高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)考案 語法考點講練 第八專題 介詞和介詞短語課件

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1、知識盤點真題探究 介詞是英語中比較活躍的詞, 中學(xué)階段所學(xué)的介詞有40多個。它與名詞、形容詞、副詞和動詞等構(gòu)成搭配時用法靈活, 意義豐富。搭配比較活躍的介詞主要有in, out, up, down, on, off, to, from, for, over, with等。今后高考對介詞的考查將以介詞的固定短語和介詞辨析為主。在學(xué)習(xí)介詞時,考生應(yīng)重點掌握介詞的基本用法, 同時注意總結(jié)其與名詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞等搭配構(gòu)成的短語的意思和用法?？键c1介詞的基本用法知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究介詞又叫前置詞,是一種虛詞。1.介詞按其詞義分為下列常見的幾種:(1)表地點(包括動向),如about,

2、above, across, after, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, from, in, into, near, off, on, over, through, throughout, to, towards, under, up, upon, with, within, without等。注意:有不少表地點的介詞可表動向,除很明顯的across, around, near, over, towards外,還有among, behind

3、, beneath, between, on, to, under等。(2)表時間, 如about, after, around, as, at, before, behind, between, by, 知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until), to, towards, within等。(3)表除去,如besides, but, except等。(4)表比較,如as, like, above, over等。(5)表贊成、反對

4、,如against, for, with等。(6)表原因、目的, 如for, from, with等。(7)表結(jié)果,如to, with, without等。(8)表手段、方式,如by, in, with等。知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究(9)表所屬,如of, with等。(10)表條件,如on, without, considering等。(11)表讓步,如despite, in spite of等。(12)表關(guān)于,如about, concerning, regarding, with regard to, as for, as to等。(13)表對于,如to, for, over, at,

5、 with等。(14)表根據(jù),如on, according to等。(15)表其他,如without(沒有)等。知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究2.介詞的句法功能介詞不能獨立在句中做成分,介詞后必須與名詞、代詞或動名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語在句中充當(dāng)一個成分,表示人、物、事件等與其他人、物、事件等之間的關(guān)系。(1)作定語:The book on the table is mine. 桌上的書是我的。(2)作狀語:We have breakfast at seven.我們在七點鐘吃早餐。(表時間)They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.由于

6、下大雨他們知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究開會遲到了。(表原因)They started the machine by pressing the button.他們按下按扭,開動了機器。(表方法)(3)作表語:My dictionary is in the bag.我的詞典在包里。(4)作賓語補足語:I found him in the office. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)他在辦公室?？键c2常見介詞的活用知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究by, with, against, over, on, in, at, besides, for等是常考的介詞。掌握這些介詞的用法和意義以及準(zhǔn)確把握句子語境是解題的關(guān)鍵。下

7、面是近年高考考查最多的幾個介詞, 應(yīng)重點掌握:1.over可表位置,意為“在正上方;越過;遮住;蓋住”,也可表時間,意為“在期間;(多年)以來”等,它還有“在(問題)上;對(某事)”等引申意義。如:We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.我們一邊喝茶一邊愉快地交談。2.by的主要意思有“在旁;靠近;乘(車、船等);不遲于;到為知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究止;被;由;根據(jù);按照(關(guān)系);通過方式”等,還可以用來表示增加或減少的程度。by構(gòu)成的常見短語有:by and by“不久;很快”; by oneself“單獨”; by the way“順便說說

8、”; by far.“得多;最”; by accident“偶然地”; by means of“借助;依靠”; by no means“決不;一點也不”; by mistake“錯誤地”。如:The water in the river rose by two meters.河水上漲了兩米。3.with可以用來表示“帶有;擁有;隨著;就來說;用;以;和;與;對于;關(guān)于”等意思。with還可用來表示原因。如:知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究He turned red with anger.他氣得臉都變紅了。4.beyond這個詞也是一個考查熱點。beyond表示“(時間)過了;比晚;遲于;(位置

9、)在那邊;超出之外;(范圍)超過;為所不及;超出的范圍”等意思。如:The book is beyond me.這本書我看不懂。Tom is far beyond his elder brother in maths.湯姆的數(shù)學(xué)比他哥哥的好多了。考點3介詞的固定搭配高考主要考查考生對介詞固定搭配的掌握程度、對介詞短語意義知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究的了解以及介詞在這些固定搭配中的應(yīng)用。1.名詞短語:on the contrary“相反”;in turn“依次”;in ones opin-ion“根據(jù)某人的看法”;out of reach“夠不著”。2.動詞短語:remind sb of s

10、th“提醒某人某事”;rob sb of sth“搶劫某人某物”;call at“訪問(某地)”。3.形容詞短語:be curious about“對好奇”;be proud of“因而自豪”;be popular with“受到的歡迎”。4.介詞短語:apart from“除外”; in addition to“除之外(還)”;because of“因為”;instead of“代替”;in fear of“害怕;為知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究提心吊膽”;for fear of“以免”;in case of“以防”; thanks to“由于”; in the middle of“在中間

11、”;according to“根據(jù)”;in front of“在前面”;in return for“作為對的回報”;in charge of“負(fù)責(zé)”;as a result of“作為的結(jié)果”;in exchange for“與交換”?？键c4核心介詞用法歸納與辨析1.表示時間的介詞in的用法如下。表示在某一較長時間內(nèi),如世紀(jì)、年、月、季、周等一般用介詞in, 如:in the 1990s, in January, in (the) winter。in和during表一段時間內(nèi)時兩詞通常可互用。如:in the night, during the night, in the war, durin

12、g the war。但略有區(qū)別:當(dāng)接知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究表示“活動”的抽象名詞時多用during, 接“活動”的動名詞及短語時多用in。如:during the discussion, in discussing the problem, dur-ing her stay in Hubei, in playing basketball, during the course, in dig-ging the tunnel。2.在具體的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。3.表示某一時刻或某一點時間用at,如小時、分鐘等。有些時間名詞前有one, each, any, every,

13、 some, all, next, last, that修飾時,不接介詞。如:that day, next Sunday, some day, one day。4.till, until, to的用法知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究(1)till(until)與持續(xù)性動詞連用一般用于肯定句中,與短暫性動詞連用一般用在否定句中。如:He waited for me till twelve oclock. 他等我,一直等到十二點鐘。He didnt get up till (until) 10 am. (不可用to) 他直到上午十點才起床。注意:在句首出現(xiàn)或強調(diào)句型中一般不用till而用until

14、。如:Not until 9 am did Mr Smith come back to school. 直到上午九點史密斯先生才回學(xué)校。(2)to表“終結(jié)”時常和from連用, 但要注意不與from連用時的意義知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究。如:from July to September, from six to (till) eight,在from morning till night(從早到晚)中不能用to。5.表示方式、手段、工具的介詞(1)by the year / hour / day“按年/小時/天”,to the pound“按磅算”, to the ton“按噸計”。(2)

15、表泛指的方式、手段:by post, by telephone (radio),on the phone, on the radio, on TV, by electricity, through practice, through experi-ence, through the telescope。知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究(3)交通工具類。另外:by means of“用方法”, by way of“經(jīng)由;取道于;用方法”, with the help / permission of sb (with sbs help / permission)“在幫助下”。(4)表方式、手段的其

16、他用法。如:He beat the dog with a whip. (with +工具、機器)One smells with his nose. (with +人體器官, 但by hand“手工;用手”)He stood up with pride. (with +表示情緒、情感、態(tài)度的名詞)注意:使用語言、材料、文字等用in。如in English / ink / pencil。6.表示“除之外”的幾組常用介詞比較知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究besides “除以外(還有)”; except“除去;除之外(不再有)”; except for“除了(對句子主題進行細(xì)節(jié)校正或附加說明)”,

17、后接名詞或代詞時與except that +從句意思相同; except that.“除了一點以外”。 but和except在表示“除了以外”時可以通用, 但應(yīng)注意當(dāng)前面有不定代詞、疑問代詞在意義上對稱以及后接不定式為排除對象時,多用but。如:All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.7.介詞的省略:知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究介詞for表示時間的省略要求。(1)以all開頭的名詞短語, for要省略。如:I stayed with her all the morning. 整個上午我都和她在一起。(2)在否定句

18、中, 表示時間的短語前的for不能省略。如:I havent seen you for thirty years. 我有三十年沒見你了。(3)時間狀語在主句之前, for不能省略。如:For the whole morning, the old man kept reading. 整個上午,老人都一直在看書。知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究 1.(2011全國) This shop will be closed for repairs further notice. A.withB.untilC.forD.at【答案與解析】B句意:這家店將整頓停修直至另行通知。until further no

19、tice表示“直至另行通知”。知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究2.(2011北京) With new technology, pictures of underwater valleys can be taken color. A.byB.forC.withD.in【答案與解析】D句意:使用新技術(shù),人們可以將水下溝壑的圖片拍成彩色的。in color“彩色的”, in 表示“處于某種狀態(tài)”。知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究3.(2011湖北) When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would

20、prefer to see him step aside younger men. A.in terms of B.in need of C.in favor ofD.in praise of【答案與解析】C句意:當(dāng)被問及對這個學(xué)校的校長有什么看法時,很多老師寧愿他讓位以支持年輕人。in favor of“支持;有利于”; in terms of“就而言”; in need of“需要”; in praise of“表揚”。知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究4.(2011山東) Im sorry I didnt phone you, but Ive been very busy the past

21、 couple of weeks. A.beyond B.with C.among D.over【答案與解析】D句意:很抱歉沒給你打電話, 可是這幾個星期我一直很忙。通過前半句“Ive been very busy”使用的現(xiàn)在完成時可知,搭配用的時間狀語為“在過去的幾周里”,即over the past cou-ple of weeks或in the past couple of weeks。知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究5.(2011安徽) Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek food safety problems. A.in B.t

22、o C.on D.after【答案與解析】B句意:有時不難找到解決食品安全問題的辦法。此句中主語為answers,意為“解決辦法”,作此義時后跟介詞to或towards,故選B項。知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究6.(2011浙江) I always wanted to do the job which Id been trained . A.onB.forC.byD.of【答案與解析】B句意:我經(jīng)常想做我之前受過相關(guān)培訓(xùn)的工作。for表示目的,意為“為了”,符合題意。知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究7.(2011四川) Nick, its good for you to read some

23、books China before you start your trip there. A.in B.for C.of D.on【答案與解析】D句意:尼克,你在去中國旅行之前最好讀一些關(guān)于中國的書。on 表示關(guān)于, some books on China意為“關(guān)于中國的一些書”。知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究8.(2011天津) He was a good student and scored average in most subjects. A.below B.of C.on D.above【答案與解析】D句意:他是一個好學(xué)生,大多數(shù)科目得分都高于平均水平。above average

24、“高于平均數(shù)”; below average“低于平均數(shù)”; on average“平均起來;一般說來”。知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究9.(2011江蘇) Wed better discuss everything before we work out the plan. A.in detail B.in general C.on purpose D.on time【答案與解析】A句意:在我們制定計劃之前, 我們最好詳細(xì)地討論每件事。in detail“詳細(xì)地”; in general“通常;大體上”; on pur-pose“故意地”; on time“準(zhǔn)時;按時”。知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究10.(2011福建) good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes. A.Far from B.Apart from C.Instead of D.Regardless of【答案與解析】B句意:除了優(yōu)質(zhì)的服務(wù)外, 這個飯店還提供不同種類的傳統(tǒng)福建菜。apart from表示“除以外”,符合句意。far from“遠(yuǎn)離;遠(yuǎn)非”;instead of“代替;而不是”;regardless of“不管;不顧”。知識盤點知識盤點真題探究真題探究