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1、二、名詞和主謂一致I. 名詞的種類專有名詞普通名詞國名地名人名，團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞特別注意名詞類別的相互轉(zhuǎn)換個(gè)體名詞與抽象名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換例 句意 義名詞性質(zhì)She held some flowers in her hand.The trees are now in flower花兒個(gè)體名詞開花抽象名詞Youth is beautiful.He is a youth of twenty青春抽象名詞年輕人個(gè)體名詞They have achieved remarkable success in their work.How about the Christ
2、mas evening party? I should say it was a success. 成功抽象名詞成功的事個(gè)體名詞物質(zhì)名詞與個(gè)體名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換例 句意 義名詞性質(zhì)Iron is a kind of metal.Please lend me your iron.鐵物質(zhì)名詞熨斗個(gè)體名詞He broke a piece of glass.He broke a glass.玻璃物質(zhì)名詞玻璃杯個(gè)體名詞I bought a chicken this morningPlease help yourself to some chicken小雞個(gè)體名詞雞肉物質(zhì)名詞抽象名詞與個(gè)體名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換具有動(dòng)作意
3、義的抽象名詞加用與某些動(dòng)詞（如：have等）連用，表示某一次短暫的動(dòng)作Id like_information about the management of your hotel,please.Well, you could have_word with the manager. He might be helpfulA.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,aThey sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名詞）A.a B.an C./ D.theCould we have word before you go
4、 to the meeting? 話（個(gè)體名詞）A.a B.an C./ D.the類例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a looktake a walk/a bath make an advance(進(jìn)步)/make an early start(早點(diǎn)出發(fā))/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(發(fā)出痛苦的叫聲) /give a try表示知識(shí)和時(shí)間的抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞時(shí)可以用來表示其中的一部分Many people agree tha
5、t_knowledge of English is a must in_international trade today.A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, thea knowledge of truth(知道實(shí)際情況)give a fuller knowledge of China(提供關(guān)于中國更為翔實(shí)的知識(shí))have a knowledge of shorthand(有速記的知識(shí)) If there were no examination, we should have_at school.A.the happiest time B.a more happ
6、ier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time is money. A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞可用來表示“一次、一陣、一種”具體的行為、事件、現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果。這時(shí)名詞前往往有形容詞修飾Oh, John. _you gave me!A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surpriseShe looked up when I shou
7、ted.A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surpriseIt is_work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusualII. 名詞的數(shù)規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形
8、式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es（參看有關(guān)語法書）。英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，請(qǐng)看下表規(guī) 則例 詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police, cattle, sta
9、ff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)7
10、表示“某國人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends無主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)women
11、 singers, men servantsIII. 主謂一致規(guī)則情 況舉 例語法一致原則以單數(shù)名詞或代詞動(dòng)詞不定式短語，動(dòng)名詞短語或從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，后面的謂語動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句
12、是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.由連接詞and或bothand連接起來的主語后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語動(dòng)詞。但若所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，它后面的謂語就用單數(shù)形式。由and 連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修飾時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+
13、單數(shù)名詞和由some, any no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。.Lucy and Lily are twinsThe writer and artist has come.Every student and every teach is in the classroom.Many a boy and many a girl likes it.No boy and no girl likes it.Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today?Somebody is speaking in class. Everythi
14、ng around us is matter若none of 后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù)。若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America.在定語從句里，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which 等作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.He is one of my friends who are wor
15、king hard.He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中應(yīng)與被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分一致It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式； 如果它指的集體的成員，其謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field.
16、His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人）Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的學(xué)生）由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名詞構(gòu)成的短語以及由分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞構(gòu)成的短語作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。The
17、re are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.50 percent of the students in our class are girls.此外，還有a number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞有類似的用法（用復(fù)數(shù)），但the number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞的數(shù)就得依number 而定（用單數(shù)）。A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.The number o
18、f pages in this book is three hundred.在倒裝句中，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures.Such is the result. Such are the facts.Between the two hills stands a monument.邏輯意義一致原則What, who, which, any, more, all 等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)， 主要靠意思來決定。Which is your bag? Which are your bags?Are an
19、y of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen?All can be done has been done. All is going well. All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing.表示時(shí)間重量長(zhǎng)度價(jià)值等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式，這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體。Thirty minutes is enough for the work.Twenty pounds is too dear.如強(qiáng)調(diào)這類詞的復(fù)數(shù)意義，則謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式Forty ki
20、los of water are used every day.若英語是書名名格言劇名報(bào)名國名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。The United States is smaller than China.“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.表數(shù)量的短語“one and a half”后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。One and a half apples is left on the table.一些學(xué)科名詞是以-ics結(jié)尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news
21、, works 等。都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞， 實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。The paper works was built in 1990.這家造紙廠建于1990年。I dont think physics is easy to study.trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等詞作主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a(the) pair of 等量詞修飾時(shí)（clothes被a suit of 修飾）謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。My glasses are broken.The pair of shoes u
22、nder the bed is his.“定冠詞the+形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；若表示某一類東西時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。The old are taken good care of there.The beautiful gives pleasure to all.就近/遠(yuǎn)一致原則當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 連接時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語保持一致,即就近一致。Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither he nor the
23、y are wholly right.Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right?there be 句型中be 動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由and 連接的兩個(gè)主語，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語保持一致，即就近一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the room.There is a desk and two chairs in the room.主語后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as wel
24、l as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短語， 謂語動(dòng)詞要跟主語一致，即就遠(yuǎn)一致。Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.A woman with a baby was on the bus.Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She, like you and Tom, is very tall.The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.No one except my teachers knows anything about it.
2013屆高考英語 考點(diǎn)語法歸納復(fù)習(xí)題2
