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附錄1 外文譯文
虛擬制造技術及其應用
摘要：闡述了虛擬制造的基本概念，虛擬制造的核心技術，以及虛擬制造技術應用。
關鍵詞：制造業(yè) 虛擬制造 虛擬現(xiàn)實
0 引言
當今的制造業(yè)基本技術日臻成熟，其市場處于以消費者為導向的市場環(huán)境下，產品品種、上市時間和用戶滿意度成為企業(yè)取得競爭優(yōu)勢的主要因素。制造業(yè)這種全球化的激烈競爭不斷催生了各種先進制造技術和新的制造哲理，虛擬制造技術將會在本世紀涌向潮頭，其樸素的思想和高新的技術手段都為研究領域和業(yè)界所推崇。
虛擬制造就是根據企業(yè)市場競爭的需求，在強調柔性和快速的前提下，美國80年代提出的，隨著計算機技術和信息網絡技術的發(fā)展，在90年代得到人們的重視，并獲得迅速的發(fā)展。
1 虛擬制造
虛擬制造的基本思想是在產品制造過程的上游——設計階段就進行對產品制造全過程的虛擬集成，將全階段可能出現(xiàn)的問題解決在這一階段，通過設計的最優(yōu)化達到產品的一次性制造成功。
虛擬現(xiàn)實技術是使用感官組織仿真設備的真實或虛幻環(huán)境的動態(tài)模型生成或創(chuàng)造出人能夠感知的環(huán)境或現(xiàn)實，使人能夠憑借直覺作用于計算機產生的三維仿真模型的虛擬環(huán)境?；谔摂M現(xiàn)實技術的虛擬制造技術在一個統(tǒng)一模型之下對設計和制造等過程集成，它將與產品制造相關的各種過程與技術集成在三維的、動態(tài)的仿真真實過程的實體數(shù)字模型之上。其目的是在產品設計階段，借助建模與仿真技術及時地、并行地、模擬出產品未來制造過程乃至產品全生命周期的各種活動對產品設計的影響，預測、檢測、評價產品性能和產品的可制造性等等。從而更加有效的、經濟的、柔性的組織生產，增強決策與控制水平，有力地降低由于前期設計給后期制造帶來的回溯更改，達到產品的開發(fā)周期和成本最小化、產品設計質量的最優(yōu)化、生產效率的最大化。
虛擬制造系統(tǒng)是各制造功能的虛擬集成，它的可視化集成范圍包括與設計相關的各項子系統(tǒng)的功能，如用戶支持、工程分析、材料選用、工藝計劃、工裝分析、快速原型，甚至包括制造企業(yè)全部功能（如計劃、操作、控制）的集成。
虛擬制造系統(tǒng)擁有產品和相關制造過程的全部信息，包括虛擬設計、制造和控制產生的數(shù)據、知識和模型信息。虛擬控制制造系統(tǒng)按照功能歸集為三種不同類型的子環(huán)境，共同構成中心三元耦合的系統(tǒng)模式：
（1）虛擬制造設計中心：給設計者提供各種工具以便虛擬設計、虛擬制造，設計出符合設計準則（如DFX）的產品模型；
（2）虛擬制造加工中心：研究開發(fā)產品制造過程模型和環(huán)境模型及其分析各種可行的生產計劃和工藝規(guī)劃；
（3）虛擬制造控制中心：評價產品設計、產品原型、生產計劃、制造模擬和控制策略等等。
2 虛擬制造技術支持
虛擬制造技術是多學科綜合的系統(tǒng)技術，需要研究開發(fā)相應的硬件集成系統(tǒng)與軟件，就軟件技術而言，相關的研究支持如下：
可視化：真實、直觀地再現(xiàn)主觀產品與客觀制造過程；
基本環(huán)境：增強可視化和其它虛擬制造功能的集成系統(tǒng)平臺；
信息描述：表達各種信息，包括數(shù)據、知識和模型的統(tǒng)一的方法、語義、語法；
中介模型：構造、定義、開發(fā)對過程易于中斷介入的模型；
基層集成組織結構：硬件與軟件的基層組織結構；
仿真模型：在計算機系統(tǒng)中設計的真實系統(tǒng)模型；
應用方法：產品多樣性與過程動態(tài)性的共同特征的抽象提取；
制造特征：各種材料在虛擬制造環(huán)境中的變化過程；
虛擬制造系統(tǒng)評價：可制造性、工藝性、可靠性、經濟性、質量、工期等等。
2.1建模技術
虛擬制造系統(tǒng)是現(xiàn)實制造系統(tǒng)在虛擬環(huán)境下的映射，是RMS的模型化、形式化和計算機化的抽象描述和表示。VMS的建模應包括：生產模型、產品模型和工藝模型的信息體系結構。
（1）生產模型歸納為靜態(tài)描述和動態(tài)描述兩個方面。靜態(tài)描述是指系統(tǒng)生產能力和生產特性的描述。動態(tài)描述是指在已知系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)和需求特性的基礎上預測產品生產的全過程。
（2）產品模型是制造過程中，各類實體對象模型的集合。對VMS來說，要使產品實施過程中的全部活動集成，就必須具有完備的產品模型，所以虛擬制造下的產品模型不再是單一的靜態(tài)特征模型，它能通過映射、抽象等方法提取產品實施中各活動所需的模型。
（3）工藝模型將工藝參數(shù)與影響制造功能的產品設計屬性聯(lián)系起來，反應生產模型與產品模型之間的交互作用。工藝模型必須具備以下功能：計算機工藝仿真、制造
數(shù)據表、制造規(guī)劃、統(tǒng)計模型以及物理和數(shù)學模型。
2.2仿真技術
仿真就是應用計算機對復雜的現(xiàn)實系統(tǒng)經過抽象和簡化形成系統(tǒng)模型，然后在分析的基礎上運行此模型，從而得到系統(tǒng)一系列的統(tǒng)計性能。
仿真的基本步驟為：研究系統(tǒng)——收集數(shù)據——建立系統(tǒng)模型——確定仿真算法——建立仿真模型——運行仿真模型——輸出結果并分析。
產品制造過程仿真，可歸納為制造系統(tǒng)仿真和加工過程仿真。虛擬制造系統(tǒng)中的產品開發(fā)涉及到產品建模仿真、設計過程規(guī)劃仿真、設計思維過程和設計交互行為仿真等，以便對設計結果進行評價，實現(xiàn)設計過程早期反饋，減少或避免產品設計錯誤。加工過程仿真，包括切削過程仿真、裝配過程仿真，檢驗過程仿真以及焊接、壓力加工、鑄造仿真等。目前上述兩類仿真過程是獨立發(fā)展起來的，尚不能集成，而VM中應建立面向制造全過程的統(tǒng)一仿真。
2.3虛擬現(xiàn)實技術
虛擬現(xiàn)實技術是在為改善人與計算機的交互方式，提高計算機可操作性中產生的，它是綜合利用計算機圖形系統(tǒng)、各種顯示和控制等接口設備，在計算機上生成可交互的三維環(huán)境（稱為虛擬環(huán)境）中提供沉浸感覺的技術。
由圖形系統(tǒng)及各種接口設備組成，用來產生虛擬環(huán)境并提供沉浸感覺，以及交互操作的計算機系統(tǒng)稱為虛擬現(xiàn)實系統(tǒng)。虛擬現(xiàn)實系統(tǒng)包括操作者、機器和人機接口3個基本要素。利用VRS可以對真實世界進行動態(tài)模似，通過用戶的交互輸入，并及時按輸出修改虛擬環(huán)境，使人產生身臨其境的沉浸感覺。虛擬現(xiàn)實技術是VM的關鍵技術之一。
3 VM在制造業(yè)中應用
雖然在產品開發(fā)過程中應用建模和仿真可以大大縮短開發(fā)周期，改進產品的性能和可靠性，但在工業(yè)界的設計過程中實際應用并不多。目前的仿真系統(tǒng)還不能適應工業(yè)界在設計過程中進行分析和驗證等的要求。
高級工程仿真系統(tǒng)應具有下列特點：
三維的復雜零件”零件接口；本質上不同響應特性的多元材料；材料重要的非線性性質，諸如：非牛頓行為、塑料變形、斷裂；多相現(xiàn)象；帶有化學反應的多相能量轉移；移動或自由邊界；非線性動力學。
在以模型為基礎的設計中，實現(xiàn)高級工程仿真的關鍵技術可歸納如下：
用戶接口；分析式立體造型；對殼體和實體的先進網格生成算法（有限元分析用）；解的誤差分析和改進；材料模型；優(yōu)化目標函數(shù)的設計；面向對象的軟件工程；海量并行計算；可視化。
把這些技術集成起來，可以幫助設計者進行設計，了解設計出來的產品的性能。應用上述先進的網格生成算法、誤差分析及計算，可組成自適應算法，使僅懂得機構、不懂得分析的設計者也能設計產品及設計這一產品的制造過程。自適應能力可以保證分析的精度。由于重要的幾何性質可以參數(shù)化，因此可以進行形狀的優(yōu)化等。
虛擬制造技術首先在飛機、汽車等領域獲得成功的應用。目前VMT應用在以下幾個方面：
3.1虛擬企業(yè)
虛擬企業(yè)建立，其中有一條最重要的原因是因為各企業(yè)本身無法單獨滿足市場需求，迎接市場挑戰(zhàn)。因此，為了快速響應市場的需求，圍繞新產品開發(fā)，利用不同地域的現(xiàn)有資源、不同的企業(yè)或不同地點的工廠，重新組織一個新公司。該公司在運行之前，必須分析組合是否最優(yōu)，能否協(xié)調運行，并對投產后的風險、利益分配等進行評估。這種聯(lián)作公司稱為虛擬公司，或者叫作動態(tài)聯(lián)盟，是一種虛擬企業(yè)，它具有集成性和實效性兩大特點的經濟實體。
3.2虛擬產品設計
例如飛機、汽車的外形設計，其形狀是否符合空氣動力學原理，運動過程中的阻力，其內部結構布局的合理性等。在復雜管道系統(tǒng)設計中，采用虛擬技術，設計者可以”進入其中0進行管道布置，并可檢查能否發(fā)生干涉。在計算機上的虛擬產品設計，不但能提高設計效率，而且能盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)設計中的問題，從而優(yōu)化產品的設計。例如美國波音公司投資40億美元研制波音777噴氣式客機，從1990年10月開始到1994年6月僅用了3年零8個月時間就完成了研制，一次試飛成功，投入運營。波音公司分散在世界各地的技術人員可以從777客機數(shù)以萬計的零部件中調出任何一種在計算機上觀察、研究、討論，所有零部件均是三維實體模型?？梢娞摂M產品設計給企業(yè)帶來的效益。
3.3虛擬產品制造
應用計算機仿真技術，對零件的加工方法、工序順序、工裝的選用、工藝參數(shù)的選用，加工工藝性、裝配工藝性、配合件之間的配合性、連接件之間的連接性、運動構件的運動性等均可建模仿真，可以提前發(fā)現(xiàn)加工缺陷，提前發(fā)現(xiàn)裝配時出現(xiàn)的問題，從而能夠優(yōu)化制造過程，提高加工效率。
3.4虛擬生產過程
產品生產過程的合理制定、人力資源、制造資源、物料庫存、生產調度、生產系統(tǒng)的規(guī)劃設計等，均可通過計算機仿真進行優(yōu)化，同時還可對生產系統(tǒng)進行可靠性分析，對生產過程的資金進行分析預測，對產品市場進行分析預測等，從而對人力資源、制造資源的合理配置，對縮短產品生產周期，降低成本意義重大。
4 虛擬制造系統(tǒng)體系結構
CIM集成是通過物理的、邏輯的聯(lián)系以便在制造設備之間傳遞信號，以龐大的信息流為“網線”粘連起企業(yè)活動的全部活動“節(jié)點”，共同澆結成一整塊“企業(yè)機器”，實際上從各個方面降低了企業(yè)的柔性。而虛擬制造則完全是數(shù)字模型的集成，提供了有別于CIMS“物理集成”的虛擬集成方案，將相互孤立的制造技術如CAD、CAM、CAPP等等集成在一個虛擬產品制造環(huán)境下，以現(xiàn)實對制造過程的一一對應的模型化映射關系，它相對于物理世界有功能一致性、結構相似性的特點，是對實體制造企業(yè)的產品、作業(yè)、環(huán)境及其評價行為等等四個特征的虛擬實現(xiàn)。虛擬現(xiàn)實技術應用于現(xiàn)在的制造系統(tǒng)如CAD、CAPP、CAM，能夠大大增強各個子系統(tǒng)之間的協(xié)調與并行。面向模型集成各個子系統(tǒng)功能是虛擬制造技術的關鍵之一，由于產品的多樣性與制造過程的動態(tài)性，虛擬制造環(huán)境是一個動態(tài)多變的集成環(huán)境，其過程會產生大量的各種數(shù)據，虛擬過程的數(shù)據管理變得非常復雜。面向產品與過程的虛擬制造系統(tǒng)需要對產品、作業(yè)、環(huán)境和評價的數(shù)據、知識、模型進行共同特征抽取與異型制造過程創(chuàng)建。
擬實制造的基礎是對制造過程（即把各種材料變成產品的過程）的理論和方法進行深入的了解。有了這些了解，才有可能在計算機上進行擬實制造，從而揭示一個產品制造全過程的種種復雜問題。隨著擬實制造的發(fā)展，它將為工程師們提供一個從產品的概念形成、設計、制造到實現(xiàn)的全過程三維可視及交互的環(huán)境；它將促使實現(xiàn)制造驅動設計，要求設計者在設計階段把一個產品的構思、設計、制造統(tǒng)統(tǒng)考慮好。目前，電子類產品，特別是大規(guī)模集成電路，相對地比機械類產品簡單，制造過程具有通用性，發(fā)展得較成熟；機械類產品相對較復雜，進展得較慢。另外，擬實制造的實現(xiàn)是建筑在一個企業(yè)內外實行計算機集成基礎上的，只有在大范圍采用計算機集成后，才能有效地實行擬實制造，并在這基礎上過渡到敏捷制造時代。因此，今天我們在大范圍內推廣CIMS的應用，是有很深遠的歷史意義的。它將為我國實現(xiàn)跳躍式發(fā)展，打下堅實的基礎。
附錄2 外文原文
Virtual Manufacturing Technology and Its Application
Abstract：This paper describes the fundamental conception，the key virtual technology of virtual manufacturing and its application.
Keywords：Manufacturing industry Virtual manufacturing Virtual reality
0 preface
Nowadays the manufacturing industry basic technique is attain mature, its market be placed in with consumer for direction of market environment descend, product species, the time appear on market and the customer satisfaction to become main factor that the business enterprise obtains the competitive advantage. The manufacturing industry fierce competition of this kind of globalization urges to born various of the manufacturing technique and new manufacturing philosophies forerunners continuously, Virtual manufacturing technique will flow out toward the tide head in this century, it’s simple thought and high and new technique means are all worshiped by studying realm and industries .
Virtual manufacturing just according to the need of the business enterprise market competition, while emphasize the gentle and fast premise, in the 80's the United States put forward of, along with the development of the computer technique and the information networks technical, get the people's value in 90's, and acquire the quick development.
1 virtual manufacturing
The basic thought of the virtual manufacturing is in the upper stream of the product process- the design stage carry on the conjecture to the product making of the whole process gather, resolving the problem that may appear in the whole stage in this stage, passing to design superior to turn once manufacturing success of attain the product.
The virtual realistic technique is a dynamic state model that uses the sense organs organization to imitate the true or vain environment of true equipments born or create a person can the feeling know of environment or actuality, make person can with borrow the intuition function in three D that calculator produce imitates the true model of virtual environment. According to realistic technical virtual manufacturing technique of conjecture at an unifies the model under gather to the processes such as design and manufacturing etc., it will make with product related various process and techniques gather in three D of, imitate the true true process dynamic state of numerical model of entity on. Its purpose designs the stage in the product, asking for help to set up the mold with imitate the true technique in time, abreast, imitate to produce the article to make in the future the process is to go to various activity of the product whole life cycle to the influence that product design, estimate, examination, evaluate the product function and products can make the sex etc.. Thus and more valid of, economy of, the gentle organization produce, strengthenning decision and controling the level, lowering emolliently because of expecting to design before to behind expected to make to bring of returned to change, attain the development period and cost minimums, products of the product design quantity superior to turn and produced the efficiency to maximize.
The conjecture manufacturing system is the conjecture of each manufacturing function to gather, it can see to turn to gather the scope includes and designs various functions of related sub- system, if customer support, engineering analysis, the material chooses to use, the craft plan, work pack analysis, fast prototype, even include to make all functions( such as plan, operation, control) of business enterprise to gather.
The conjecture manufacturing system owns all informations of the product and related manufacturing process, including the conjecture design and making and controling the output data, knowledge and model informations.The virtual control manufacturing system returns to gather to three kinds of sub- environments of different type according to the function, the system mode that the common composing center three dollar match:
(1)Conjecture manufacturing design center: the one who give design provides various tool for the purpose of conjecture design, the conjecture manufacturing, design to match the product model of design the standard( such as DFX);
(2)Conjecture the manufacturing processes the center: Study to develop the product manufacturing process model and the environment models and its nalytical various viable production plan and craft programmingses;
(3)Conjecture manufacturing control centre:Evaluate the product design, product prototype, produce the plan and make to imitate and control the strategy etc..
2 conjecture manufacturing technique support
The conjecture manufacturing technique is the system technique that many course synthesize, the hardware that needs to study the development to correspond gather system and software, in regard to the software technique, the related research support is as follows:
Can see to turn: True, keep the view ground to reappear the subjective product and objective manufacturing processes;
Basic environment: The to build up can see to turn to gather with other conjecture manufacturing function system terrace;
Information description: Express various information, include data, knowledge and the united method, language righteousness, phrasing of the models;
Win to lie the model: Structure, definition, the model that develop to be easy to to the process break off to get involved;
The basic level gather the organization structure: Grass-roots organization structure of the hardware and software;
Imitate the true model: True system model of the design in the calculator system;
Applied method: The product abstraction of diverse sex and process dynamic state and common characteristic withdraw;
Make the characteristic: Various material makes the variety process in the environment in the conjecture;
Conjecture manufacturing system evaluation: Can make sex, craft, credibility, economy, quantity, the work period...etc..
2.1 set up the mold technique
The conjecture manufacturing system is an actuality manufacturing system under the virtual environment of reflect to shoot, is a RMS model to turn, the formalization and calculators turn abstract description and mean. The VMS set up the mold and should include: Produce the information system structure of the model, the product model and the craft model.
(1)Produce the model induces to describe to describe two aspects with dynamic state for the static state. The static state description mean the system production ability and produce the description of the characteristic .The dynamic state description mean on the foundation that have already known the system appearance and the need characteristic the whole process that the estimate product produce.
(2)The product model is to make in the process, each kind of entity object model gather. To VMS, to make all activities within the product implement processes gather, must have the complete product model, so virtual manufacturing under of product model is not the single static state characteristic model any more, it can pass to reflect to shoot, abstract etc. the method withdraw the product implement in the model that each activity need.
(3)The craft model hand over the product design that the craft parameter and influences make the function belongs to sex to contact, respond the of produce the model and the product model with each other function.The craft model must have the following function:The calculator craft imitate true, manufacturing
Data form, manufacturing programming, the covariance model and physicses and mathematics models.
2.2 imitate the true technique
Imitate is really applied calculator to complicated of realistic system becomes the system model through abstraction and simplifications, then circulate this model on the analytical foundation, thus getting the covariance function of the system a series.
Imitate the really basic step is: Study the system- collections data- establishment the system model- the assurance imitates the true calculate way- build up imitating the true model- circulate imitate the true model- output the result is also analytical.
The product manufacturing process really imitate, can induce for make the system to imitate true and really process the process to imitate. Conjecture manufacturing product within system development involve the product to set up the mimicry true, design process programming imitate true, design the thinking process and designs hand over with each other the behavior imitates true etc., in order to as a result carry on the evaluation to the design, realization design process earlier period feedback, reduce or avoid the product design mistake. Process the process really imitate, including to slice to pare the process to imitate true, really assemble the process to imitate, examine the process to imitate true and weld, the pressure process, casts to imitate true etc..Above-mentioned currently two the types imitate the true process to develop independently of, can't gather still, but VM in really should build up face to make the whole process to unify to imitate.
2.3 virtual realistic technique
Virtual realistic technique is at for improve the person to hand over with calculator with each other way, output in the exaltation calculator maneuverability, it is to synthesize to make use of the calculator sketch system, various manifestation and control etc. to connect a people's equipments, providing to sink the technique of immerse the felling in compute on board born lternant three D environment ( be called the virtual environment)
From the sketch system and various connect a people's equipments to constitute, use to produce the virtual environment and provide to sink to immerse the felling, and the calculator department that hand over to operate with each other knows together as the virtual realistic system.The virtual realistic system includes the operation the , machine and person's machine connects 3 essential elements of.Make use of the VRS can carry on the dynamic state mold to the real world, hand over through a customer to input with each other, and modify the virtual environment according to the exportation in time, make person the creation body faces its band to sink to immerse the felling.The virtual realistic technique is one of the VM key techniques.
3 the VM is applied in the manufacturing industry
Although in product develop process the application set up the mold and imitate and really can shorten to develop the period consumedly, the function and credibilities of the improvement product, in the design process of the industry field the actual application combine not much.Imitate the request that the true system can't still adapt the industry field to carry on the analysis and verification etc. in design process currently.
The deluxe engineering imitate the true system and should have the following characteristics:
Three complicated spare parts of the D the spare parts connects; Essentially different respond to diverse material of the characteristic; The material is important not the line property, such as: Not Newton's behavior, plastics transform, splits; Have another mutually phenomenon; Take to have the chemical reaction much and mutually the energy transfer; Move or free boundary; Not line dynamics.
In taking model as basal design, carry out the deluxe engineering to imitate the true key technique and can induce as follows:
The customer connects; Stereoscopic shape of analytical type; To the born calculate way of the hull body and the advanced mesh of the entities;( an analysis use)The error margin of the solution analysis and improvement; Material model; Excellent turn the design of the target function; Face to the software engineering of the object; The sea quantity proceeds together the calculation; Can see to turn.
These techniques the one who gather get up, can in aid of design carries on the design, the function of the product that the understanding design come out. Apply the mesh born calculate way, the error margin analysis and calculations of the above-mentioned forerunner, can compose of to adapt the calculate way, making know only the organization and don't know the analytical design also can design the product and design the manufacturing process of this product. Can guarantee the analytical accuracy from the orientation ability. Important several properties can turn with the parameter, so can carry on the shape excellent to turn etc..
The application that the conjecture manufacturing technique achieve success in the realms, such as airplane and automobile...etc. first. Currently the VMT application at following few aspects:
3.1 virtual business enterprise
Virtual business enterprise establishment, among them have the most important reason is because each business enterprise can't satisfy the market need alone, greeting the market challenge.Therefore, for responding to the need of the market quickly, surround the new product development, make use of the existing resources, different business enterprise of the different region or the factory of different locations, re- organize a new company.That company must analyze whether combination is superior or not before movement, can moderate the movement, and to hurl the risk, the benefits allotment...etc. of the postnatal period carry on the valuation.This kind of the parter company to be called the virtual company, or be called the dynamic state alliance, is a kind of virtual business enterprise, it has to gather economic entity of sex and real results two greatest characteristicses.
3.2 virtual product design
For example the shape design of the airplane, automobile, whether its shape match the aerodynamicist principle or not, the sport resistance within process, rationality etc. that its internal structure layout.In the complicated piping system design, the one who adopt virtual technique, design can" enter among them 0 carry on piping's arrange, and can check and can take place the interference. At compute the on board virtual product design, not only can raise to design the efficiency, but also can discover the problem in the design as early as possible, thus excellent turn the design of the product. For example the American company of Boeing invests USD 4,000,000,000 to research to manufacture 777 blow out gas type aerobuses of Boeing, using zero 8 month times of 3 years to complete to research to manufacture only from since October of 1990 to June of 1994, trying to fly the success once, devotion luck camp.The Boeing company dispersion adjusts to serve as HE2 YI to sow in to compute the on board observation, research, discussion in the technical personnel of the world-wide locations can from millions zero parts of 777 aerobuses, all zero partses are three D entity models all. It is thus clear that the virtual product designs the performance that brings for business enterprise.
3.3 virtual product manufacturing
The applied calculator imitates the true technique, processing the method, the work preface to the spare parts in proper order, the work pack of choose to use, the craft parameter chooses to use, processing the craft, assembling the craft, matching with the match between piece, linking the conjunction between piece and exercising a piece of sport etc. really all can s