2015年高中英語 Unit11 動詞的語態(tài) 語法考點(diǎn)超級歸納素材

Unit11 動詞的語態(tài)考點(diǎn)一：主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換語態(tài)（Voices）用來表示主語與謂語之間的關(guān)系，它是動詞的一種形式。英語中有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)（Active Voice）和被動語態(tài)（Passive Voice）。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，而被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。一般說來，只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。be為助動詞，有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與系動詞be相同。主動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)的步驟：先將主動句中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳渲械闹髡Z；再將主動句中的謂語動詞變成被動形式；最后將主動句中的主語變?yōu)橛蒪y引起的短語并后置。主動語態(tài)： Charles Dickens wrote this book.（主語）（謂語）（賓語） 被動語態(tài)： This book was written by Charles Dickens.（主語）（謂語）（狀語）注：將主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)，謂語動詞的時(shí)態(tài)不變；主動句中作賓語的人稱代詞須變?yōu)橹鞲瘢髦髡Z的人稱代詞放在介詞by后須變?yōu)橘e格；by短語常省略。主動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài)的幾種情況：主動句的句型結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換方法例句主語謂語賓語將賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳渲械闹髡ZI sent an e-mail last night. 昨天夜里我發(fā)了一封電子郵件。（主動結(jié)構(gòu)）An e-mail was sent (by me) last night. 一封電子郵件昨天夜里（由我）發(fā)出了。（被動結(jié)構(gòu)）主語謂語間接賓語直接賓語1）把間接賓語變成被動句的主語，直接賓語位置不變；2）把直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z，間接賓語前面加上介詞to或for。My parents bought me a new computer. 我的父母親給我買了一臺新電腦。（主動結(jié)構(gòu)）I was bought a new computer. 有人給我買了一臺新電腦。（被動結(jié)構(gòu)）A new computer was bought for me. 有人給我買了一臺新電腦。（被動結(jié)構(gòu)）A watch was given to me (by my uncle) on my birthday.在生日那天我叔叔給了我一只手表。主語謂語賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語將賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳渲械闹髡Z，賓語補(bǔ)足語位置不變。People call her “Super Girl”. 人們稱她“超女”。（主動結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語補(bǔ)足語為 “Super Girl”）She is called “Super Girl”. 她被稱為“超女”。（被動結(jié)構(gòu)，主動結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語補(bǔ)足語 “Super Girl”變成了主語補(bǔ)足語）The wall was painted green. 墻被刷成了綠色。（主動語態(tài)：We painted the wall green.）主語謂語賓語從句常用it作形式主語，將賓語從句變?yōu)橹髡Z從句放在句尾；也可將從句的主語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z，從句謂語及其他成分改為不定式短語。We know that he is the best dentist in town. 我們知道他是城里最好的牙醫(yī)。（主動結(jié)構(gòu)）It is known that he is the best dentist in town. 大家都知道他是城里最好的牙醫(yī)。（被動語態(tài)第一種變法：it作被動句的形式主語）He is known to be the best dentist in the town. 他被認(rèn)為是城里最好的牙醫(yī)。（被動語態(tài)第二種變法：主動句中從句的主語變成被動句的主語，從句謂語變成不定式短語）小貼士：在帶有復(fù)合賓語的主動句里，若賓語補(bǔ)足語為不帶to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，注意不定式前要加上to。例如：The boss often makes him work overtime. 這位老板經(jīng)常迫使他加班。He is often made to work overtime. 他經(jīng)常被迫加班。注：用it作形式主語的被動語態(tài)句型還有：It is said that 據(jù)說；It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道；It is believed that 人們相信；It is thought that 人們認(rèn)為；It is well known that 眾所周知等。例如：It is said that this book has been translated into many languages in the world. 據(jù)說這本書已譯成世界許多國家語言?？键c(diǎn)二：各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)由“be過去分詞”構(gòu)成，不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的差別在于be的不同時(shí)態(tài)形式。下面為最常用的八種時(shí)態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。時(shí)態(tài)被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成例句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am / is /are過去分詞The meeting room is cleaned every day.會議室每天都清掃。The Grammys are not taken seriously by some musicians or music fans. 格萊美并不為某些音樂家或音樂迷看重。一般過去時(shí)was / were過去分詞In ancient Olympics only Greek men were allowed to compete. 在古代奧運(yùn)會，只允許希臘男子參加比賽。All his was immediately locked in a safe. 他所有的錢立即被鎖在保險(xiǎn)柜里。一般將來時(shí)shall / will be過去分詞Everyone will be given a telephone number at birth that will never change no matter where they live. 每個(gè)人一出生就會給予一個(gè)電話號碼，無論他們在哪兒住，這個(gè)電話號碼都將不會更改。過去將來時(shí)would be過去分詞He knew he would be punished for his parking offence. 他知道他會因違章停車受到處罰。She hoped that she would be given a more suitable job. 她希望能得到更合適的工作?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am / is /are being過去分詞My bike is being repaired. Could I use yours? 我的自行車正在修理，能否借用一下你的？In addition, many sea creatures are being wiped out by fishing boats. 此外，大量的海洋生物正被捕撈船趕盡殺絕。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was / were being過去分詞We couldnt use the reading-room. It was being repaired. 我們不能使用閱覽室，它正在修繕。In both China and Rome at this time, poetry, literature and philosophy were being developed. 此時(shí)，在中國和羅馬，詩歌、文學(xué)和哲學(xué)正在興起?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have / has been過去分詞Some sports that were part of the Olympics in the past have been removed. 有些曾是奧運(yùn)會的部分比賽項(xiàng)目如今已被淘汰了。 This kind of effect has never been achieved in the history of cinema. 電影史上從未產(chǎn)生過這種效果。過去完成時(shí)had been過去分詞When we got to the cinema, all the tickets had been sold out. 我們到達(dá)電影院時(shí)，票已售完。考點(diǎn)三：其他形式的被動語態(tài)類別被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成例句含情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)情態(tài)動詞be過去分詞Our plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible. 我們的計(jì)劃必須盡早執(zhí)行。In order for a new sport to be added, a current sport must be dropped. 要增加一個(gè)新的運(yùn)動項(xiàng)目，就得去掉一個(gè)現(xiàn)有的項(xiàng)目。短語動詞的被動語態(tài)be短語動詞的過去分詞I was brought up in a small village on the Yangtze River. 我是在長江邊上的一個(gè)小村莊里長大的。Einsteins new theory was laughed at by many scientists at that time. 當(dāng)時(shí)愛因斯坦的新學(xué)說遭到許多科學(xué)家的嘲笑。She was taken to the nearby hospital and was operated on immediately. 她被帶到附近的醫(yī)院，并立即實(shí)施了手術(shù)。含be going to, used to, have to, had better，be to等結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài)將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍有问郊纯蒚he sports meet is going to be held soon. 運(yùn)動會不久就要舉行。All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome. 有各種困難需要克服。注：1）含有短語動詞的主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r(shí)，其中的副詞和介詞不可漏掉；2）被動語態(tài)的使用場合：動作的執(zhí)行者不得而知，沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者或是要強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時(shí)，常使用被動語態(tài)。例如：Now shopping is done online and delivered to your door.現(xiàn)在都是網(wǎng)上購物并將東西送到家門口。The research was supported by the government. 這項(xiàng)研究得到了政府的支持。3）及物動詞enter, reach, suit, benefit, lack等以及短語動詞take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of 等，一般不能用于被動語態(tài)。4）英語里某些連系動詞和不及物動詞的主動形式表示被動含義。例如The cake tastes nice. 這個(gè)蛋糕味道很好。The theory proved correct. 這個(gè)理論證明是正確的。The door wont open. 這門打開不了。His novel is selling well. 他的小說很暢銷。The cloth washes well. 這布料耐洗。 5）被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：從形式上看，被動語態(tài)和“be過去分詞”的系表結(jié)構(gòu)完全一樣，但它們的區(qū)別在于：被動語態(tài)表示動作，其后常跟有by短語，表示動作的執(zhí)行者；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示狀態(tài)，其后一般不跟by短語。試比較以下幾組句子：The teacher was pleased with her answer. 老師對她的回答感到滿意。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）The teacher was pleased by her answer. 她的回答令老師滿意。（被動語態(tài)）The door is closed. 門是關(guān)著的。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）The door was closed by Alice. 門是艾麗斯關(guān)的。（被動語態(tài)）小貼士：被動語態(tài)的助動詞be有時(shí)可以換成get，構(gòu)成“get過去分詞”的被動結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：They got married at last. 他們最終結(jié)為伉儷。About 30 passengers got killed in that terrible traffic accident. 在那次特大交通事故中約有30名乘客喪生。6）但在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞不定式都不帶to，但改為被動語態(tài)后都帶to。例如：His father made him do a lot of housework while his mother was ill. 母親生病期間，父親讓他做了很多家務(wù)活。He was made to do a lot of housework by his father while his mother was ill.