學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo) 英語課件

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1、Unit 6 Animal Intelligence學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)總目標(biāo)： 1. Understand the main idea ( some animals seem capable of thinking when it is in their interests to do so) and the structure of the t ext ( introduction, 3 subheadings to give 3 supporting examples, conclusion )2. Appreciate the importance of examples in expositio

2、n3. Grasp the key language points and grammatical structures in the text4. conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities centered upon the theme of the unit核心詞匯：extend intelligent controversy explore encounter reveal convince dominant negotiate maintain relieve undertake ex

3、pand envy cooperate assess thrive slide evidence deceive gaze survive cautious display purchase nevertheless indicate alarm reject重要短語：make a deal figure out in sbs interest at first go wrong throw up size up give in wipe out pull oneself together take to shed light on經(jīng)典句式：1. only to do 2. why do ?/

4、 why not doing ?文化背景知識(shí)1. 大猩猩Gorillagorilla；gorilla靈長目猩猩科大猩猩屬唯一的種，靈長類中體型最大的種。站立時(shí)高31.8米。雄性比雌性體大。體重雌性70120千克，雄性140275千克。上肢比下肢長，兩臂左右平伸可達(dá)22.75米。無尾，吻短，眼小，鼻孔大。犬齒特別興旺，齒式與人類同。體毛粗硬、灰黑色，毛基黑褐色，老年雄性的背部變?yōu)殂y灰色，胸部無毛。成年雄性的腰背部有灰白色毛區(qū)。分布于赤道非洲。棲息于熱帶林區(qū)，結(jié)群，每群515只，多至40只，在樹上或地面高草、巖石下筑巢，很簡陋。雌性和幼仔睡在樹上。主要在地面活動(dòng)，上樹是為看路、覓食或睡覺。食量很大

5、，主要吃植物嫩芽、竹筍、香蕉莖、野果。妊娠期9個(gè)月，每胎產(chǎn)1仔，壽命約50年。大猩猩是性情溫和的素食動(dòng)物。能發(fā)出大聲咆哮，在發(fā)怒或威脅挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)，雙手捶打胸部，這只是一種虛張聲勢(shì)的恐嚇行為。群與群之間很少發(fā)生廝殺。大猩猩的起源有人認(rèn)為與在肯尼亞發(fā)現(xiàn)的原康修爾猿大型種有關(guān)。2. 猩猩猩猩科猩猩屬的唯一種。在靈長類動(dòng)物中，體型僅次于大猩猩，雄性比雌性大，體長1.25米，雌性0.768米；體重雄性75100千克，雌性4080千克；兩臂很長，張開寬達(dá)2.32.4米，站立時(shí)雙臂下垂可達(dá)腳踝部；腿短，且不如臂粗壯；體毛稀疏，暗紅褐色，肩和背部有20余厘米長毛；前額突出，嘴突出，唇薄，眼、耳、鼻均小，眼間距較窄

6、；成年雄性的臉側(cè)具有葉狀的厚肉墊，在肉葉下面有一氣囊，它與喉部相連，充氣后鼓起很大，發(fā)聲時(shí)起共鳴作用；有的頦下有胡子；手腳窄長，臂和手粗壯有力，手長約28厘米，腳長約32厘米；犬齒興旺，牙齒32枚，齒式與人類同。無尾。有兩個(gè)亞種，分別分布于加里曼丹和蘇門答臘。是猩猩種中唯一分布在亞洲的種類，分布區(qū)狹小。數(shù)量不多。棲息于熱帶雨林。雄性單獨(dú)生活，雌性單獨(dú)生活或與小猩猩在一起。白天活動(dòng)，大局部時(shí)間用于覓食，吃無花果、紅毛丹、芒果、蜂蜜、鳥蛋、幼鳥、甲殼類、鮮菜以及植物嫩芽。孕期89個(gè)月，每胎1仔，壽命2540年?；顒?dòng)不如猴類迅速敏捷，以手腳交替抓握樹枝移動(dòng)身體。能在地面直立行走，但要靠拳指支撐，腰不

7、能直立。臂力強(qiáng)大，除虎豹外，無其他天敵。在距地面812米的樹杈上用樹枝架窩，上面覆以樹葉，夜晚睡在樹上。平時(shí)性溫馴，發(fā)怒時(shí)很可怕。雨天使用大樹葉遮蓋身體。因獵殺母獸及森林開發(fā)，現(xiàn)數(shù)量稀少。Section AAnswer to Pre-reading task1. Michael Jackson is an American pop song singer.2. They are friends, because they find comfort in the company of each other.3. There is a relationship between man and an

8、imal. Man and animals could be friends, as the song says, people do think Ben is their friend.4. Yes. If Ben is a friend, he thinks and feels like a human being.課文精析I 課文簡評(píng)本文是一篇探討動(dòng)物智力典型的說明文。作者在文中通過人們?cè)谂c動(dòng)物打交道時(shí)所經(jīng)歷的三個(gè)例子說明動(dòng)物們有時(shí)為了到達(dá)自己的目的是有能力有意識(shí)進(jìn)行思維活動(dòng)的。本文是非常典型的說明文，作者采用了說明文典型的寫作手法，即把文章分為introduction, body, c

9、onclusion三局部：introduction第1、2段、body3-12段、conclusion最后一段。II 寫作技巧本文是一篇典型的說明文，說明文的主要目的是用來解釋說明事實(shí)、情況，傳達(dá)信息的。其最核心的目的就是解釋和說明。說明文比擬常用的方法有：例證法、比擬法；比照法、因果法、下定義等方法。本文遵循說明文的經(jīng)典寫法，在文章的introduction中先用作者的親身經(jīng)歷引出文章的主題，即文章要主要解釋說明的東西：當(dāng)動(dòng)物們?yōu)榱说竭_(dá)自己的目的是，他們看起來是有能力進(jìn)行思考的。然后在body的解說局部運(yùn)用了三個(gè)具體的事例開展開證明；最后在結(jié)尾局部再歸納一遍文章的主題。在文章中，作者采用了很

10、多過渡承接技巧使文章組織的非常流暢自然。標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題是段落或局部之間的自然過渡承接方式。但是并不是所有的過渡方式都受歡送。例如在標(biāo)題“Lets Make a Deal標(biāo)題之下的第一個(gè)句子以“Consider the time開始。這句話實(shí)際就是引導(dǎo)出來一個(gè)例子說明作者在文章的介紹性局部所提出的觀點(diǎn)。再看看標(biāo)題“Tale of a Whale下面的第一個(gè)句子“Why would an animal want to cooperate with a human?標(biāo)題和問題都把作者的注意力吸引到有關(guān)動(dòng)物智能的另一個(gè)例子上。另外一個(gè)常用的渡承接技巧是前指和后指。前指是指用代詞指代前面所提到的物、人或事

11、件。后指那么是指預(yù)測在下文將要提到的物、人或事件。本文主要采用前指。除此之外，我們也可以用連詞以及主題句來連接文章，使之較為流暢。核心詞匯1. extend用法：v. 1 指空間，土地或時(shí)間的延伸，繼續(xù)：The meeting will extend two more hours.會(huì)議要延長兩個(gè)小時(shí)。The wet weather extended into September. 潮濕陰雨的天氣延續(xù)到九月份。2擴(kuò)大，延長：There are already 40 students in the class, we have to extend the classroom. 班里已有40個(gè)學(xué)生了

12、，我們必須把教室擴(kuò)大。to extend ones garden擴(kuò)大花園考點(diǎn)：extend與介詞 over, from, to的搭配。 典型考題: Our ranch _ from the foot of that hill to that river in distance. A intends B extends C expands D expends答案為B。譯文：我們的農(nóng)場一直從那座山腳下延伸到遠(yuǎn)處的河邊。記憶法： extension n. 延長，延展 extensive a.大量的，遼闊的extensively adv. 大量地 extensive n. 大量引申： tend (te

13、ns,tent) =stretch 伸展 ex=外ex + tend=extend v. 伸出，擴(kuò)展，擴(kuò)大辨析：extend和lengthen的反義詞為shorten。這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞都可以表示時(shí)間和空間的“延長，但是extend可以用于比喻意義上的“延長，或范圍的“擴(kuò)展。如：the extended meaning of a word (詞匯的引伸意義2. intelligent用法：a. 1有智力的：Gorilla is a kind of intelligent animal.猩猩是一種有智慧的動(dòng)物。an intelligent being有智力的動(dòng)物2需用智力的；動(dòng)腦的：a film wit

14、h witty and intelligent dialogue對(duì)白幽默睿智的電影an intelligent reader理解力強(qiáng)的讀者3【計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)】 智能的：具有數(shù)據(jù)儲(chǔ)存和處理能力的 an intelligent terminal 智能終端intelligent peripherals.智能外部設(shè)備辨析：intelligent bright brilliant knowing， quick-witted， smart， intellectual這些形容詞都表達(dá)具有或顯示出思維的快捷性。intelligent 通常指應(yīng)付新情況和新問題所需的能力和有效地使用推理和推斷力的能力：The mos

15、t intelligent students do additional reading to supplement the material in the textbook. 最聰明的學(xué)生用增加閱讀量來補(bǔ)充課本的內(nèi)容。bright指學(xué)習(xí)迅速或輕松：Some children are brighter in one subject than in another. 一些孩子在某課目上比另一科要學(xué)得快。brilliant指思維不同尋常的敏捷：“The dullards envy of brilliant men is always assuaged by the suspicion that t

16、hey will come to a bad end. 蠢人對(duì)智者的妒忌總是被智者將不得善終的疑心所平息。knowing指具有知識(shí)、信息或理解能力：Knowing furniture collectors bought American antiques before the prices soared. 老練的家具收藏者在價(jià)格飛漲之前購置了美國古董。quick-witted指精神上的敏捷和迅速的反響：We were successful not because we were quick-witted but because we persevered. 我們之所以成功不是因?yàn)槲覀儥C(jī)智，而是

17、因?yàn)槲覀儓?jiān)忍不拔。smart指快速的領(lǐng)悟力和隨時(shí)維護(hù)自己利益的能力：The smartest lawyers avoid the appearance of manipulating juries. 最聰明的律師防止讓人看上去是在控制陪審團(tuán)。intellectual強(qiáng)調(diào)智力的作用，尤其是掌握困難或抽象概念的能力：The scholars interest in the intellectual and analytical aspect of music didnt prevent her from enjoying concerts. 這位學(xué)者對(duì)音樂悟性和分析方面的興趣并不影響她欣賞音樂會(huì)i

18、ntelligence用法：n. 1智力；才智 ：Use your intelligence, and youre sure to achieve something. 發(fā)揮你的聰明才智,你一定能取得成就。a boy who shows little intelligence智力低下的男孩2情報(bào), 秘密消息：have secret intelligence of the enemys plans 獲得敵方方案的秘密情報(bào)3情報(bào)部門：從事收集情報(bào)的機(jī)構(gòu)，人員或政府機(jī)關(guān)：CIA is central intelligence of America. CIA是美國中央情報(bào)局的縮寫。 an intell

19、igence agent情報(bào)員, 諜報(bào)員典型考題: Cells do not have _ of their own. A intelligence B intellect C intention D wisdom答案為A。譯文：細(xì)胞沒有智力。記憶法： intellect n. 智力，才智，有才智的人 intellectual a.有智力的引申：源自拉丁詞intelligere理解，懂的現(xiàn)在分詞intelligens辨析：mind， intellect， intelligence， brain， wit， reason這些詞都表示思考、推理、獲取或運(yùn)用知識(shí)的能力。Mind與heart，soul

20、 或者 spirit 相對(duì)， 泛指思想、知覺、記憶和決斷的能力：No passion so effectually robs the mind of all its powers of acting and reasoning as fear. 沒有一種感情能象恐懼一樣可剝奪頭腦的所有行為和思考能力。intellect強(qiáng)調(diào)認(rèn)知、思維以及理解等與知覺和愿望相對(duì)的能力： Opinion is ultimately determined by the feelings, and not by the intellect. 觀點(diǎn)是完全由情感而不是由理智決定的。Intelligence 表示解決問題、從

21、經(jīng)驗(yàn)中學(xué)習(xí)及抽象推理的能力：The world of the future will be an ever more demanding struggle against the limitations of our intelligence. 未來的世界將會(huì)有一場突破智力局限的更緊迫的斗爭。brain那么有思維能力的含義：Anyone with a brain knows that overwork leads to decreased efficiency. 但凡有頭腦的人都知道過度工作會(huì)降低工作效率。wit強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)變迅速或理解得很快：There is no such whetstone,

22、to sharpen a good wit and encourage a will to learning, as is praise. 沒有一種東西能象贊揚(yáng)一樣磨礪機(jī)敏的智力，鼓勵(lì)求智的愿望。reason 指邏輯、理解和分析的能力，表示理解、評(píng)價(jià)或得出結(jié)論：“I am sure that, since I have had the full use of my reason, nobody has ever heard me laugh “我敢肯定，自從我運(yùn)用了全部的理性之后，沒有人再聽到我笑過。3. controversy用法：n. 1爭論，辯論：在持相反觀點(diǎn)兩方之間進(jìn)行的尤指公開的爭論

23、或辯論，尤指紙上的論爭， 論戰(zhàn)， 辯論：The use of nuclear power is the subject of widespread controversy. 使用核武力是一個(gè)會(huì)引起廣泛爭議的問題。be engage in a controversy with against sb. on about sth.和某人就某事進(jìn)行論戰(zhàn)爭論2爭辯：進(jìn)行這種爭論或辯論的行為或?qū)嵺`：writers skilled at controversy. 擅長辯論的作家們考點(diǎn)：與介詞with， about， between搭配。記憶法： controvert vt.議論, 辯論vi.參加辯論cont

24、roversial adj.爭論的, 爭議的controvertible adj.可爭論的, 有辯論余地的, 可辯論的 controversialism n.爭論精神， 爭論癖controversialist n.爭論者, 好爭論者引申： contr-前綴，表“相反辨析：argument， dispute， controversy這些名詞均指帶有不同觀點(diǎn)的討論。argument 強(qiáng)調(diào)各方用事實(shí)和理由來支持自己的論點(diǎn)并試圖說服對(duì)方的進(jìn)展. Emotions are seldom swayed by argument. 情緒很少受論證的影響。dispute強(qiáng)調(diào)由于涉及相互矛盾的觀點(diǎn)而導(dǎo)致意見上的分

25、歧，常常暗含敵意。A dispute arose among union members about the terms of the new contract. 工會(huì)會(huì)員們?cè)谛潞贤臈l款方面產(chǎn)生爭執(zhí)。controversy尤其用來指大批人，而非個(gè)別人在觀點(diǎn)上存在的分歧：The use of nuclear power is the subject of widespread controversy. 使用核武力是一個(gè)會(huì)引起廣泛爭議的問題。4. explore用法：v. 1鉆研：系統(tǒng)地研究；調(diào)查：explore every possibility. 系統(tǒng)地研究每一個(gè)可能性We must exp

26、lore all the possibilities for the solution of the problem. (喻)我們必須探討解決這個(gè)問題的所有可能性。2勘探：為有所發(fā)現(xiàn)而進(jìn)行的探測或旅行：Exploring outer space. 太空勘探考點(diǎn)：形近詞辨析expose, explode, explore, exploit典型考題: Columbus discovered America but did not _ the new continent. A expose B explode C explore D exploit答案為C。譯文：哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲,但他沒有探索這個(gè)新

27、大陸。記憶法： explorer n. 探險(xiǎn)者 exploration n. 探險(xiǎn), 踏勘, 探測 exploratory a. 探險(xiǎn)的, 探測的引申：ex- , 前綴，表“之外5. design用法：v. 1設(shè)計(jì)：通常以圖表形式進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)地方案：design a building; 設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)建筑物；design a computer program.設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)程序2想象；捏造：在頭腦中想象或刻畫；捏造：design a good excuse for not attending the conference編造一個(gè)好的借口，不參加這次會(huì)議n. 1常與for連用方案；圖樣；設(shè)計(jì)圖：desig

28、ns for a new house一所新房子的設(shè)計(jì)圖2機(jī)器零件的組合；配置；布局：This machine is of bad design.這部機(jī)器設(shè)計(jì)很差。3目的；企圖；圖謀：They have designs on your money.他們對(duì)你的錢有企圖。考點(diǎn)：be designed to do sth. / be designed for sb./ sth.。 典型考題:The new model will be _ to be both attractive and practical. A assigned B resigned C designed D plan答案為C。譯文

29、：新的型號(hào)將被設(shè)計(jì)的及外觀吸引人，又實(shí)用。6. obvious 用法：a. 明顯的, 顯而易見的：It is obvious that even if we can save much energy, we can only delay the energy crisis. 很明顯,即使我們能節(jié)約很多能量,我們也只能推遲能源危機(jī)的到來。記憶法： obviously adv. 明顯地 引申：源于拉丁語obvius在路附近都能看到。ob-在附近，via路7. encounter用法：n. 1相遇，碰見：相遇，尤指一次沒有事先方案的、未料到的、短暫的相遇：a chance encounter in

30、the park. 在公園里的偶然相遇。2遭遇戰(zhàn)，對(duì)抗：敵意的或?qū)剐缘脑庥鰬?zhàn)：a tense naval encounter. 劇烈的海軍遭遇戰(zhàn)。v. 1不期而遇：相遇，尤指意外遇到；偶然遇見：encountered an old friend on the street. 在街上偶然遇見一位老友2遭遇：encounter numerous obstacles. 遭遇很多阻礙3對(duì)抗：在戰(zhàn)役或辯論中遭遇 記憶法： count v. 數(shù), 計(jì)算, 計(jì)算在內(nèi), 認(rèn)為, 有價(jià)值 counter n.計(jì)算器, 計(jì)數(shù)器, 計(jì)算者, 柜臺(tái), 籌碼 county n. 縣, 郡 account v. 認(rèn)為

31、vi. 說明, 總計(jì)有, 認(rèn)為, 得分8. reveal用法：v. 1揭露，泄露：使某些隱藏的事或秘密為人所知：revealed a confidence. 泄露機(jī)密2使顯露；顯示：The curtain opened and revealed the beautiful stage. 大幕拉開了，漂亮的舞臺(tái)露了出來。考點(diǎn)：reveal + n., reveal + that從句，it is revealed + that 從句. 。 典型考題: Please dont _ the answer of the riddle before I ask you to. A discover B r

32、eveal C revise D rewrite答案為B。譯文：請(qǐng)別在我問之前別說答案。記憶法：revealing adj.有啟迪作用的辨析：reveal， expose， disclose， betray這些動(dòng)詞都是指使或應(yīng)是鮮為人知的東西為人所知。reveal 揭露被隱藏的事物。He was glad it was to him she had revealed her secret. 他很快樂她把自己的秘密告訴了他。 expose 是揭露出來供公眾細(xì)察。In a slip of the tongue the schemer exposed his true motivation. 陰謀者

33、一時(shí)口誤暴露了自己的動(dòng)機(jī)。disclose指象通過移去封面那樣使其為人所知。The journalist refused to disclose the source of her information. 這名記者拒絕透露她的消息來源。betray 是指通過出賣和背叛而使為人知。A servant . . . betrayed their presence . . . to the Germans. 仆人向德國人泄露了他們?cè)趫龅拿孛?。這個(gè)詞也指違背某人的愿望或意愿的泄露：Her comment betrayed annoyance. 她的評(píng)論透露出惱怒9. convince用法：v. 使確信

34、, 使信服：He convinced me that I should study law.他勸我應(yīng)該學(xué)法律。It took many hours to convince the court of his guilt.花費(fèi)了許多個(gè)小時(shí)法庭才相信他有罪?？键c(diǎn)：convince sb. of sth. 使相信；信服；說服convince sb. that 典型考題: He is _ that war would come. A convinced B convincing C converted D. conveyed答案為A。譯文：人們令他相信戰(zhàn)爭即將到來。記憶法： convinced a. 確

35、信的, 深信的 be convinced of v. 確信, 認(rèn)識(shí)到 convincing a.令人信服的, 有力的, 令人心悅誠服的 convincingly adv.信服地, 有說服力地引申：來自拉丁語 convincere. com- 加強(qiáng)語氣 + vincere 克服，征服，使相信辨析：persuade， induce， prevail， convince這些動(dòng)詞在表達(dá)成功地使某人做或贊同某事的意思時(shí)是有區(qū)別的。persuade 意思是用理由、建議、敦促或個(gè)人說服力來戰(zhàn)勝某人。Nothing can persuade her to change her mind once it is

36、made up. 一旦她下定決心就沒有什么可以說服她改變注意。induce 是指通過影響或勸說的方式來引導(dǎo)，如行動(dòng)方針等?！癙ray what could induce him to commit so rash an action? “請(qǐng)問是什么引導(dǎo)他做出如此輕率魯莽的行動(dòng)？prevail 用于指勸導(dǎo)抵抗者?！癏e had prevailed upon the king to spare them “他已經(jīng)勸導(dǎo)國王赦免他們了。convince 指通過使用論證和證據(jù)來勸服。“In science the credit goes to the man who convinces the worl

37、d, not to the man to whom the idea first occurs .“在科學(xué)界，信譽(yù)屬于以理說服世界的人，而不屬于第一個(gè)提出觀點(diǎn)的人。10. dominant 用法：a. 1支配的：最有影響的或支配的：the dominant partner in a business, 商店中最有勢(shì)力的股東。2最有力的, 有權(quán)威的：a dominant person in the team. 隊(duì)里最有權(quán)威的人。典型考題: He tried to maintain the partys _ position in the country. A romantic B domesti

38、c C successful D dominant答案為D。譯文：他努力維持該黨在國家的統(tǒng)治地位。記憶法：聯(lián)想記憶法：prominent a. 顯著的，突出的 dominate v. 支配, 占優(yōu)勢(shì)dominating adj.專橫的, 主要的, 專制的辨析：dominant, predominant, paramount, preeminent意思都含“最優(yōu)的、“最高的。dominant指“居于支配、統(tǒng)治地位, 從而勢(shì)力或影響最大的 The Soviet Union is the dominant nation of Eastern Europe. 蘇聯(lián)是東歐的主要國家。predominan

39、t指“在權(quán)力、影響等方面超越其他的, 因而是最主要的或優(yōu)越的?！癊grets, gulls and small mammals are the predominant wildlife on the island these days . “白鷺、海鷗和小哺乳動(dòng)物在這些年成了島上的主要野生生物。paramount指“在意義上、重要性上、權(quán)威上均居于首位的。My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union. “在這場斗爭中我的首要目標(biāo)是挽救統(tǒng)一。preeminent指“卓越的、“杰出的。He is the preeminent t

40、enor of the modern era. “他是現(xiàn)代杰出的男高音。11. negotiate用法：v. 1常與with連用談判，協(xié)商，商談：The president doesnt want to negotiate with the workers.董事長不愿意與工人談判?！癐t is difficult to negotiate where neither will trust. “雙方彼此不信任便很難進(jìn)行協(xié)商。2商定；達(dá)成協(xié)議：They negotiated a peace treaty. 他們通過談判達(dá)成和平協(xié)議。negotiate a contract.協(xié)商合同3處理；解決；成

41、功地完成：成功地完成或管理：a player negotiating a hard piece of music.演奏者在處理一首很難的樂曲?？键c(diǎn)：固定搭配：negotiate for peace 講和 ，negotiate with someone about something 與某人協(xié)商某事典型考題: Nobody knows whether they will _ with the government. A talk B neglect C speak D negotiate答案為D。譯文：每人知道他們是否愿意與政府談判。記憶法：negotiation n.商議, 談判, 流通 ne

42、gotiator n.談判代表 negotiable adj.可通過談判解決的12. maintain 用法：v. 1維持或保持；繼續(xù)：maintain good relations. 維持良好的關(guān)系。He failed again and again simply because he had maintained his defeatist attitude.因?yàn)樗恢眻?jiān)持失敗主義的態(tài)度,所以失敗了一次又一次。2保養(yǎng)：使保持在良好的修繕和效率狀態(tài)中：maintain two cars. 保養(yǎng)兩輛小汽車。The car has always been properly maintained.

43、這汽車一直保養(yǎng)得很好。3扶養(yǎng)；支持：maintain a family. 供養(yǎng)家庭He has worked hard to maintain his family.他努力工作來養(yǎng)家?？键c(diǎn)：形近詞辨析 remain maintain retain attain典型考題: It is easy to start friendship but difficult to _. A remain B maintain C retain D attain答案為B。譯文：友誼開始容易維持難。記憶法：maintenance n.維護(hù), 保持, 生活費(fèi)用, 扶養(yǎng)引申： (main 手+ tenere 拿 =

44、拿在手里)13. relieve 用法：v. 1減緩：導(dǎo)致的減輕或緩和：relieved all his symptoms; relieved the tension. 減輕了他的所有病癥；緩和緊張局面。2救濟(jì)：為提供幫助或援助：They try to relieve those poor people in the country.他們盡量去幫助農(nóng)村那些窮人。3與of連用免除；解除：Let me relieve you of that heavy parcel. 讓我把你的重包裹解下來吧?？键c(diǎn)：relieve oneself，relieve sb.s mind, relieve sb. of

45、 sth. 典型考題:This medicine will help to _ you from your pain. A disturb B exhaust C depress D relieve答案為D。譯文：這種藥可以幫你緩解疼痛。記憶法：relieved a. 放心的 relief n. (痛苦等的)減輕, (債務(wù)等的)免除, 救濟(jì)辨析：relieve， allay， alleviate， assuage， lighten， mitigate， palliate所有這些動(dòng)詞意味著使某事變得不太嚴(yán)重或更可忍受。relieve 指緩解或使造成不快或壓抑的某事變得可以忍受： “that mi

46、sery which he strives in vain to relieve. “他徒勞地奮力去減輕苦難?！癟he counselor relieved her fears. “參謀消除了她的恐懼。allay意味著至少是暫時(shí)從造成負(fù)擔(dān)或痛苦的事物中解脫出來：“This music crept by me upon the waters,/Allaying both their fury and my passion/With its sweet air. “在水面音樂爬上我的心頭/平息了他們的憤怒和我的熱情/用它甜美的聲音。alleviate指短暫的減輕壓抑而沒有解決其根源：“No arg

47、uments shall be wanting on my part that can alleviate so severe a misfortune. “對(duì)我來說要減輕如此嚴(yán)重的不幸，不需要任何爭論。assuage 是撫慰或使更適度： “What shall assuage the unforgotten pain/And teach the unforgetful to forget?. “什么會(huì)撫慰不能忘卻的痛苦/并且讓無法忘懷的人學(xué)會(huì)遺忘?。Lighten在這種比擬中指使變得不太沉重或不太壓抑：Congress endeavored to lighten the taxpayers

48、burden. 國會(huì)努力減輕納稅人的負(fù)擔(dān)。mitigate和palliate 都意味著減弱造成痛苦的事物嚴(yán)重性、力量或強(qiáng)度： I . . . prayed to the Lord to mitigate a calamity which seemed to me past the capacity of man to remedy. 我向上帝祈禱，祈求他減輕這場人力所不能補(bǔ)救的災(zāi)難。His well-known financial ability made men turn to him in the hour of distress, as of all statesmen the most

49、 fitted to palliate it. 他廣為人知的融資能力使得人們?cè)谕纯嗟臅r(shí)候向他求助，就象最適宜的政治家來減輕它一樣。 引申：relieved, relief14. undertake 用法：v. 1著手作；從事：undertake a task. 開始進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)任務(wù)。2承當(dāng)，接受：保證或說明 自己：undertake oneself to care for an elderly relative. 自己承當(dāng)照顧年長的親戚。典型考題: The lawyer _ the case without a fee. A overtakes B undertakes C understate

50、D understand答案為B。譯文：這律師免費(fèi)承辦那個(gè)案件。記憶法：under在下 take取15. expand用法：v. 1擴(kuò)大, 擴(kuò)展, 擴(kuò)張, 擴(kuò)充 (增加尺寸、體積、數(shù)量或范圍)：expand ones knowledge of foreign countries. 擴(kuò)大個(gè)人對(duì)外國的知識(shí)。2闡述, 詳談(on, upon)：expand on a favorite topic. 詳述一個(gè)感興趣的論題。3變得親切起來, 感到舒暢考點(diǎn)：extend與介詞on, into, in的搭配。 典型考題:. She _ only when being praised and flattere

51、d. A extents B explores C expands D exposes答案為C。譯文：她只有受到表揚(yáng)和奉承的時(shí)候才喜笑顏開。記憶法： expansion n. 擴(kuò)充, 開展, 膨脹, 擴(kuò)張物反義詞：contract v. 使縮短, 感染, 訂約 shrink v. 收縮, (使)皺縮, 縮短引申：源自拉丁語 expandereex-外，出+pandere展開辨析：increase， expand， enlarge， extend， augment， multiply這些動(dòng)詞都有增長、擴(kuò)大的含義。increase應(yīng)用范圍最廣；有時(shí)指穩(wěn)定的增長：“Absence diminishe

52、s mediocre passions and increases great ones. “分別會(huì)使平庸的感情削減，卻能使深厚的感情增強(qiáng)。The mayors political influence rapidly increased. To expand is to increase in size, area, volume, bulk, or range: 市長的政治影響迅速擴(kuò)大。expand 指在大小、面積、容積、體積或范圍等方面的增長：He does exercises to expand his chest. 他做鍛煉以擴(kuò)大胸肌。“Work expands so as to fi

53、ll the time available for its completion. “擴(kuò)大工作量以在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成工作。enlarge 指在大小、程度、容量或范圍等方面的擴(kuò)大：The landowner enlarged her property by repeated purchases. 土地?fù)碛姓卟煌Ｙ徶靡詳U(kuò)充她的財(cái)產(chǎn)。Our group of friends is enlarging by leaps and bounds.我們的朋友圈在飛速地?cái)U(kuò)大。extend 指加大空間、加長時(shí)間或擴(kuò)大范圍， 如以下應(yīng)用：The transit authority extended the subw

54、ay line to the next town. 交通運(yùn)輸部門把地鐵延伸到下一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)。The baseball season may be extended. 棒球季節(jié)可能會(huì)延長。augment 通常用于已經(jīng)開展的或正處于進(jìn)展?fàn)顟B(tài)的：augmented her collection of books; 擴(kuò)大了她的藏書；depression that augments with each visit to the hospital. To multiply is to increase in number, especially by propagation or procreation: 隨

55、著每次看病而增長的壓抑之情。multiply 指在數(shù)目上的增加， 尤指繁殖或生殖：“As for my cats, they multiplied. “至于我的貓嘛，又生了許多只?！癕ay thy days be multiplied!.“愿您擁有越來越多的時(shí)間！ 16. envy 用法：n. 1羨慕；妒嫉：He has become an envy of all his friends, since he was assigned to a new promising post. 他被派到一個(gè)新的很有開展前途的工作崗位,所以成為朋友們羨慕的對(duì)象。2妒忌，羨慕：由于渴望得到他人的所有物或品質(zhì)而

56、引起的不滿和怨恨的情緒：We could see envy in her eyes. 從他的眼中我們能看到嫉妒的神情。v. 羨慕；妒嫉：I dont envy you your journey in this bad weather. 我并不羨慕你在這種壞天氣去旅行?？键c(diǎn)：envy sb/sth, envy sb. sth, envy sb. for, envy at/of。 典型考題:He had never _ the rich their luxurious pleasure. A acquired B jealous C envied D admired答案為C。譯文：他從未嫉妒過富人

57、的奢侈生活。記憶法：enviable a.令人羨慕的, 可羨慕的 enviably adv.羨慕地, 渴望得到地envious a.嫉妒的, 羨慕的enviously ad. 羨慕地envied a. 被人妒忌的,被人羨慕的 envier n.妒忌者,羨慕者17. cooperate 用法：v. 1合作； 協(xié)作常與with連用：The British cooperated with the French in building the new craft. 英、法兩國合作制造這種新式飛船。2順從：情愿地默然同意；遵從：asked the child to cooperate and go to

58、 bed. 讓孩子聽話并且去睡覺。記憶法： cooperation n.合作, 協(xié)作cooperator n.合作者, 合作社社員 cooperative adj.合作的, 協(xié)力的corporation n.律社團(tuán), 法人, 公司, 企業(yè), 引申： co- 共同 + operate 工作18. assess用法：v. 1估定(財(cái)產(chǎn), 價(jià)值等)：Damages were assessed at 1000 RMB. 損失估計(jì)達(dá)一千元人民幣。2征收(稅款、會(huì)費(fèi)等)：assess tax on sb.s property. 對(duì)某人的財(cái)產(chǎn)征稅。典型考題:It is very difficult to _

59、 the importance of the decision . A emphasize B assess C assist D interpret答案為B。譯文：很難評(píng)估這個(gè)決定的重要性。記憶法：assessment n.(為征稅對(duì)財(cái)產(chǎn)所作的)估價(jià), 被估定的金額 assessor n.(財(cái)產(chǎn)的)估價(jià)員, (收入金額的)審核員, 估稅員asset n.資產(chǎn), 有用的東西辨析：estimate， appraise， assess， assay， evaluate， rate這些單詞意思都是對(duì)事物價(jià)值和重要性的判斷。estimate 通常暗指主格的，多多少少有些不準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)：difficult

60、 to estimate the possible results in advance，很難估計(jì)正在開展的事物的結(jié)果。appraise 強(qiáng)調(diào)了專家的判斷：appraised the furniture and works of art before distributing them to the heirs，在把家具和藝術(shù)品分散給繼承人之前，先對(duì)其進(jìn)行鑒定。Assess 暗指對(duì)某物進(jìn)行金錢上的權(quán)威的估計(jì)，并以此做納稅的根底：assessing an apartment on the amount for which it is likely to be rented，因?yàn)榉孔右鲎?，所以?/p>

61、對(duì)它進(jìn)行估價(jià)。assay 指的是細(xì)致的檢測，尤指對(duì)礦石進(jìn)行化學(xué)分析來測定其質(zhì)量，優(yōu)良度以及純度：cut a minute piece off the ingot to assay it，切下一小片金屬并分析它。appraise，access 和 assay 可指苛刻的分析和鑒定：appraised his character and found him wanting; 分析他的性格發(fā)現(xiàn)的他的特點(diǎn)；assessing the impact of higher taxes on lower-income households; 分析高稅率對(duì)低收入家庭的影響；has no method for a

62、ssaying merit. 沒有方法對(duì)優(yōu)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析。evaluate 指為查明事情的本質(zhì)而進(jìn)行的大量判斷與分析：evaluating a students thesis for content and organization，對(duì)學(xué)生論文的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析。rate 指的是根據(jù)別人來判斷某人的等級(jí)和軍銜：Will history rate Picasso above Renoir? 難道歷史會(huì)認(rèn)為畢加索比雷諾阿等級(jí)高？。19. thrive 用法：v. 1繁榮；旺盛；興旺：He thrived on the adulation of his henchmen. 他是靠下屬的奉承而發(fā)跡的。A business can not thrive without good management.商業(yè)管理不好是興旺不起來的2健壯地生長；茂盛地生長：Babies thrive on their mothers milk. 嬰兒靠吃母乳長得很健壯?？键c(diǎn)：thrive