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翻譯
英文原文
Gas drainage drilling rig
British Coal Office owned coal mine in the early 1950s to the mining area of a nearby gas drilling drainage, and now are very small compared to the scale. Flow into the roadway in the gas pressure was general-in ventilation system ruled out. This article will introduce some modern mining technology with the development of the rig.
When the increase in coal production, coal face promote optimum fast, high concentration of gas to be ruled out, this will lead to modern gas drainage system development, that a regional gas drilling, drilling connect to the pipeline system, Reply to the surface of gas will be excluded. About 40 to 50 years ago, the British-made drilling rig not a satisfactory. British drilling rig equipment company's decision to meet this requirement.
In recent years the design and development work in the United States Department of State Coal help a large number of staff, consultation and cooperation. The successful development of the EDECO Hydrack series Ⅰ rig, the rig used for five years until 1963 the introduction of the new design series Ⅰ Hydrack EDECO micro-drilling rig. This is now the use of the rig, designed after the reform of the review.
Drill Design
Hydrack gas drilling rig is the first for the electro-hydraulic drilling rig, the rig before most of the air-powered. Drill pipe and bit by a hydraulic motor through the rotating six-speed gear box; to be thrust into power and the trip from 815 mm to achieve the hydraulic cylinders, with rack and pinion system to process will be carried out twice. About the most torque 949 Nm, a way to about 1702 mm bit on the effective thrust of about 2,794 kg. Diameter drill pipe design for the 60.3 mm, for the 1524 mm long with a cone-shaped male connector, commonly known as EF / N-type drill pipe.
1963, the design of the micro-Hydrack rig. This is a very short period of Qinger drilling rig, his trip to 851 mm. A three-speed gear box, the largest of its torque to 691 Nm, effective drilling thrust 2,145 kg. Design drill pipe smaller diameter of 41.3 mm, length of 762 mm, also with cone-shaped male connector, called ET / A-type drill pipe. ET / A-type and the initial ET / N-type drill pipe is the drainage of two standard gas drilling equipment, including in the United Kingdom is now No. 613/1974 of the Ministry of Coal samples.
Hydrack drilling rig is installed by the group composed of standard parts;
Drill - a rack with skateboards, skateboards support. Bit installed in the sliding seat, by the hydraulic motors, Biansuchilun me and thrust as well as sets of component supply rotary joint. On the rack, slide under the hydraulic cylinder. Bored end of the rack-oriented holder used to support the drill pipe and fixed.
Power equipment - which is equipped with a hydraulic oil tank, following a slip-ski, makes it easy to transport. A motor and hydraulic pump and other auxiliary equipment, such as the return to the oil filter, safety valve, and pumps, tank airway and humidity safety switches are installed in the fuel tank above.
Control panel - the smallest of the four devices. Bored functions include the control valve, pressure gauge and the instructions of torque on the drilling bit pressure.
Rack assembly - when the preparations for drilling, rack supports drilling rig. Rack to adapt to a variety of different forms of drilling terrain changes, H-rack, A-frame and single-bearing pillars. The latter two are based drilling rig users to the requirements of the design.
Hydraulic oil through hydraulic flexible hose from the power plant station transmitted to the control panel and then into the rig. General long hose 4 m, to adapt to the positioning devices.
Gas Drainage
Coal mining, will cause gas from coal mining and coal mining neighbouring not Xiechu. In the United Kingdom in the mine, gas outburst 100 years of history. Gas outburst be an explosive mixture, the lack of oxygen, or the top end of the dramatic movement, and dangerous situation.
In mine, now control the gas is to play with coal gas drainage drilling, drilling into the tunnel roof or floor seam.
Bored are connected to each pipeline system (known as the steel tube inserted into the borehole ducts and risers), with gas pumps will be out of the ground. Individual pumping gas drilling pure放量consecutive months can be as high as 200 feet 3 / min.
Most of the use of tungsten carbide or the rotating cone drill bit bored.
Design considerations
Most of the projects are designed with a compromise on an issue of general there are a number of answers, but no one is the ideal answer. Design of gas drainage drilling rig should consider the parameters:
As a complete drilling, drilling rigs need to move to a new location. So should the weight of the lightest rig.
When the drilling rig in the mine at the time of installation in the roadway should be left as many as possible to facilitate the work of the space and equipment to use.
Mine mechanical structure must be strong. In preparation for the design, consideration should be given to the underground harsh environment (from a mine car on the machine to fall to withstand it ?)
Reliability and easy maintenance is very important.
Downhole drilling rig must adhere to the use of legislative and practical requirements of the Act.
Design reform
Hydrack rig on the design of micro-reform needs careful consideration, the design of reform will have interchangeable parts of the problem, often increase the scope of spare parts must be saved. Some of the factory design reform is inevitable if the use of metric and for security reasons mandatory requirements. When these reforms are necessary, other desirable to improve the design adopted at the same time. Hydrack micro-drilling rig in the design of reform are as follows:
Series Ⅰ- 1963 in Octorber was introduced, the replacement of the aforementioned rig in the first series Ⅰ Hydrack larger drilling rig.
Series Ⅱ - 1966 in August to improve the power plant appearance, install temperature and level switch, increasing pressure for drilling 4,318 kg.
Series FR –in June, 1968, before the use of hydraulic mineral oil rig, now switch to liquid fire.
Series FRA – in April , 1974, to further improve the use of hydraulic systems and oil-water emulsion mixed with the water supply regulation sealed rotary joints, more reliable operation.
Metric series FRA - 1975, in December since 1963, although the use of metric size bearings and seals, but to the best metric screw connector and the Steel pieces. Improved use of the drill pipe Temple-oriented folder.
Metric series FRA - 1976, November Hydrack using micro-drilling rig. Drill a way as to 451 mm, long drill pipe 380 mm, single-speed drill. Used by power plants and Hydrack and the same.
Metric series FRA –in January, 1978, the power plant design and made a big change in the British Ministry of Coal CFS / MEA (74) 20 document request. Important change is to control the disk Gaixiao, reduce external pipeline work. These devices can be used separately, or control device was attached to the force.
Make
Create a high standard of reliable rig must, in accordance with pre-set quality standard processing. Maintain high standards, quality is the key, all the personnel involved in the production of the need to ensure production quality and reliable components. Provides graphics standards, the need for realistic. Identify materials, machinery manufacturing tolerances, surface finish such as standards, the need for careful study. In order to ensure the reliability of the use of drilling rigs in the delivery, each drilling rig to be a routine test. EDECO conducted by the drilling rig to the full test results are made permanent records.
Gas-Drilling
A bored tunnel (usually in the back to the wind tunnel) section of very different sizes. In advance-long wall face, a trip for the 851 mm micro-Hydrack rig. In general a high degree of roadway for 1.5 m-long wall of the back and face with similar conditions, may be the itinerary for the 451 mm micro-Hydrack rig.
Drilling rig and equipment at the scene assembly, the assembly rig and to clamp firmly fixed, when the drilling force to prevent the mobile drilling rig. Bored by the pressure change depending on the borehole drilling style.
WC formation may be a general airfoil bit bored. This bit of torque, and the drilling of low pressure. When drilling a hard formation, the use of cone Jingang bit. Its characteristics are small torque, drilling pressure.
Gas drainage drilling holes before drilling a large hole, a diameter of 115 mm or 89 mm, with ducts and risers depends on the aperture, depth of 10 and 20 m, up about 45 ° drilling holes in the mining areas on or not the same Angle at the bottom hole drilling down. Bored layout and Kongju determined by the test, because of different positions and changes.
Sealed with rubber, cement grouting, tape or compact sealing resin ducts and risers will be fixed in the hole, using a 76 mm screw to the valve and fill in boxes fixed on the ducts and risers, export packing boxes with another valve, gas and water control device , If necessary, remove the gas drainage safety drill pipe and drill bit used. Drill pipe and drill through the larger valve can actually drill holes 50 mm gas production, the depth of 40到60 m.
Circulating pump pumping through the center to the drill pipe Bits, cooling bits and washed out hole chip. Pump drilling equipment is a very important part. When the bit before drilling started, the water cycle should always be to drill, otherwise, will plug the waterways, often leading to damage to bits. Back to sink in and use of water separation, and then pumped into the water again, bored.
Bored performance
Underground drilling field to protect the drill pipe is difficult, but the drill pipe should be stacked on the support of the appropriate. Drill pipe thread to be kept clean and in mutual tightened before the first Tu lubricants.
When the evaluation of micro-Hydrack rig in the drilling of standard coal properties, in accordance with the procedures for the installation to allow drilling rig. Bored and inserted into ducts and risers in the eight-hour intervals within a 50 m drill holes on the production line has.
Drilling typical of the average speed connections (including the drill pipe handling, etc.) to 10 meters / hour, but the determination, found that about half the time for loading, unloading and handling equipment, the remaining time for the drilling, drilling the actual speed of about 20 m / Hours.
Future trends
In the past 20 years, drilling performance and technology has significantly improved its major improvements is to reduce the size and weight, increase the gas drainage drilling rig and equipment reliability.
If the drilling of further improvement, then the drill bit design improvements are also necessary. Because these are the current restrictions on improving the efficiency of a factor.
中文譯文
瓦斯抽放鉆機
英國煤炭局所屬煤礦中，五十年代初期向采煤區(qū)鄰近層打鉆孔抽放瓦斯，與現在相比其規(guī)模是很小的。流進巷道中的瓦斯一般被壓入式通風系統(tǒng)排除。本文將介紹幾種符合近代采礦技術發(fā)展的鉆機。
當煤產量增加，采煤工作面推進較優(yōu)快時，須將高濃度的瓦斯排除，這將導致現代瓦斯抽放系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，即向瓦斯區(qū)域打鉆孔，給鉆孔接上管道系統(tǒng)，將瓦斯引到地表排除。約40到50年前，英國制造的鉆機沒有一臺令人滿意。英國鉆機設備公司決定滿足這個要求。
在幾年的設計和研制工作中，得到美國國家煤炭部工作人員大量幫助、磋商和合作。研制成功民EDECO Hydrack系列Ⅰ鉆機，這個鉆機使用了五年直到1963年引進了新設計的EDECO 微型Hydrack系列Ⅰ鉆機。現在使用的就是這種鉆機，其設計改革的后評述。
鉆機設計
Hydrack鉆機是最早用于瓦斯鉆孔的電動液壓鉆機，以前的鉆機多半是空氣作動力的。鉆桿和鉆頭由一個液壓馬達通過六速齒輪箱轉動；給進動力和推力是由815mm行程的液壓缸實現的，用齒條和小齒輪系統(tǒng)的給進行程將是兩倍。最大轉矩約949Nm，給進行程約1702mm鉆頭上的有效推力約2794公斤。鉆桿設計直徑為60.3mm，長為1524mm帶有錐形螺紋接頭，通稱EF/N型鉆桿。
1963年，設計民微型Hydrack鉆機。這是一種非常輕而短的鉆機，其行程為851mm。采用三速齒輪箱，其最大轉矩為691Nm，有效鉆孔推力為2145公斤。設計鉆桿較小，直徑為41.3mm，長為762mm，也帶錐形螺紋接頭，稱為ET/A型鉆桿。ET/A型和最初的ET/N型鉆桿是抽放瓦斯的兩種標準鉆孔設備，現已包括在英國煤炭部第613/1974號樣本中。
Hydrack鉆機是由幾組標準件裝置組成；
鉆機——有一個帶滑板的機架，由滑板支撐。鉆頭安裝在滑座上，由液壓馬達、變速齒輪箱和推力套以及供水旋轉接頭組成。在機架內滑座下是液壓缸。機架上鉆孔末端的導向夾持器用來固定和支持鉆桿。
動力設備——這是一個裝有液壓油的油箱，下面有滑橇，便于運輸。一臺電動機和液壓泵及其它輔助設備，如回油過濾器、安全閥、加油泵、油箱通氣管以及濕度安全開關都安裝在油箱上面。
控制盤——為四個裝置中最小的。包含有鉆孔功能的控制閥，指示轉矩的壓力計以及鉆頭上的鉆進壓力。
裝配式機架——當準備鉆孔時，機架支撐著鉆機。機架形式多種以適應不同鉆孔地形變化，有H型機架、A型機架和單支柱支座。后兩項是根據鉆機使用者提出來的要求設計的。
液壓油通過撓性液壓軟管從動力裝置站輸送到控制盤，然后進入鉆機。軟管一般長4m，能適應各種裝置的定位。
抽放瓦斯
采煤時，會引起瓦斯從開采煤層和鄰近未開采的煤層泄出。在英國礦井中，瓦斯突出有100多年的歷史。瓦斯突出會出現有爆炸混合物、缺氧，或頂底的劇烈移動等危險情況。
在礦井中，現在控制瓦斯的方法是向含瓦斯煤層打鉆孔抽放，鉆孔打入巷道頂板或底板煤層。
每個鉆孔都接上管道系統(tǒng)（插入鉆孔的鋼管稱為豎管），用真空泵將瓦斯抽出地面。個別鉆孔純瓦斯抽放量可連續(xù)好幾個月高達200呎3/分。
大多數使用碳化鎢或牙輪鉆頭的旋轉鉆機鉆孔。
設計考慮事項
大部分的工程設計都用一個折中方案，對某一個問題一般存在著若干種解答，但沒有一個解答是理想的。設計瓦斯抽放鉆機量應考慮的參數：
象完成一個鉆孔后，鉆機需要移動到一個新的位置上。因此鉆機的重量應該最輕。
當鉆機在礦井巷道中安裝時，應留下盡可能多的空間以便于工作人和設備能夠通行。
礦井機械必須結構堅固。在準備設計時，應考慮到井下惡劣環(huán)境（機器從礦車上落下來能經受得住嗎？）
可靠性和易于維修是非常重要的。
井下使用的鉆機必須堅持立法和可行的法令要求。
設計改革
對微型Hydrack鉆機的設計改革需要周密的考慮，因設計改革會產生部件的互換性問題，往往增加必須儲存?zhèn)浼姆秶Ｒ恍┰O計改革對制造廠是不可避免的；如公制的采用和出于安全原因強制性的要求 。當這些改革是必須的，其它合乎需要的設計改進同時采納。微型Hydrack鉆機的設計改革如下所列：
系列Ⅰ——1963年10月引進，這種鉆機替換前述的最初較大的Hydrack系列Ⅰ鉆機。
系列Ⅱ——1966年8月，改進動力裝置的外形，安裝溫度和水平開關，鉆進壓力增加為4318公斤。
系列FR——1968年6月，以前的鉆機使用液壓礦物油，現在改用防火液。
系列FRA——1974年4月，進一步改進的液壓系統(tǒng)使用油水混合乳化液和無調節(jié)密封的供水旋轉接頭，運行更可靠。
公制系列FRA——1975年12月，自1963 以來，雖然采用了公制尺寸有軸承和密封，但目前最好改為公制螺釘連接件和公制鋼件。采用了改進型的鉆桿導向夾寺器。
公制系列FRA——1976年11月，采用微型Hydrack鉆機。鉆機的給進行程為451mm，鉆桿長380mm，鉆頭為單速。所用動力裝置與Hydrack與相同。
公制系列FRA——1978年1月，動力裝置的設計作了大的變動以及符合英國煤炭部CFS/MEA（74）20號文件的要求。重要的改變是控制盤改小，減少外部管道工作。 這些裝置可分開使用，或控制盤附在動力裝置上。
制造
制造一種高標準的可靠鉆機必須按照預先確定的質量標準加工。保持高標準，質量是關鍵，參與生產的全體人員必須保證生產質量可靠的部件。規(guī)定繪圖標準時，需要切合實際。確定材料、機械制造公差、表面光潔度等標準時，需要進行仔細研究。為了確保鉆機使用的可靠性，在交貨之前，每臺鉆機必須進行例行試驗。對EDECO鉆機所進行的全部試驗結果都作了永久的記錄。
鉆瓦斯孔
打鉆孔巷道（一般在回風巷道）斷面的大小差異很大。在前進式長壁工作面系統(tǒng)，采用行程為851mm的微型Hydrack鉆機。在巷道高度一般為1.5m的后退式長壁工作面以及與此類似條件，可采用行程為451mm的微型Hydrack鉆機。
鉆機和設備在現場裝配，鉆機的裝配要夾緊并牢固固定，當受鉆進力，防止鉆機移動。鉆孔壓力的變化取決于所鉆鉆孔的式樣。
一般的地層可采用碳化鎢翼型鉆頭鉆孔。這種鉆頭具有轉矩大，鉆進壓力低的特性。當鉆較堅硬地層時，多用牙輪金鋼鉆頭。其特點是轉矩小、鉆進壓力大。
鉆瓦斯抽放孔前，先鉆一個較大的孔，直徑為115mm或89mm，孔徑取決于所用豎管，深度為10到20m，向上孔約45°鉆在未開采區(qū)之上或以同樣的角度向底板鉆向下孔。鉆孔布置和孔距由試驗確定，因位置不同而變化。
用橡膠密封，水泥灌漿，致密膠帶或樹脂密封將豎管固定在孔中，用螺釘將一個76mm的閥和填料盒固定在豎管上，填料盒出口裝另一閥，這個裝置控制瓦斯和水，必要時可安全撤除瓦斯抽放用鉆桿和鉆頭。鉆桿和鉆頭穿過較大的閥實際可鉆50mm瓦斯生產孔，深度達40到60m。
循環(huán)水泵抽水，通過鉆桿中心到鉆頭，冷卻鉆頭，并沖洗掉孔內切屑。水泵是鉆孔設備中很重要的一部分。當鉆頭開始鉆孔前，水應總是循環(huán)到鉆頭，否則，水道肯定會堵塞，常常導致鉆頭損壞。利用返回水槽里與水分離，然后水再次抽入鉆孔里。
鉆孔性能
井下鉆場要維護鉆桿是困難的，但鉆桿應堆放在適當的支承物上。鉆桿螺紋須保持清潔，在相互擰緊之前，要先涂潤滑劑。
當評價微型Hydrack鉆機在標準煤系中的鉆孔性能時，應按照允許的程序安裝鉆機。豎管插入鉆孔并在一班八小時內鉆一個50m生產孔就行了。
典型的平均連接鉆進速度（包括鉆桿裝卸等等）為10米/小時，但是經測定，發(fā)現約一半時間用于裝卸和操作設備，剩余為鉆孔時間，實際鉆進速度約20米/小時。
將來趨勢
在過去20年中，鉆孔性能和技術有顯著改進，其主要改進是減少體積和重量，提高了瓦斯抽放鉆機和設備的可靠性。
如果對鉆孔性能作進一步改進，那么對鉆頭設計的改進也是必要的。因為這些是目前限制提高效率的一個因素。