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1、UnitNineteen
Chernobyl"fall-out"onoralhealth
P.A.Leous
Poororalhygiene,highprevalenceofperiodontaldisease,andlackofdentalservicearecurrentfeatureoforalhealthamongpeoplelivinginareasofBelaruscontaminatedbytheChernobylnuclearaccident.
Herstateoforalhealthwastheleastoftheworriesofthepopulationwhofo
2、undlhemselvesinaradioactivezoneaftertheChernobylnuclearpowerstationdisasterin1986.Infact,thefirstteamsofdentistsfromtheMinskMedicalInstitutewhoarrivedatstrictlycontrolledareasofBelarusseveraldaysaftertheaccidenthadnoevidenceofanyspecificoralhealthproblemsamongthepopulation.Furthermore,throughlackofi
3、nformation,thedentalscientistshadlittleinterestintheafter-effectsonoralhealth,althoughsomestudiesontheeffectoflowradiationonoralanddentalstructureswereconductedunderlaboratoryconditionsatthePacdodonticsandOralSurgeryDepartments.Publishedinlocaljournals,thesestudiesshoweddifferentkindsofpathologicale
4、ffecttothejawbonesandsoftoraltissues.
SincethentherehasbeengrowingconcernaboutthesharpincreaseintheincidenceofthyroudcancerobservedamongchildrenincontaminatedareasofBelarus.Between1986and1991,131caseswerediagnosedcomparedwithonlysevencasesoverthesameperiodoftimebeforetheaccident.Morethan50%ofthesec
5、ancerswerefoundinGomelOblast.In1992,67caseswerereported.Aconsiderablegrowthinthyrouddisorderssuchasautoimmunethyroiditishasalsobeenreportedamongchildrenincontaminatedareas.
Systematiccontinuousstudiesoftheoralhealthstatusinaffectedareaswererevivedin1990-91.Theirmainpurposewas(oassessoralhealthindif
6、ferentagegroupsofthepopulationlivinginstrictlycontrolledzones.Anoralhealthproject,whichstartedlatein1992aspartoftheInternationalProgrammeontheHealtheffectsoftheChernobylAccident,aimstoimprovediagnosticandcurativeservicesinoralhealthincontaminatedareasofBelarus.Samplesoftoothenamelcollectedwillbeused
7、forindividualdosimetrybyelectronspinresonancespectrometry.
WHO'sstandardoralhealthsurveymethodswereusedfororalexaminationswhichhighlightedseveralriskfactorsorcofactorsoforaldisease.Fordentalcaries,salivaryfunction,oralhygiene,fluorideintakeandotherdietarycomponentscameunderstudyand,forperiodontaldi
8、sease,theimmunestatusandoralhygiene.About5000peopleofallagegroupsunderwentexamination.
Poororalhygiene
Therewasanobviousdeteriorationintheoralhealthstatusofthesurveyedpopulation.Thelatestdatashowedmoderate(ohighlevelsofdentalcaries,ahighlevelofperiodontaldisease,andanincreasingproportionoforalmuco
9、saldiseases.Theaveragenumberofdecayed,missing,orfilled(DMF)teethvariedfrom4.6in15year-oldchildren(o19.6intheover65-year-oldagegroup.Oralhygienewaspoor.Thefoodpatternshavechangedtowardsmorerefinedproductsandsweets,whicharedeliveredfromsafeneighbouringregionsandfromabroad.
Severalinternationalstudies
10、haveshownthattheintakeofradionuclidesinfoodstaffsisa growingriskfactor.From3923samplesofdifferenttypesoffoodmeasuredintheGomelOblastareabetweenAprilandDecember1992,anexcessofradioactivecaesiumwasdetectedin56cases.
Theprevalenceofgingivitisand/orperiodontitis,whichwasalmost100%inteenagersandtheadult
11、population,coincidedwiththelackofregularoralhygienepractices.Themostfrequentcomplaintwasgumbleedinganddrynessofthemouth.Thelatterconditionwasobservedin12%of18-year-olds,29%inthe35-44agegroup,and86%in65-year-olds,comparedwith3%,20%,and33%respectivelyinsimilaragegroupssurveyedinnon-contaminatedregions
12、ofthecountry.About17%ofthesurveyedpopulationhadsomeabnormalityororalmucosalesionscomparedwith10%innon-contaminatedareas.
Oralhealthservicesforthepopulationincontaminatedareawereinadequateorpoor,duetotheshortageofdentists,dentalequipmentandmaterials,and500Aormoreofdecayedteethwereunfilled.Onaverage,
13、fiveteethwereextracted1'romeverytenteenagersaged15years.Inadults,fewteethwerefilledandmostwereextracted,althoughaverageDMFteethwerethesameasinnon-contaminatedzones.
Insum.wefoundahighprevalenceofthecommonoralhealthdiseases,poororalhygieneandpoorcareamongthetwomillionpeoplelivingincontaminatedareaso
14、fBelarus.Todate,onlyasmallproportionof(hepopulationhasmovedtonon-contaminatedareas.
Thyroudcancergivesconcern
Observationsontheincreaseofsomeoraldiseasesincontaminatedzonesdue(oradiationarequestionable,sincenopreciserecordswereavailableintheareabeforetheChernobyldisaster.Nopossibleside-effectsofpr
15、olongedlowdosesofradiationonoralstructureshavebeenreported.Nevertheless,theincidenceofthyroudcanceramongchildrenremainsamajorconcerntodayforthehealthauthoritiesinBelarus.
Harddentaltissue,particularlytoothenamel,isaccumulatingradioactivityand-withlime-itcouldhaveapotentialpathogeniceffectonoralbiol
16、ogy.Therearcalsosignsofthedevelopmentofgastroduodenalpathologyandanincreaseofthyroiddis5ases,certainhaematologicaldiseasesanddisturbancesoftheimmunesystem.Alltheseconditionscouldseriouslyaffecttheoralhealthsituationduetolocalpathogenicfactors,theshortageofservicesandlackofprimaryprevention.
Careful
17、tooth-brushingiseffectiveinreducingtheprevalenceofperiodontaldisease,butoralhygieneispoorandhascertainlycontributedtotheperiodontalconditionsobserved.Lackoforalhygieneaidsandtheextremelylowmotivationofthepopulationarethemainobstaclestotheintroductionofaproper,regular,effectiveoralhygieneprogramme.In
18、conjunctionwithoralhygieneeducationandinstruction,itwouldbenecessarytouselocalanti-intlammatory_subslancesboththroughself-careandwithprofessionalhelp.
Asyetwehaveinsufficientevidencetopredictspecificlevelsofdental/oraldiseaseintheareasstudied.However,thefollowingoralhealthproblemscanbeexpected:seve
19、reperiodontaldiseasesduetopoororalhygiene,lossofteethduetolackoforalhealthservices,enamelhypoplasiaduetodietaryimbalance,andoralmucosallesionsassymptomsofpoorgeneralhealth.
VOCABULARY
1. fall-out
2. contaminate(d)
3. nuclearaccident
放射性塵埃，意外的副產(chǎn)品，剩余物污染核事故
4. radioactivezonenuclearpowerstation
20、
5. disasterteam(s)
6. strictlycontrolledareastheafter-effects
7. radiationthyroudcancer
8. thyrouddisorder(s)autoimmunethyraiditis
9. systemic(adj.)rcvivc(d)(v.)
10. oralhealthprojecthealtheffects
11. sample(s)dosimetry
12. electronspinresonancespectrometryhighlight(ed)
13. riskfactorcofact
21、or(s)
14. fluorideintakedietarycomponants
15. immunestatusdeterioration
16. oralmucosaldiseasesfoodpattern(s)
17. refinedproductsdcliver(cd)
18. radionuclides(n.)foodstuff(s)
19. radioactivecaesiumtccnagcr(s)
20. coincide(d)complaint
21. drynessofthemouthrespectively
22. abnormalityoralmuco
22、salesion(s)
23. dentalequipmentunfilled
24. questionableside-effect(s)
25. prolongedlowdosesaccumulating
26. radioactivitypotential
27. pathogeniceffectoralbiology
28. gastroduodenalpathologyhaematologicaldiseases
放射性區(qū)域（地帶）核電站災(zāi)難小分隊(duì)（小組）禁區(qū)，嚴(yán)格控制區(qū)后效應(yīng)（影響）輻射，放射甲狀腺癌甲狀腺（功能）紊亂自動(dòng)免疫性甲狀腺炎系統(tǒng)的恢復(fù)（健康）（使）靈活，蘇
23、醒口腔衛(wèi)生項(xiàng)目（工程）健康效應(yīng)（影響）樣本
（放射）劑量測定法電子旋轉(zhuǎn)諧振光譜測定法使顯著，突出重點(diǎn)危險(xiǎn)因素協(xié)同（共同）因素氟化物攝取膳食成份免疫狀態(tài)退化變質(zhì)、惡化口腔粘膜疾病食品花樣（種類）精制產(chǎn)品（食品）供應(yīng)（給）放射性核素食品（物）放射性伯青少年
與……相同，同時(shí)發(fā)生申訴口干
分別地，各自地異常，反?？谇徽衬げp牙科設(shè)備末充填的可疑的，有問題的副作用長期低劑量累積（計(jì)），積累，聚集放射性，放射性強(qiáng)度潛在的，有可能的致病作用口腔生物學(xué)胃十二指腸病現(xiàn)象血液病障礙，紊亂
29. disturbances 55. motivation
56. obstacles
57. inconj
24、unctionwith
58. instruction
59. localanti-inflarnmaforysubstances
60. enamelhypoplasia
61. dietaryimbalance
62. motivation
63. obstacles
64. inconjunctionwith
65. instruction
66. localanti-inflarnmaforysubstances
67. enamelhypoplasia
68. dietaryimbalance
激發(fā)，誘導(dǎo)，動(dòng)員
障礙，干擾
與一起（連同）
講授，指導(dǎo)
25、
局部消炎藥
釉質(zhì)發(fā)育不全膳食不平衡
Notes
1. incidence發(fā)?。剩┲敢欢〞r(shí)期內(nèi)新發(fā)生的病例數(shù)
prevalence患病（率）指某個(gè)時(shí)點(diǎn)內(nèi)的總病例數(shù)WHO*sstandardoralhealthsurveymethods世界衛(wèi)生組織推薦的口腔健康調(diào)查方法
2. gingivitis牙齦炎gumbleeding牙齡出血（齦炎癥狀之一）
3. 年齡表示法：year-olds
age8XXyears
yearsold
agedXXyears
year-oldagegroupperiodontaldiseases牙周疾病
periodontitis牙周炎zones（地）帶，區(qū)域
areas地區(qū)（方）
regions區(qū)域，地區(qū)（方）
專業(yè)英語 Unit 19教案.docx
