初中英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法：三大從句總結(jié)

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1、?1? 賓語(yǔ)從句 ?一、定義? 在句子中起賓語(yǔ)作用的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。 二、連接詞? that:? I think that you can pass the exam. Whether/if: I don’t know what the word means. “Wh”:? I don’t know what the word means. I don’t know where he found the book. 只用whether的情況： 1. 與or not連用： I don’t know whether it’s raining or not

2、. 2. 與動(dòng)詞不定式連用： He doesn’t know whether to accept the invitation. 3. 連接詞前有介詞時(shí)： It depends on whether he is coming. ?三、時(shí)態(tài)? 1. 主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，從句根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定(各種時(shí)態(tài)均可) She wants to know what he has done for the exam. 2.主句是一般過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句用相應(yīng)的過去的時(shí)態(tài)。 1）She said that she was a student. 2）She said that she wo

3、uld fly to Japan in a week. 3）She said that she had finished her homework already. 3. 如果賓語(yǔ)從句說的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象或事實(shí)時(shí)，這時(shí)賓語(yǔ)從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。 The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. ? ?2? 定語(yǔ)從句 ?一、定義? 在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞、代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。 ?二、先行詞? 先行詞指人? who /that 先行詞指物? which/ that 定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟被修飾的名

4、詞或代詞（即先行詞）后 ?三、關(guān)系代詞? 關(guān)系代詞代替先行詞在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分，所以從句中不可再出現(xiàn)其他代替先行詞的代詞 ?四、翻譯方法? ?“…. 的”? Whom:?先行詞指人，則代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)（包括介詞的賓語(yǔ)）, 與who的區(qū)別是如果前面帶介詞則必須用whom 1. This is the teacher whomwho we like best. 2. I don’t like the boy to whom you are talking. Whose :?指人或物，作定語(yǔ)，表示 “…的” eg: Harry is the b

5、oy whose mother is our math teacher. 關(guān)系代詞只能 that 的特殊情況： 1.先行詞前有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)： This is the first gift that my parents bought me. 2.先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)： This is the most exciting film that I have ever seen. 3. 先行詞是不定代詞something,?anything等時(shí). e.g.? Is?there?anything?that?you?want?in?this?shop 4. ?

6、先行詞是人和物時(shí), 用that. e.g. He?talked?about?some?writers?and?books?that were?unknown?to?us?all.? 5. 先行詞被all , little , the only , the very(就是，正是), the last 等詞修飾時(shí),只能用that e.g.? This is the last place that I want to visit. 6. 特殊疑問句以who 或which 開頭，只能用that引導(dǎo). Who is the girl that is making a speech on

7、 the platform? 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前使用介詞時(shí)： 物+介詞+which ;?? 人+ 介詞 + whom 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前使用介詞時(shí)： e.g.? 1. This is the train by which we went to Beijing. 2. This is the teacher to whom my mother is talking. ?3? 狀語(yǔ)從句 ?一、定義? 在復(fù)合句中由從句表示的狀語(yǔ)稱作狀語(yǔ)從句，它可以用來修飾謂語(yǔ)（包括非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）、定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，或是整個(gè)句子。 ?二、狀語(yǔ)從句一般分為八大類? 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 ??地點(diǎn)狀

8、語(yǔ)從句 原因狀語(yǔ)從句 ??目的狀語(yǔ)從句 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句? ?條件狀語(yǔ)從句 方式狀語(yǔ)從句 ??讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 1. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 When ?---當(dāng)……時(shí)候,?通常指某一特定的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，主句與從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 When I opened the window, I saw him come up. When?---?正在……的時(shí)候，突然…。通常主句是進(jìn)行時(shí)或???? be about to 時(shí)，在翻譯的時(shí)候，when 可以譯成沒想到或突然。 I was walking along the street , when I met him. When 當(dāng)從句是進(jìn)

9、行時(shí)，主句是一般時(shí)，往往表示不滿。 Someone knocked at the door when I was having breakfast. When=after When the children had gone to bed, she began to prepare her lessons. While?---在……期間，往往指一段時(shí)間。 While we were inAmerica, we saw him twice. While ---表示一種不滿情緒，意思是這邊在干某種重要的事，而另一邊在享受等。 We are cleaning the cla

10、ssroom while they are playing the football. As?--- 一邊……一邊, 隨著 She was doing her homework as she was listening to the music. As --- 當(dāng)……時(shí)，指一個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生，從句通常用進(jìn)行時(shí)。 As I was going out, it began to rain. The moment?--- 一……就……?=as soon as , immediately, ---Did you remember to give Mary the mon

11、ey you owed her? ---Yes, I gave her the moment I saw her. Not… until?---?直到……才 He didn’t leave the office until he finished the work. Before?---?在……之前 The passengers should arrive at the airport an hour before the flight departs. After?---在…… 之后 The customer left the ticket counter afte

12、r he had a quarrel with the ticket agent. Since?---自從……, 通常主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) I have never been there again since I graduated from the university. It is just a week since we arrived here.? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? As soon as?---?一……就…… Jack went to school as soon as he got well. No sooner than?---?一……就…… no

13、sooner… than… 用于句首要求倒裝 Hardly …when… Scarcely …when… No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. Once? ---?一但……就…… Once you see him, you will never forget him. Every time, each time?每次whenever?每當(dāng) Each time he came to town, he would visit our school. ? 2. 條件狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有： If

14、如果, unless除非, as long as只要, As (so) far as --- 據(jù)……所知，in case萬一, provided that假如, on condition that若是，以…為條件 If?---如果 If you don’t hurry up, you will miss the plane. Unless?--- 如果不, 除非=if not We can’t get there on time unless we book the earliest flight As long as?--- 只要 We will succeed as

15、 long as we keep on trying. As (so) far as?--- 據(jù)……所知 As far as I know, he speaks English very well. In case?--- 假使, 如果 The plane cannot take off in case it rains. Provided that?如果,有時(shí)省略 that The plane will be in good condition provided that it is taken care of carefully. On condition t

16、hat?--- 條件是… He said that he would come to the meeting on condition that no one asked him to speak. 注:主從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在將來時(shí)，則主句用將來時(shí), 從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 If he arrives tomorrow, I will be waiting for him at the airport. ? 3. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句只有兩個(gè)連詞: Where, wherever Where?--- 在……地方 Where there is a will, there

17、 is a way. Wherever?--- 無論哪里 Wherever you are, I will be right there waiting for you. ? 4. 原因狀語(yǔ)從句 because, as, since, now that, 和considering that, seeing that 這六個(gè)連詞都用于表示表示原因, 但在語(yǔ)氣上一個(gè)比一個(gè)弱. Because?--- 因?yàn)?通常從句放在主句后. Mr Smith was very upset because he couldn’t find his luggage. As?--- 因

18、為, 通常放在句首 As he is honest and modest, all his friends like him. Since?---既然? 因語(yǔ)氣較弱, 常譯為既然(眾所周知的原因) Since everybody has come, we can set off. Now that?--- 既然 Now that you are here, you can join us. considering that?--- 顧及到 Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a

19、good job. seeing that?--- 由于 Seeing (that) quite a few people were absent, we decided to?put the meeting off. ? 5. 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有：that, so that, so…that… such…that??So… that?--- 太……以至于?so 后面應(yīng)用形容詞或副詞, 有時(shí)省略so只用that Boeing 747 is so large that people like to call it jet bomb噴氣炸彈. S

20、o that?--- 因而，以便，為了 有時(shí)so 可以省去 Speak louder please so that the people at the back can hear you. Such …that…?---太……以至于? 用法與so…that相同，但such 后面應(yīng)用名詞。 The foreign visitor was such a fast speaker that nobody could understand him. ? 6. 目的狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的主要連詞有: that, so that, in order that, for fear

21、that, lest (So) that --- 以便,?從句中常常使用一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，如：can, could, may, might, should等 Let’s take the front seats (so) that we may see more clearly. in order that --- 為了,?與so that ?相同從句中常常使用一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，如：can, could, may, might, should等 School was closed early in order that the children might go home ahead

22、of the storm. for fear that?--- 生怕; 為了防止(某事發(fā)生) He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.? in case??--- 萬一 You should bring a dictionary in case you need it. Lest?--- 以防萬一 The man decided to tell his boss the fact lest he would be angry with him. ? 7.? 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的

23、連詞有：Although, though, as, even if, even though, no matter, however, whatever, while, whether. Although, though ---雖然?although ?和though 可以互換，但although 常放在句首。Though可以用于倒裝。 Although it was raining, the plane managed to take off. Though he did his best, he didn’t succeed. As --- 盡管? as 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)

24、，句子通常倒裝。可與though 互換。 Busy as he is, he never misses a football match. Even if /even though?---即使 Even if you don’t like your boss, you should do your work. However?--- 不論，?however 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，句子通常倒裝 He couldn’t get there on time however fast he drove. No matter (what, when, where, how)?---

25、無論（什么，何時(shí)，何地，怎樣） He wouldn’t forgive me no matter how hard I begged him. Whatever?--- 不管 Whatever other people may say, she won’t change her mind. While?---盡管 While I have sympathy for you, I can’t help you. Whether?---不管，常與or not 連用 Whether he is good or not, the company decided to send him abroad. ? 8. 方式狀語(yǔ)從句 方式狀語(yǔ)從句常由: as,? as if,? as though as?---與…… 一樣 Do in Rome as the Romans do. as if, as though?--- 仿佛,?由as if或 as though引導(dǎo)的從句中可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣 She stood at the door as if (=as though) she were waiting for someone