2019高考英語 基礎保分篇 第一講 名詞講與練 新人教版

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1、 名詞 李仕才 基礎保分篇 第一講　名　詞 第一課時　知識過關課 1.不可數(shù)名詞與可數(shù)名詞的轉化 (1)表示種類時：various fruits(各種水果)。 (2)表示“一場/段/件……”時：a timely rain(一場及時雨)。 (3)表示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea，coffee，beer等：two beers(兩杯啤酒)。 (4)表示不同意思時：room房間(可數(shù))；余地，空間(不可數(shù))。 [注意]　有些不可數(shù)名詞無論什么情況下也沒有復數(shù)形式，即使受形容詞修飾也不能加不定冠詞，可稱作“絕對不可數(shù)名詞”。例如：fun，housework，homework，a

2、dvice，information，news，progress，equipment，furniture，baggage/luggage，jewellery，machinery等。 2.抽象名詞具體化 表示某種特性、狀態(tài)、情感、情緒的抽象名詞，可以具體化為可數(shù)名詞，表示這樣的“人或物”。常見的有： 單詞 抽象名詞意義 具體化名詞意義 success 成功 成功的人或事 pleasure 樂趣 令人高興的事 attraction 吸引 有吸引力的人或事物 beauty 美；美麗 美麗的人或事物 comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物 dange

3、r 危險 危險的人或因素 delight 高興 令人高興的事 failure 失敗 失敗的人或事物 surprise 驚奇 令人驚奇的事情 shock 震驚 令人震驚的事情 pride 驕傲 令人驕傲的事或人 3.具體名詞抽象化 具體名詞可以部分喪失其一般意義，具有抽象名詞的特征，因此無單復數(shù)形式。 (1)by后跟表示交通工具一類的名詞，名詞抽象化表概念，名詞前無限定詞，也不用復數(shù)；否則要用相應的介詞。如：by bus/car/train/bike＝on a bus/in a car/on the train等。 (2)在go to school/ch

4、urch/hospital和at school, in prison等短語中，名詞抽象化表示概念。 4.of＋use/value/help/difference/importance/benefit等某些抽象名詞，其含義相當于對應的形容詞useful，valuable，helpful，different，important，beneficial在句中可作定語、表語、補語等。 The book is of great use.(＝The book is very useful.)這本書很有用。(表語) This is a book of great use. 這是一本非常有用的書。(定語

5、) I find the book of great use. 我覺得這本書非常有用。(賓補) 5.名詞前的修飾語。 (1)several，(a) few，many，many a，a great/good many，a large number of，scores of，dozens of等只能修飾可數(shù)名詞；除many a后接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞外，其余要接復數(shù)名詞。 (2)a bit of，(a) little(少)，much，a great deal of，a large amount of等只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞。 (3)some，any，plenty of，a lot of，lots

6、of，a large quantity of，quantities of，masses of等既可修飾可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)，也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。 讀語篇，悟語法。反復朗讀下列短文，領悟畫線黑體之名詞的類別。 Born on August 23, 1988 in America[1], Jeremy__Shu－How__Lin[2] is a__professional__basketball[3] player[4] with the__Huston__Rockets__of[5] the__National__Basketball__Association[6] (NBA). But, t

7、o some degree, many Chinese fans[7] and coaches[8] take him as a__Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him as a__Chinese[9] just because he has a typical Chinese face and his__parents[10] were born in China. Jeremy Lin has recently become a__success[11] and attracted the__world’s[12] atten

8、tion, which gives Chinese people[13] a lot of imagination[14] and pride. As we know, in__most__people’s__eyes[15], Jeremy is a__miracle[16]. In June, 2012, when Jeremy took his__third__trip[17] to China, a large crowd came to meet him，among whom there were various fans including some families[18]，s

9、ome children[19] and even some women__players[20]. They brought cameras[21] to take photos[22] with their idol. Jeremy had fun[23] with his supporters and expected to come back again. 1.專有名詞表示地點，第一個字母要大寫。 2.專有名詞表示人名。 3.名詞作定語，修飾另一名詞。又如a book store。 4.表示職業(yè)或職位的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞player作表語，前面用不定冠詞，表示“一個”。 5. 因t

10、he Huston Rockets和the National Basketball Association都是由普通名詞構成的專有名詞；of the National Basketball Association是名詞所有格，因無生命的東西的名詞所有格一般用“of＋名詞”表示，又如：the cover of the book(書的封面)。 6.專有名詞表示事物，這里指美國職業(yè)籃球聯(lián)盟，?？s寫為NBA。 7.fans為fan的復數(shù)形式，可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式一般在后面直接加－s。 8.coaches為coach的復數(shù)形式，以－s，－x，－sh，－ch結尾的可數(shù)名詞，復數(shù)形式加－es。又如box

11、es，dishes，buses等。 9.句中a Chinese是名詞作補語。Chinese指中國人，這里為單數(shù)；但它的復數(shù)與單數(shù)同形，類似的單詞有deer，sheep，fish，aircraft，means，works，Japanese等。 10.“形容詞性物主代詞＋名詞”表示“某人的……”。 11.這里的a success為抽象名詞具體化，指“一個成功人士”。 12.有生命的人或物的所有格，一般用“名詞＋s”表示。又如the teacher’s name。 13.people為集體名詞，表示復數(shù)意義。又如police，class，group等。 14.不可數(shù)名詞imaginati

12、on作賓語，在a lot of，some，any等限定詞后面通常接名詞。 15.名詞eyes作介詞in的賓語。 16.在冠詞(a，an，the)后通常應有名詞。 17.在序數(shù)詞后通常加名詞。 18 families為family的復數(shù)形式，以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞復數(shù)形式是變y為i再加－es。又如country→countries。 19.children為child的復數(shù)形式，屬于不規(guī)則變化。又如ox—oxen。 20.man或woman兩個詞作定語時，其單、復數(shù)與所修飾的名詞的單、復數(shù)一致。又如three men teachers。 21.個體名詞，表示某類人或東西中的個體。

13、又如computer。 22.photos為photo的復數(shù)形式，以－o結尾的詞一般加－s。在中學英語里，以－o結尾有生命的名詞，如hero，tomato，potato，其復數(shù)是加－es。 23.抽象名詞表示狀態(tài)、品質、感情等抽象概念。又如anger。 Ⅰ.完成句子(填入括號內詞的正確形式) 1.Two months(month) ago，three heroes(hero) caught four thieves(thief).They made them plant some potatoes(potato) and bamboos(bamboo) in two zoos(zo

14、o).They also made their wives(wife) return the four big boxes(box) with some precious photos(photo) and brushes(brush) in them. 2.Two editors－in－chief(editor－in－chief)，three men__teachers(man teacher) and five women__doctors(woman doctor)，together with their children(child)，went to the market.They

15、decided to buy two sheep(sheep)，three deer(deer)，four oxen(ox)，five geese(goose)and six white mice(mouse) with three feet(foot) and six teeth(tooth). Ⅱ.單句填空(在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內單詞的正確形式。) 1.Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives(knife) out of children’s reach. 2.In my opinion, it is w

16、rong to cheat in examinations(examine) because it breaks the rules of schools. 3.In my opinion, no one agrees that a wealthy(wealth) person without good health can be happy.So, just do our best and keep fit. 4.Upon arrival(arrive), we began to work immediately. 5.There are more visible changes in

17、 our gestures and facial expressions(express). 6.Lang Lang is a world－class young pianist(piano) who grew up in Shenyang. Ⅲ.單句改錯(下列每句中有一處錯誤，每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改，請指出并改正。) 1.I have only been there a couple of time.time→times 2.When you visit London, one of the first thing you will see is Big Ben.t

18、hing→things 3.Mr. Wang gave us some advices on how to remember English words.advices→advice 4.I have no time to take exercise because I have a lot of homeworks to do.homeworks→homework 5.This happened four and a half century ago.century→centuries 6.More care would insure you against making so mu

19、ch mistakes.much→many 7.It’s about an hour drive from here to my office.hour→hour’s 8.Li Ming, a three－years－old boy, is very lovely.three－years－old→three－year－old 9.We are having dinner at my aunt tonight.aunt→aunt’s 10.In our school, there is a new lab building with lots of teaching equipments

20、 in it.equipments→equipment Ⅳ.語篇填空(在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號中單詞的正確形式。) A high school history teacher once told us, “ If you make one close friend in school, you will be most lucky.1.________ true friend is someone who stays with you for life. ” Experience shows that he was right.Good 2.________ (friend) ar

21、e just not easily formed. To most of us, friendships are thought very important, but we need to have the kinds of friendships we want. Are they to be close or kept at arm’s 3.________ (long)? Do we want to share ourselves or do we want to walk on the surface? For some people，many friendships on the

22、 surface are quite enough and that’s all right. But at some point we need to make sure that our expectations are the same as our 4.________ (friend) expectations.The sharing of 5.________ (person) experience is the surest way 6.________ (deepen) friendships.But it must be undertaken slowly and carri

23、ed on only if there are signs of interest and action in return. What are some of the difficulties in forming friendship? The greatest is to expect too much too soon. Deep relationships take time.7.________ main difficulty is the 8.________ (selfish) to think one “owns” the other, including his time

24、 and attention. Similarly，friendships need actions in return. In other words, you must give as much as you take. Finally there is a question of taking care of each other.9.________ you spend reasonable time together, talking on the phone，writing 10.________ (letter) or doing things together，friendsh

25、ips will die away. 【語篇導讀】　本文主要講如何加深友誼(how to deepen friendships)。 1.A　[由語境可知，此處指類別，泛指“一個”真正的朋友，故填不定冠詞A。] 2.friendships　[在句中作主語，用名詞形式；又根據(jù)謂語動詞are formed是復數(shù)及搭配可知，作主語的復數(shù)名詞應當是“友誼”，而不是“朋友”，故填friendships。] 3.length　[在名詞所有格后，要用名詞形式。keep sb at arm’s length意為“不使自己太靠近某人；與某人保持距離”。] 4.friends’　[根據(jù)語境，應當指“我們的

26、朋友的”，應當用復數(shù)形式的所有格，故填friends’。] 5.personal　[在名詞前作定語，用形容詞形式。] 6.to deepen　[在way后用不定式作定語。] 7.Another　[根據(jù)前面的The greatest和后面的Finally可知，此處是指多者中的“另一個”，故填another。] 8.selfishness　[在冠詞后，要用名詞。] 9.Unless　[根據(jù)“you spend...”和“friendships will die away”兩個句子的邏輯關系可知，應填unless引導條件狀語從句。] 10.letters　[名詞作賓語。因為是可數(shù)名詞，且

27、沒有限定詞，故用復數(shù)。] 第二課時　高考研究課 名詞在語法填空中的考查點 規(guī)律方法 1.由位置知詞性：若所給名詞處于主語或賓語的位置，則考慮使用名詞的適當形式。 2.由語境定詞形：語境中含有下面要素時，常常使用名詞的復數(shù)形式： ①含有one of； ②含有few, several, many, all, both等詞； ③所填空后的謂語動詞使用復數(shù)形式； ④使用名詞的復數(shù)形式表示一類。 真題驗證1 1.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible ________(

28、crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work. (2017·全國卷Ⅱ) 答案　crowds　[根據(jù)空前面的形容詞terrible可知此處填名詞，crowd表示“人群”，是可數(shù)名詞，前面沒有不定冠詞a，所以用復數(shù)形式。] 2.This development was only possible with the ________(introduce) of electric－powered engines and lifts.(2017·全國卷Ⅱ) 答案　introduction　[根據(jù)空前面的with和定冠詞th

29、e可知此處需要填名詞。with the introduction of表示“隨著……的引進”。] 3.This trend, which was started by the medical community(醫(yī)學界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side ________(effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.(2017·全國卷

30、Ⅰ) 答案　effects　[此處根據(jù)空前面的some以及空后面列舉的兩個副作用可知，用effect的復數(shù)形式。] 4. She is determined to carry on with her ________(educate).(2017·全國卷Ⅲ) 答案　education　[前面有形容詞性物主代詞her，此處應該使用動詞educate的名詞形式education作賓語。] 5.She has turned down several ________(invitation)to star at shows in order to concentrate on her stud

31、ies.(2017·全國卷Ⅲ) 答案　invitations　[由于前有several，故應該使用名詞復數(shù)invitations，表示“邀請”。] 6.Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small ________(carrot)and was about to throw them away.(2017·浙江卷) 答案　carrots　[根據(jù)前面的a handful of可知，此處要用復數(shù)形式。] 7.The nursery tea

32、m switches him every few ________(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle－fed, the other is with mum—she never suspects.(2016·全國卷Ⅰ) 答案　days　[此處表示每隔幾天。] 8.Recent ________(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.(2016·全國卷Ⅱ) 答案　studies　[由空

33、前形容詞recent斷定所填詞性為名詞；由謂語動詞show確定所填名詞的形式為復數(shù)。] 9.I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese ________(painting).(2015·全國卷Ⅰ) 答案　paintings　[painting意為“圖片，圖畫”，是可數(shù)名詞，由于其前有so many修

34、飾，故使用其復數(shù)形式。] 名詞在短文改錯中的考查點 規(guī)律方法 ?第一步：尋找名詞； ?第二步：以該名詞為中心，搜尋其輻射區(qū)域的關鍵信息； ?第三步：根據(jù)所搜尋的信息，確定名詞的正確形式。其信息形式常常有以下形式： 1.使用可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式的相關信息 (1)可數(shù)名詞前面有數(shù)詞，several, many或復數(shù)意義的不定代詞(some, both, these)等修飾； (2)通常以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的單詞； (3)上下文語境暗示應使用可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式； (4)有些名詞作為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞時意義不同，如可數(shù)名詞time意為“次數(shù)”，不可數(shù)名詞time意為“時間”。 2.使

35、用可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式的相關信息 (1)不定冠詞a/an后用可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)； (2)上下文語境暗示應使用可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。 3. 兩類不可數(shù)名詞(記牢＝答對) (1)抽象名詞不可數(shù)； (2)物質名詞不可數(shù)。 真題驗證2 1.Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)________ 答案　informations→information　[information是不可數(shù)名詞，所以沒有復數(shù)形式。] 2.The instructor kept repeating the wor

36、d，“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“Turning left！”(2017·全國卷Ⅰ)________ 答案　word→words　[根據(jù)后面的幾處話語可知，此處用word的復數(shù)形式。] 3.If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. (2017·全國卷Ⅰ)________ 答案　knowledges→knowledge　[knowledge是不可數(shù)名詞，所以沒有復數(shù)形式。] 4.The teenage year from

37、 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)________ 答案　year→years　[由“from 13 to 19”及謂語were可知此處year應該使用復數(shù)形式。] 5.When I was a very young children, my father created a regular practice I remember well years later.(2016·浙江卷)________ 答案　children→child　[由children前面的冠詞a可知此處應該使用單數(shù)形式。] 6.Th

38、e airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.(2015·全國卷Ⅰ)________ 答案　airs→air　[air是不可數(shù)名詞，所以沒有復數(shù)形式。] 7.One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.(2015·全國卷Ⅱ)________ 答案　parent→parents　[parent指代父母兩人，故要用復數(shù)形式。] 第三課時　寫作增分課 名詞在寫作中的增分點 一、利用抽象名詞具體化寫美句子 1.被邀請來參加這次聚會我深感榮幸。(

39、consider, invite) I__consider__it__a__great__honor__to__be__invited__to__this__party. 2.結果試驗成功了。(turn out, experiment) It__turned__out__that__the__experiment__was__a__success. 3.作為一名作家他是失敗的。(failure) As__a__writer,__he__was__a__failure. 4.新汽車是全家人引以為豪之物。(pride) The__new__car__is__the__pride__o

40、f__the__whole__family. 二、利用“be of＋抽象名詞”靚化句子 1.我的確希望這些建議會對你有用。 I__do__hope__these__suggestions__will__be__of__great__use/useful__to__you. 2.學好英語對我們大家都大有益處。 Learning__English__well__will__be__of__great__benefit__to__us__all. 3.這次考試對我來說非常重要。 The__exam__is__of__great__importance__to__me. 三、巧妙表達名

41、詞的量 1.我們學校占地400畝。(an area) Our__school__covers__an__area__of__400__mu. 2.他收集了許多郵票。(collection) He__has__a__large__collection__of__stamps. 3.他月收入上萬，過著富裕的生活。(income) With__an__income__of__more__than__ten__thousand__yuan__a__month,__he__lives__a__rich__life. 4.這個城市人口超過200萬，是這個國家的第二大城市。(a population) With__a__population__of__over__2__million,__the__city__is__the__second__largest__in__the__country. 5.建于20世紀50年代末，我們學校有將近70年歷史。(a history) Set__up__in__the__late__1950s,__our__school__has__a__history__of__nearly__70__years. 11