects, the Pueblo Indians fig-ured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.答案答案natural空格處在句中作定語,修飾名詞architects,由此結(jié)合語境可知,空格處填形容詞natural。單句改錯(cuò)單句改錯(cuò)3.(2017課標(biāo)全國)I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes, playing pop music, and collecting the latest music albums.differencedifferent答案答案differencedifferent根據(jù)后面的kinds of和語境可知,此處應(yīng)用形容詞作定語,故difference改為different。名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞的常用后綴名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞的常用后綴:用法精講用法精講常用后綴例詞-able,-ful,-ous,-al,-y,-ivevaluable,comfortable,successful,dangerous,medical,lucky,expensive三、轉(zhuǎn)化法三、轉(zhuǎn)化法轉(zhuǎn)換法指的是單詞在詞形不變的情況下,由一種詞性直接轉(zhuǎn)換為另外一種詞性的方法。用法精講用法精講轉(zhuǎn)化方式例詞名詞動(dòng)詞milk(n.牛奶;v.擠奶),name(n.名字;v.命名),water(n.水;v.澆水)名詞形容詞quiet(n.安靜;adj.安靜的),total(n.總數(shù);adj.全部的),light(n.光;adj.輕的)形容詞動(dòng)詞dirty(adj.臟的;v.弄臟),free(adj.自由的;v.釋放),slow(adj.慢的;v.放慢)形容詞副詞hard(adj.困難的;adv.努力地),high(adj.高的;adv.高),deep(adj.深的;adv.深)四、縮寫和簡寫四、縮寫和簡寫縮寫和簡寫指的是通過縮寫或簡寫的形式來構(gòu)成單詞的方法。這一方法通常被稱為縮略法;另外,通過這一方法所構(gòu)成的單詞特點(diǎn)是讀音和拼寫發(fā)生了變化,但是詞義和詞性均保持不變。用法精講用法精講縮略方式例詞截掉開頭omnibusbus公共汽車,telephonephone電話,bicyclecycle自行車刪掉結(jié)尾kilogramkilo千克,laboratorylab實(shí)驗(yàn)室,mathematicsmath數(shù)學(xué) 截頭去尾influenzaflu流感剪切中間foot/feetft英尺,halfhf一半,yardyd碼,yearyr年首字母縮略British Broadcasting CorporationBBC英國廣播公司,Unidentified Fly-ing ObjectUFO不明飛行物,Very Important PersonVIP貴賓技巧點(diǎn)撥技巧點(diǎn)撥1.空格處在句中作主語、賓語或表語要考慮名詞形式;2.空格處被形容詞、定冠詞或形容詞性物主代詞所修飾要考慮名詞形式;3.空格處作定語、表語、主語補(bǔ)足語或賓語補(bǔ)足語,要用形容詞形式;4.空格處在句中作狀語,要想到用副詞形式。5.對(duì)于短文改錯(cuò)試題,需要結(jié)合常用詞類的用法進(jìn)行推敲,確定形容詞和副詞之間的混用、名詞與形容詞之間的混用等,然后再依據(jù)構(gòu)詞法改正。