袋裝化肥搬運(yùn)機(jī)械手的設(shè)計
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外文出處:ManufacturingEngineeringandTechnologyMachining附件1:外文原文ManipulatorRobotdevelopedinrecentdecadesashigh-techautomatedproductionequipment.Industrialrobotisanimportantbranchofindustrialrobots.Itfeaturescanbeprogrammedtoperformtasksinavarietyofexpectations,inbothstructureandperformanceadvantagesoftheirownpeopleandmachines,inparticular,reflectsthepeoplesintelligenceandadaptability.Theaccuracyofrobotoperationsandavarietyofenvironmentstheabilitytocompletetheworkinthefieldofnationaleconomyandtherearebroadprospectsfordevelopment.Withthedevelopmentofindustrialautomation,therehasbeenCNCmachiningcenter,itisinreducinglaborintensity,whilegreatlyimprovedlaborproductivity.However,theupperandlowercommoninCNCmachiningprocessesmaterial,usuallystillusemanualortraditionalrelay-controlledsemi-automaticdevice.Theformertime-consumingandlaborintensive,inefficient;thelatterduetodesigncomplexity,requiremorerelays,wiringcomplexity,vulnerabilitytobodyvibrationinterference,whiletheexistenceofpoorreliability,faultmoremaintenanceproblemsandotherissues.ProgrammableLogicControllerPLC-controlledrobotcontrolsystemformaterialsupanddownmovementissimple,circuitdesignisreasonable,withastronganti-jammingcapability,ensuringthesystemsreliability,reducedmaintenancerate,andimproveworkefficiency.Robottechnologyrelatedtomechanics,mechanics,electricalhydraulictechnology,automaticcontroltechnology,sensortechnologyandcomputertechnologyandotherfieldsofscience,isacross-disciplinaryintegratedtechnology.First,anoverviewofindustrialmanipulatorRobotisakindofpositioningcontrolcanbeautomatedandcanbere-programmedtochangeinmulti-functionalmachine,whichhasmultipledegreesoffreedomcanbeusedtocarryanobjectinordertocompletetheworkindifferentenvironments.LowwagesinChina,plasticproductsindustry,althoughstillalabor-intensive,mechanicalhandusehasbecomeincreasinglypopular.ElectronicsandautomotiveindustriesthatEuropeandtheUnitedStatesmultinationalcompaniesveryearlyintheirfactoriesinChina,theintroductionofautomatedproduction.Butnowthechangesarethosefoundinindustrial-intensiveSouthChina,EastChinascoastalareas,localplasticprocessingplantshavealsoemergedinmechanicalwatchesbegantobecomeincreasinglyinterestedin,becausetheyhavetofaceahighturnoverrateofworkers,aswellasfortheworkerstopaywork-relatedinjuriesfeechallenges.WiththerapiddevelopmentofChinasindustrialproduction,especiallythereformandopeningupaftertherapidincreaseinthedegreeofautomationtoachievetheworkpiecehandling,steering,transmissionoroperationofbrazing,spraygun,wrenchesandothertoolsforprocessingandassemblyoperationssince,whichhasmoreandmoreattractedourattention.Robotistoimitatethemanualpartoftheaction,accordingtoagivenprogram,trackandrequirementsforautomaticcapture,handlingoroperationoftheautomaticmechanicaldevices.Inreallife,youwillfindthisaproblem.Inthemachineshop,theprocessingofpartsloadingtimeisnotannoying,andlaborproductivityisnothigh,thecostofproductionmajor,andsometimesman-madeincidentswilloccur,resultinginprocessingwereinjured.Thinkaboutwhatcouldreplaceitwiththeprocessingtimeofatouraslongasthereareafewpeople,andcanoperate24hourssaturatedhumanright?Theanswerisyes,buttherobotcancometoreplaceit.Productionofmechanicalhandcanincreasetheautomationlevelofproductionandlaborproductivity;canreducelaborintensity,ensuringproductquality,toachievesafeproduction;particularlyinthehigh-temperature,highpressure,lowtemperature,lowpressure,dust,explosive,toxicandradioactivegasessuchaspoorenvironmentcanreplacethenormalworkingpeople.HereIwouldliketothinkofdesigningarobottobeusedinactualproduction.Whywouldarobotdesignedtoprovideapneumaticpower:pneumaticrobotreferstothecompressedairaspowersource-drivenrobot.Withpressure-drivenandotherenergy-drivencomparisonhavethefollowingadvantages:1.Airinexhaustible,usedlaterdischargedintotheatmosphere,doesnotrequirerecyclinganddisposal,donotpollutetheenvironment.(Conceptofenvironmentalprotection)2.Airstickissmall,thepipelinepressurelossissmall(typicallylessthanasphaltgaspathpressuredropofone-thousandth),tofacilitatelong-distancetransport.3.Compressedairoftheworkingpressureislow(usually4to8kg/persquarecentimeter),andthereforemovingthematerialcomponentsandmanufacturingaccuracyrequirementscanbelowered.4.Withthehydraulictransmission,comparedtoitsfasteractionandreaction,whichisoneoftheadvantagespneumaticoutstanding.5.Theaircleanermedia,itwillnotdegenerate,noteasytoplugthepipeline.Buttherearealsoplaceswhereitflyintheointment:1.Asthecompressibilityofair,resultinginpooraerodynamicstabilityofthework,resultingintheimplementingagenciesastheprecisionofthevelocityandnoteasilycontrolled.2.Astheuseoflowatmosphericpressure,theoutputpowercannotbetoolarge;inordertoincreasetheoutputpowerisboundtothestructureoftheentirepneumaticsystemsizeincreased.Withpneumaticdriveandcomparewithotherenergysourcesdrivehasthefollowingadvantages:Airinexhaustible,usedlaterdischargedintotheatmosphere,withoutrecyclinganddisposal,donotpollutetheenvironment.Accidentalorasmallamountofleakagewouldnotbeaseriousimpactonproduction.Viscosityofairissmall,thepipelinepressurelossalsoisverysmall,easylong-distancetransport.Thelowerworkingpressureofcompressedair,pneumaticcomponentsandthereforethematerialandmanufacturingaccuracyrequirementscanbelowered.Ingeneral,reciprocatingthrustin1to2tonspneumaticeconomyisbetter.Comparedwiththehydraulictransmission,anditsfasteractionandreaction,whichisoneoftheoutstandingmeritsofpneumatic.Cleanairmedium,itwillnotdegenerate,noteasytoplugthepipeline.Itcanbesafelyusedinflammable,explosiveandthedustbigoccasions.Alsoeasytorealizeautomaticoverloadprotection.Second,thecomposition,mechanicalhandRobotintheformofavarietyofforms,somerelativelysimple,somemorecomplicated,butthebasicformisthesameasthecompositionofthe,Usuallybytheimplementingagencies,transmissionsystems,controlsystemsandauxiliarydevicescomposed.1. ImplementingagenciesManipulatorexecutingagencybythehands,wrists,arms,pillars.Handsarecrawlinginstitutions,isusedtoclampandreleasetheworkpiece,andsimilartohumanfingers,tocompletethestaffingofsimilaractions.Wristandfingersandthearmconnectingthecomponentscanbeupanddown,left,androtarymovement.Asimplemechanicalhandcannotwrist.Pillarsusedtosupportthearmcanalsobemademobileasneeded.2.TransmissionTheactuatortobeachievedbythetransmissionsystem.Sub-transmissionsystemcommonlyusedmanipulatormechanicaltransmission,hydraulictransmission,pneumaticandelectricpowertransmissionandotherdriveseveralforms.3.ControlSystemManipulatorcontrolsystemsmainroleistocontroltherobotaccordingtocertainprocedures,direction,position,speedofaction,asimplemechanicalhandisgenerallynotsetupadedicatedcontrolsystem,usingonlytripswitches,relays,controlvalvesandcircuitscanbeachieveddynamicdrivesystemcontrol,sothatimplementingagenciesaccordingtotherequirementsofaction.Actionwillhavetousecomplexprogrammablerobotcontroller,themicro-computercontrol.Three,mechanicalhandclassificationandcharacteristicsRobotsaregenerallydividedintothreecategories:thefirstisthegeneralmachinerydoesnotrequiremanualhand.Itisanindependentnotaffiliatedwithaparticularhostdevice.Itcanbeprogrammedaccordingtotheneedsofthetasktocompletetheoperationoftheprovisions.Itischaracterizedwithordinarymechanicalperformance,alsohasgeneralmachinery,memory,intelligenceternarymachinery.Thesecondcategoryistheneedtomanuallydoit,calledtheoperationofaircraft.Itoriginatedintheatom,militaryindustry,firstthroughtheoperationofmachinestocompleteaparticularjob,andlaterdevelopedtooperateusingradiosignalstocarryoutdetectingmachinessuchastheMoon.Usedinindustrialmanipulatoralsofallintothiscategory.Thethirdcategoryisdedicatedmanipulator,themainsubsidiaryoftheautomaticmachinesorautomaticlines,tosolvethemachineupanddowntheworkpiecematerialanddelivery.ThismechanicalhandinforeigncountriesknownastheMechanicalHand,whichisthehostofservices,fromthehost-driven;exceptionofafewoutsidetheworkingproceduresaregenerallyfixed,andthereforespecial.Mainfeatures:First,mechanicalhand(theupperandlowermaterialrobot,assemblyrobot,handlingrobot,stackingrobot,helprobot,vacuumhandlingmachines,vacuumsuctioncrane,labor-savingspreader,pneumaticbalancer,etc.).Second,cantilevercranes(cantilevercrane,electricchainhoistcrane,airbalancethehanging,etc.)Third,rail-typetransportsystem(hangingrail,lightrail,singlegirdercranes,double-beamcrane)Four,industrialmachinery,applicationofhandManipulatorinthemechanizationandautomationoftheproductionprocessdevelopedanewtypeofdevice.Inrecentyears,aselectronictechnology,especiallycomputerextensiveuseofrobotdevelopmentandproductionofhigh-techfieldshasbecomearapidlydevelopedanewtechnology,whichfurtherpromotedthedevelopmentofrobot,allowingrobottobetterachievedwiththecombinationofmechanizationandautomation.Althoughtherobotisnotasflexibleasstaff,butithastothecontinuousduplicationofworkandlabor,Idonotknowfatigue,notafraidofdanger,thepowersnatchweightcharacteristicswhencomparedwithmanuallarge,therefore,mechanicalhandhasbeenofgreatimportancetomanysectors,andincreasinglyhasbeenappliedwidely,forexample:(1)Machiningtheworkpieceloadingandunloading,especiallyintheautomaticlathe,combinationmachinetooluseismorecommon.(2)Intheassemblyoperationsarewidelyusedintheelectronicsindustry,itcanbeusedtoassembleprintedcircuitboards,inthemachineryindustryItcanbeusedtoassemblepartsandcomponents.(3)Theworkingconditionsmaybepoor,monotonous,repetitiveeasytosub-fatigueworkingenvironmenttoreplacehumanlabor.(4)Maybeindangeroussituations,suchasmilitarygoodshandling,dangerousgoodsandhazardousmaterialsremovalandsoon.(5)Universeandoceandevelopment.(6),militaryengineeringandbiomedicalresearchandtesting.Helpmechanicalhands:alsoknownasthebalancer,balancesuspended,labor-savingspreader,manualTransfermachineisakindofweightlessnessofmanualloadsystem,anovel,time-savingtechnologyformaterialhandlingoperationsboosterequipment,belongingtokindsofnon-standarddesignofseriesproducts.Customerapplicationneeds,creatingcustomizedcases.Manualoperationofasimulationoftheautomaticmachinery,itcanbeafixedprogramdrawshandlingobjectsorperformhouseholdtoolstoaccomplishcertainspecificactions.Applicationofrobotcanreplacethepeopleengagedinmonotonousrepetitiveorheavymanuallabor,themechanizationandautomationofproduction,insteadofpeopleinhazardousenvironmentsmanualoperation,improvingworkingconditionsandensurepersonalsafety.Thelate20thcentury,40,theUnitedStatesatomicenergyexperiments,thefirstuseofradioactivematerialhandlingrobot,humanrobotinasaferoomtomanipulatevariousoperationsandexperimentation.50yearslater,manipulatorandgraduallyextendedtoindustrialproductionsector,forthetemperatures,pollutedareas,andloadingandunloadingtotakeplacetheworkpiecematerial,butalsoasanauxiliarydeviceinautomaticmachinetools,machinetools,automaticproductionlinesandprocessingcenterapplications,thecompletionoftheupperandlowermaterial,orFromthelibrarytakeplaceknifeknifeandsoonaccordingtofixedproceduresforthereplacementoperation.Robotbodymainlybythehandandsportsinstitutions.Agencieswiththeuseofhandsandoperationofobjectsofdifferentoccasions,oftenthereareclampingsupportandadsorptiontypeofcare.Movementorgansaregenerallyhydraulicpneumaticelectricaldevicedrivers.Manipulatorcanbeachievedindependentlyretractablerotationandliftingmovements,generally2to3degreesoffreedom.Robotsarewidelyusedinmetallurgicalindustry,machinerymanufacture,lightindustryandatomicenergysectors.Canmimicsomeofthestaffandarmmotorfunction,afixdprocedureforthecapture,handlingobjectsoroperatingtools,automaticoperationdevice.Itcanreplacehumanlaborinordertoachievetheproductionofheavymechanizationandautomationthatcanoperateinhazardousenvironmentstoprotectthepersonalsafety,whichiswidelyusedinmachinerymanufacturing,metallurgy,electronics,lightindustryandnuclearpowersectors.Mechanicalhandtoolsorotherequipmentcommonlyusedforadditionaldevices,suchastheautomaticmachinesorautomaticproductionlinehandlingandtransmissionoftheworkpiece,thereplacementofcuttingtoolsinmachiningcenters,etc.generallydonothaveaseparatecontroldevice.Someoperatingdevicesrequiredirectmanipulationbyhumans;suchastheatomicenergysectorperformshouseholdhazardousmaterialsusedinthemaster-slavemanipulatorisalsooftenreferredtoasmechanicalhand.Manipulatormainlybyhandandsportsinstitutions.Taskofhandisholdingtheworkpiece(ortool)components,accordingtograspingobjectsbyshape,size,weight,materialandoperationalrequirementsofavarietyofstructuralforms,suchasclamptype,typeandadsorption-basedcaresuchasholding.Sportsorganizations,sothatthecompletionofavarietyofhandrotation(swing),mobileorcompoundmovementstoachievetherequiredaction,tochangethelocationofobjectsbygraspingandposture.Robotistheautomatedproductionofakindusedintheprocessofcrawlingandmovingpiecefeaturesautomaticdevice,whichismechanizedandautomatedproductionprocessdevelopedanewtypeofdevice.Inrecentyears,aselectronictechnology,especiallycomputerextensiveuseofrobotdevelopmentandproductionofhigh-techfieldshasbecomearapidlydevelopedanewtechnology,whichfurtherpromotedthedevelopmentofrobot,allowingrobottobetterachievedwiththecombinationofmechanizationandautomation.Robotcanreplacehumanscompletedtheriskofduplicationofboringwork,toreducehumanlaborintensityandimprovelaborproductivity.Manipulatorhasbeenappliedmoreandmorewidely,inthemachineryindustry,itcanbeusedforpartsassembly,workpiecehandling,loadingandunloading,particularlyintheautomationofCNCmachinetools,modularmachinetoolsmorecommonlyused.Atpresent,therobothasdevelopedintoaFMSflexiblemanufacturingsystemsandflexiblemanufacturingcellinanimportantcomponentoftheFMC.Themachinetoolequipmentandmachineryinhandtogetherconstituteaflexiblemanufacturingsystemoraflexiblemanufacturingcell,itwasadaptedtosmallandmediumvolumeproduction,youcansaveahugeamountoftheworkpiececonveyordevice,compact,andadaptable.Whentheworkpiecechanges,flexibleproductionsystemisveryeasytochangewillhelpenterprisestocontinuouslyupdatethemarketablevariety,improveproductquality,andbetteradapttomarketcompetition.Atpresent,Chinasindustrialrobottechnologyanditsengineeringapplicationlevelandcomparabletoforeigncountriesthereisacertaindistance,applicationandindustrializationofthesizeofthelowlevelofrobotresearchanddevelopmentofadirectimpactonraisingthelevelofautomationinChina,fromtheeconomy,technicalconsiderationsareverynecessary.Therefore,thestudyofmechanicalhanddesignisverymeaningful.附件1:外文資料翻譯譯文機(jī)械手機(jī)械手是近幾十年發(fā)展起來的一種高科技自動化生產(chǎn)設(shè)備。工業(yè)機(jī)械手是工業(yè)機(jī)器人的一個重要分支。它的特點是可通過編程來完成各種預(yù)期的作業(yè)任務(wù),在構(gòu)造和性能上兼有人和機(jī)器各自的優(yōu)點,尤其體現(xiàn)了人的智能和適應(yīng)性。機(jī)械手作業(yè)的準(zhǔn)確性和各種環(huán)境中完成作業(yè)的能力,在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)各領(lǐng)域有著廣闊的發(fā)展前景。隨著工業(yè)自動化的發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)了數(shù)控加工中心,它在減輕工人的勞動強(qiáng)度的同時,大大提高了勞動生產(chǎn)率。但數(shù)控加工中常見的上下料工序,通常仍采用人工操作或傳統(tǒng)繼電器控制的半自動化裝置。前者費時費工、效率低;后者因設(shè)計復(fù)雜,需較多繼電器,接線繁雜,易受車體振動干擾,而存在可靠性差、故障多、維修困難等問題??删幊绦蚩刂破鱌LC控制的上下料機(jī)械手控制系統(tǒng)動作簡便、線路設(shè)計合理、具有較強(qiáng)的抗干擾能力,保證了系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的可靠性,降低了維修率,提高了工作效率。機(jī)械手技術(shù)涉及到力學(xué)、機(jī)械學(xué)、電氣液壓技術(shù)、自動控制技術(shù)、傳感器技術(shù)和計算機(jī)技術(shù)等科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,是一門跨學(xué)科綜合技術(shù)。1工業(yè)機(jī)械手的概述機(jī)械手是一種能自動化定位控制并可重新編程序以變動的多功能機(jī)器,它有多個自由度,可用來搬運(yùn)物體以完成在各個不同環(huán)境中工作。在工資水平較低的中國,塑料制品行業(yè)盡管仍屬于勞動力密集型,機(jī)械手的使用已經(jīng)越來越普及。那些電子和汽車業(yè)的歐美跨國公司很早就在它們設(shè)在中國的工廠中引進(jìn)了自動化生產(chǎn)。但現(xiàn)在的變化是那些分布在工業(yè)密集的華南、華東沿海地區(qū)的中國本土塑料加工廠也開始對機(jī)械手表現(xiàn)出越來越濃厚的興趣,因為他們要面對工人流失率高,以及為工人交工傷費帶來的挑戰(zhàn)。隨著我國工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的飛躍發(fā)展,特別是改革開發(fā)以后,自動化程度的迅速提高,實現(xiàn)工件的裝卸、轉(zhuǎn)向、輸送或操作釬焊、噴槍、扳手等工具進(jìn)行加工、裝配等作業(yè)自化,已愈來愈引起我們重視。機(jī)械手是模仿著人手的部分動作,按給定的程序、軌跡和要求實現(xiàn)自動抓取、搬運(yùn)或操作的自動機(jī)械裝置。在現(xiàn)實生活中,你是否會發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣一個問題。在機(jī)械工廠里,加工零件裝料的時候是不是很煩的,勞動生產(chǎn)率不高,生產(chǎn)成本大,有時候還會發(fā)生一些人為事故,導(dǎo)致加工者受傷。想想看用什么可以來代替呢,加工的時候只要有幾個人巡視一下,且可以二十四個小時飽和運(yùn)作,人行嗎?回答是肯定的,但是機(jī)械手可以來代替它。生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用機(jī)械手可以提高生產(chǎn)的自動化水平和勞動生產(chǎn)率;可以減輕勞動強(qiáng)度、保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、實現(xiàn)安全生產(chǎn);尤其是在高溫、高壓、低溫、低壓、粉塵、易爆、有毒氣體和放射性等惡劣的環(huán)境中能夠代替人進(jìn)行正常的工作。想到這里我就很想設(shè)計一個機(jī)械手,來用于生產(chǎn)實際中。為什么選著設(shè)計機(jī)械手用氣動來提供動力:氣動機(jī)械手是指以壓縮空氣為動力源驅(qū)動的機(jī)械手。用氣壓驅(qū)動與其他能源驅(qū)動比較有以下優(yōu)點:1.空氣取之不竭,用過之后排入大氣,不需要回收和處理,不污染環(huán)境。(環(huán)保的概念)2.空氣的沾性很小,管路中壓力損失也很?。ㄒ话銡饴纷枇p失不到油路的千分之一),便于遠(yuǎn)距離輸送。3.壓縮空氣的工作壓力較低(一般為48公斤/每平方厘米),因此對動元件的材質(zhì)和制造精度要求可以降低。4.與液壓傳動相比,它的動作和反應(yīng)都快,這是氣動突出的優(yōu)點之一。5.空氣介質(zhì)清潔,亦不會變質(zhì),管路不易堵塞。但是也有它美中不足的地方:1.由于空氣的可壓縮性,致使氣動工作的穩(wěn)定性差,因而造成執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動速度和定為精度不易控制。2.由于使用氣壓較低,輸出力不可能太大,為了增加輸出力,必然使整個氣動系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸加大。用氣壓驅(qū)動與用其他能源驅(qū)動比較有以下優(yōu)點:空氣取之不竭,用過之后排入大氣,不需回收和處理,不污染環(huán)境。偶然的或少量的泄漏不致對生產(chǎn)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的影響。空氣的粘性很小,管路中壓力損失也就很小,便于遠(yuǎn)距離輸送。壓縮空氣的工作壓力較低,因此對氣動元件的材質(zhì)和制造精度要求可以降低。一般說來,往復(fù)運(yùn)動推力在12噸以下采用氣動經(jīng)濟(jì)性較好。與液壓傳動相比,它的動作和反應(yīng)都快,這是氣動的突出優(yōu)點之一??諝饨橘|(zhì)清潔,亦不會變質(zhì),管路不易堵塞。它可安全地應(yīng)用在易燃、易爆和粉塵大的場合。又便于實現(xiàn)過載自動保護(hù).2機(jī)械手的組成機(jī)械手的形式是多種多樣的,有的較為簡單,有的較為復(fù)雜,但基本的組成形式是相同的,一般由執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、傳動系統(tǒng)、控制系統(tǒng)和輔助裝置組成。1.執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)機(jī)械手的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu),由手、手腕、手臂、支柱組成。手是抓取機(jī)構(gòu),用來夾緊和松開工件,與人的手指相仿,能完成人手的類似動作。手腕是連接手指與手臂的元件,可以進(jìn)行上下、左右和回轉(zhuǎn)動作。簡單的機(jī)械手可以沒有手腕。支柱用來支撐手臂,也可以根據(jù)需要做成移動。2.傳動系統(tǒng)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的動作要由傳動系統(tǒng)來實現(xiàn)。常用機(jī)械手傳動系統(tǒng)分機(jī)械傳動、液壓傳動、氣壓傳動和電力傳動等幾種形式。3.控制系統(tǒng)機(jī)械手控制系統(tǒng)的主要作用是控制機(jī)械手按一定的程序、方向、位置、速度進(jìn)行動作,簡單的機(jī)械手一般不設(shè)置專用的控制系統(tǒng),只采用行程開關(guān)、繼電器、控制閥及電路便可實現(xiàn)動傳動系統(tǒng)的控制,使執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)按要求進(jìn)行動作動作復(fù)雜的機(jī)械手則要采用可編程控制器、微型計算機(jī)進(jìn)行控制。3機(jī)械手的分類和特點機(jī)械手一般分為三類:第一類是不需要人工操作的通用機(jī)械手。它是一種獨立的不附屬于某一主機(jī)的裝置。它可以根據(jù)任務(wù)的需要編制程序,以完成各項規(guī)定的操作。它的特點是具備普通機(jī)械的性能之外,還具備通用機(jī)械、記憶智能的三元機(jī)械。第二類是需要人工才做的,稱為操作機(jī)。它起源于原子、軍事工業(yè),先是通過操作機(jī)來完成特定的作業(yè),后來發(fā)展到用無線電訊號操作機(jī)來進(jìn)行探測月球等。工業(yè)中采用的鍛造操作機(jī)也屬于這一范疇。第三類是用專用機(jī)械手,主要附屬于自動機(jī)床或自動線上,用以解決機(jī)床上下料和工件送。這種機(jī)械手在國外稱為“MechanicalHand”,它是為主機(jī)服務(wù)的,由主機(jī)驅(qū)動;除少數(shù)以外,工作程序一般是固定的,因此是專用的。主要特點:(1)機(jī)械手(上下料機(jī)械手、裝配機(jī)械手、搬運(yùn)機(jī)械手、堆垛機(jī)械手、助力機(jī)械手、真空搬運(yùn)機(jī)、真空吸吊機(jī)、省力吊具、氣動平衡器等)。(2)懸臂起重機(jī)(懸臂吊、電動環(huán)鏈葫蘆吊、氣動平衡吊等)(3)導(dǎo)軌式搬運(yùn)系統(tǒng)(懸掛軌道、輕型軌道、單梁起重機(jī)、雙梁起重機(jī))4工業(yè)機(jī)械手的應(yīng)用機(jī)械手是在機(jī)械化、自動化生產(chǎn)過程中發(fā)展起來的一種新型裝置。近年來,隨著電子技術(shù)特別是電子計算機(jī)的廣泛應(yīng)用,機(jī)器人的研制和生產(chǎn)已成為高技術(shù)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展起來的一門新興技術(shù),它更加促進(jìn)了機(jī)械手的發(fā)展,使得機(jī)械手能更好地實現(xiàn)與機(jī)械化和自動化的有機(jī)結(jié)合。機(jī)械手雖然目前還不如人手那樣靈活,但它具有能不斷重復(fù)工作和勞動、不知疲勞、不怕危險、抓舉重物的力量比人手大等特點,因此,機(jī)械手已受到許多部門的重視,并越來越廣泛地得到了應(yīng)用,例如:(1)機(jī)床加工工件的裝卸,特別是在自動化車床、組合機(jī)床上使用較為普遍。(2)在裝配作業(yè)中應(yīng)用廣泛,在電子行業(yè)中它可以用來裝配印制電路板,在機(jī)械行業(yè)中它可以用來組裝零部件。(3)可在勞動條件差,單調(diào)重復(fù)易子疲勞的工作環(huán)境工作,以代替人的勞動。(4)可在危險場合下工作,如軍工品的裝卸、危險品及有害物的搬運(yùn)等。(5)宇宙及海洋的開發(fā)。(6)軍事工程及生物醫(yī)學(xué)方面的研究和試驗。助力機(jī)械手:又稱平衡器、平衡吊、省力吊具、手動移載機(jī)等,是一種無重力化手動承載系統(tǒng),一種新穎的、用于物料搬運(yùn)時省力化操作的助力設(shè)備,屬于一種非標(biāo)設(shè)計的系列化產(chǎn)品。針對客戶應(yīng)用需求,量身定制的個案創(chuàng)作。一種模擬人手操作的自動機(jī)械,它可按固定程序抓取搬運(yùn)物件或操持工具完成某些特定操作。應(yīng)用機(jī)械
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