高中英語必修五-unit 1 課文詳解

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1、 必修五 Unit 1 Great Scientists 偉大的科學家 I．Vocabulary steam engine 蒸汽機 characteristic n.特征；特性 radium n.鐳 put forward 提出 theory n。理論；學說 infect vt.傳染；感染 infectious adj.傳染的 cholera n.霍亂 scientific adj.科學的 examine vt.檢查；診察；考察 conclude vt. & vi.結(jié)束；結(jié)論；議定 conclusion n.結(jié)論；結(jié)束；議定

2、draw a conclusion得出結(jié)論 analyse vt.分析 repeat vi & vt.重復；重做 n. defeat vt. N.打敗；戰(zhàn)勝；使受挫 attend vt.照顧；護理；出席；參加 expose vt.(與to連用)暴露；揭露； 使曝光 deadly adj.致命的 cure n. vt.治愈；痊愈；治療 outbreak n.爆發(fā)；發(fā)作（疾病或戰(zhàn)爭） control vt.& n.控制；支配 absorb vt.吸收；使專心 severe adj.嚴重的；嚴厲的；嚴格的；劇烈的 valuable adj.貴重的；有價

3、值的 clue n.線索；提示 pump n.泵；抽水機 pub n.酒館；酒吧 blame vt.責備；譴責；把…歸咎于； n.過失；責備 immediately adv.立即；馬上 handle n.柄；把手； vt.處理 germ n.微生物；細菌 addition n.加；增加；加法 in addition也；另外 link vt.連接；聯(lián)系 n.聯(lián)系；環(huán) link…to…將…和…連接或聯(lián)系起來 announce vt.宣布；通告 certainty n.確知；確信；確實 instruct vt.命令；指示；教導 vir

4、us n.病毒 construction n.建設(shè)；結(jié)構(gòu)；建筑物 apart from 除…之外；此外 creative adj.有創(chuàng)造力的；獨創(chuàng)的 co-operative adj.合作的 positive adj.積極的；肯定的 be strict with對…嚴格的 revolutionary adj.革命的 calculation n.計算；計算結(jié)果 lead to通向；導致 movement n。移動；運動；動作 make sense有意義 backward adv. & adj.向后地（的）；相反地（的）；退步地（的） loop n.圈

5、；環(huán) complete adj.完整的；完成的 privately adv.私下地；秘密地 spin vi. & vt.(使)旋轉(zhuǎn)；紡（線） brightness n.明亮；亮度；聰穎 enthusiastic adj.熱情的；熱心的 cautious adj.小心的；謹慎的 reject vt.拒絕；不接受；丟棄 point of view態(tài)度；觀點；看法 logical adj.和邏輯的；合乎常理的 II．Reading JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” John Snow was a well-know

6、n doctor in London — so famous, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria to ease the birth of her babies.約翰斯諾在倫敦是一位著名的醫(yī)生，的確，如此出名以致于由他護理維多利亞女王生孩子?！咀⑨專篴ttend v.出席；到場；注意；照看 attend to處理；注意傾聽；專心于；照料； attend school/ class/ church/ a wedding/ a meeting/ a lecture/ a movie; attend on/ upon sb.伺候某人；照顧某人； e

7、g. 1) I’ll attend to the matter.我來處理此事。 2) He was very tired after the long run, and expected someboday to attend on him.長袍之后他感到非常疲勞，很想有個人來照顧自己一下。 ▲辨析： attend, join, join in, take part in (1) attend是正式用語，一般指參加會議、典禮、婚禮、葬禮及去聽課、聽報告等； （2） join指加入某黨派、某組織、某社會團體以及參軍等，如：He joined the football club tw

8、o years ago. (3) join in通常指參加某種活動，尤其指其他人一起參加某項活動，如： I hope you’ll all join in the discussion. (4) take part in指參加群眾性活動、會議、勞動、游行等，往往參加者持有積極地態(tài)度，并起到一定的作用，有時可與join in互換，如： Will you take part in the English evening? 試題： —— Who is ______ the patient? —— Maybe his sister. A. taking care B. l

9、ooking for C. joining in D. attending on 】 But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.但當他想到要幫助受霍亂侵擾的普通民眾，他就感到受到激勵（或感受到神靈的召喚）。【注釋：① inspire (1)影響或觸動： eg. The falling leaves inspired her with sadness.落葉觸動了她的傷感. (2) 鼓勵；激勵 eg. 1) inspire sb. w

10、ith hope激起某人的希望 2) I was inspired to work harder than ever before.我受激勵比以往任何時候都更加努力地工作。 ②expose to使易受；使受 eg. exposed themselves to disease使他們受到疾病的影響； exposed their children to classical music. 使他們的孩子們受到古典音樂的影響。 考題： 1. As we all know，women do not________their faces in public in some Middle Eas

11、tern countries. A．cover B．keep C．expose D．protect 2．The more one is________the English-speaking environment，the better he or she will learn the language. A．exposed to B．filled in C．caught on D．kept up 3．The reason why people carry umbrellas in hot summer days

12、 is that ____ to strong sunlight may be harmful to the skin. A．contributing B．exposing C．contributed D．being exposed 】 This was the most deadly disease of its day. 這在當時是最為致命的疾病?！咀⑨專篸eadly adj. 致命的；死一般的；絕對的；完全的 如：deadly weapons致命武器；a deadly pallor.死人般的蒼白；deadly enemies.不共

13、戴天的仇敵；：deadly concentration.絕對專心】Neither its cause, nor its cure was understood.其原因及治療方法都不為人知道。【注釋：neither和相關(guān)連詞nor 連用,連接并列主語（1）、并列謂語（2）、并列賓語（3） eg. （1）Neither we nor they want it. 我們和他們都不要它。（2） She neither called nor wrote. 她既沒打電話也沒寫信來。 （3） I got neither the gift nor the card.我既沒得到禮物，也沒得到賀卡。考題： (

14、2008遼) 1. Bill wasn’t happy about the delay of the report by Jason，and _____. A．I was neither B．neither was I C．I was either D．either was I 2. If Joe’s wife won’t go to the party，________. A．he will either B．neither will he C．he neither will D．either he will 】

15、 So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.所以每當這種疾病爆發(fā)的時候，就有數(shù)以千計的感到恐懼的人死掉。【注釋：every time這是由名詞詞組充當連詞，引導時間狀語從句，類似這種用法的名詞短語有： 不定代詞+time,如：any time; each time; 介詞+time 如：by the time…； 序數(shù)詞+time,如： the first/last time…; the +瞬間名詞，如：the minute, the moment, the instant “一…就

16、…”； the +時間名詞，如： the day, the night, the month, the time… eg. 1) She demands sweets from me every time/each time she sees me. 2) The truck will have arrived by the time you have all the things packed up. 3) The first time he did the experiment, he succeeded. 4) I’ll give him your message the

17、 minute/ the moment/ the instant he arrives. 5) He bought a computer the day/ the time he got his salary. 考題： 1. Don’t stop________you meet with a word you don’t understand. A．a(chǎn)t the time B．each time C．by the time D．Sometimes 2. ________you talk with someone or write a message，you

18、 show your skills to others. A．At times B．Some time C．Every time D．The time】 John Snow wanted to use his knowledge to help solve this problem.約翰斯諾想用他的知識來幫助解決這個問題。 He knew it would never be controlled until its cause was found.他知道直到找到原因才能控制該疾病。 He got interested in two theories ex

19、plaining how cholera killed people.他對霍亂如何讓人喪生的兩種理論感興趣?！咀⑨專篹xplaining how cholera killed people是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，其邏輯主語是two theories.】 The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air without reason. 第一種認為霍亂在空氣中不合理地進行繁殖.【注釋：without reason沒道理；不合理 eg. Tom is a very clever boy, but he said that without re

20、ason.】A cloud of dangerous gas would float around until it found its victims.一層危險的氣體到處漂浮，直到它找到載體（入侵對象）。 The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals, from the stomach the disease attached the body quickly and soon the affected person was dead.第二種認為人們在吃飯的時

21、候?qū)⑦@種疾病吸收到體內(nèi)，然后，從胃里該疾病很快就攻擊身體，很快被感染的人就會死掉?！咀⑨專篴bsorb vt.(1) To take in; assimilate:吸入；同化：They are immigrants who were absorbed into the social mainstream.他們是被社會的主流同化了的移民。 (2) To endure; accommodate:忍耐；忍受 eg. We couldn't absorb the additional hardships.我們不能忍受額外的困苦. (3) 吸引；使專心；使全神貫注eg. The writer

22、 was absorbed in his writing that he forgot to flick the ashes from his cigar.作家全神貫注地進行寫作,忘了彈去雪茄煙的煙灰。 be absorbed into被…吞并；兼并 be absorbed in專心于；全神貫注于 試題： 1) She was so ____ in her job that she didn’t hear anybody knocking at the door. A. attracted B. absorbed C. drawn D. focused

23、 2. _______ in her new novel，the young writer kept thinking and writing for a dozen hours in her study. A．Having deeply absorbed B．Deeply absorbing C．Deeply having been absorbed D．Deeply absorbed】 He believed in the second theory but needed to prove he was correct.他相信第二種理論，可是需要證明是對的。

24、So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, John Snow was ready to test these two theories.所以在1854年，當另一場霍亂爆發(fā)襲擊倫敦的時候，約翰斯諾準備測試這兩個理論。【注釋：hit (1)打，擊 eg. 1) The boy hit the other boy and was naturally punished by the headmaster."這男孩打了另一個男孩,理所當然地受到校長的處罰。 (2) 受影響 eg. 1) Price increases hit everyone's

25、 pocket.物價上漲沖擊了每個人的錢袋。 2) Strike waves hit several Western European countries.罷工的浪潮襲擊了好幾個西歐國家?！?As the disease spread quickly through the poor neighbourhoods, John Snow began to gather the information.當疾病迅速在貧窮的鄰里間傳播的時候，約翰斯諾開始收集相關(guān)信息。【注釋：spread傳開，傳播：事件范圍擴大，在更大的領(lǐng)域被人知曉或蔓延eg. 1) The word spread fast.消

26、息散布得很快. 2) The fire spread from the factory to the houses near by.火從工廠蔓延到附近的房舍?！?He found that in two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people had died in 10 days.他發(fā)現(xiàn)在兩個特別的街道，霍亂爆發(fā)的是如此嚴重，以致于在10天之內(nèi)有500多人死亡。 He determined to find out why.他決定搞清楚為什么。 He marked on

27、a map where all the dead people had lived. 在一張地圖上他標出了所有死亡人的居住地。【注釋：where all the dead people had lived是定語從句，由關(guān)系副詞where引導?！縃ere it is:這就是： The map gave a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.這份地圖提供了有關(guān)該疾病原因有價值的線索。 Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers

28、 16,37,38and 40 Broad Street).許多死亡靠近寬街的水泵（尤其是寬街第17、37、38和40號房子） John Snow also saw that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. 約翰斯諾也注意到一些房子（如寬街第20、21號和劍橋大街第8、9號房子），He discovered that these families worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.他發(fā)現(xiàn)這些人家在

29、劍橋大街7號酒店工作， They were given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the Broad Street pump.給他們提供的是免費的啤酒，所以他們不喝來自寬街水泵的水。 It seemed the water was to blame.似乎水就是罪魁禍首。【注釋：blame (1) 起因是：是…起因或某事的根源的 eg. 1) A freak storm was to blame for the power outage.停電的起因是一場特大暴風雪. (2) be to blame應(yīng)受譴責 eg. 1)

30、 The children were not to blame.孩子們不應(yīng)受到譴責。 2) The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.那次交通事故不應(yīng)該責怪司機。 3) I am to blame.是我不好。 (3)blame sth. on sb. 將某事歸咎于某人 eg. Don't blame it on him, but on me.別怪他,該怪我。 (4)blame sb. for sth.因某事而指責某人 eg. They blamed the secretary for the delay of

31、the plan.他們怪罪秘書造成計劃延誤。 ▲ 辨析： blame, fault, guilt (1) blame強調(diào)對某種可以解釋的失誤或不良行為的譴責或懲罰： eg. The police laid the blame for the accident squarely on the driver's shoulders. 警方公正地把事故的責任歸于司機。 (2) fault是指引起或沒能阻止某有害事件發(fā)生而應(yīng)承擔的責任：eg. The student failed the examination, but not through any fault of his te

32、acher. 這個學生考試不及格，但不是由于老師的過失。 (3) guilt適用于情節(jié)嚴重、故意的不良行為并強調(diào)道德上的過失：eg. The case was dismissed because the prosecution did not have sufficient evidence of the defendant's guilt.案子被撤消了，因為指控對被告罪行沒有足夠的證據(jù). 考題： 1. They blamed the failure on George.Actually，he________. A．is not to blame B．is to blame

33、 C．is not to be blamed D．should not blame 】 Next ,John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.接下來，約翰斯諾調(diào)查這兩條大街的水源。 He found that it came from the river, which had been polluted by the dirty water from London.他發(fā)現(xiàn)水是來自已經(jīng)北倫敦污染的河流?！咀⑨專簑hich had been … London.是由which引導的非限

34、制性定語從句，which指代前面主句中具體的名詞the river，另外，which也可以指代抽象概念，如：He left early, which was wise.他早早地離開，那是很明智的。 考題： 1. (09全II-17) My friend showed me around the town, ____ was very kind of him. A. which B. that C. where D. it 2. (09魯-24) Whenever I met her, _____ was fairly often, sh

35、e greeted me with a sweet smile. A. who B. which C. when D. that 3. (09遼-23) They’ve won their last three matches, _____ I find a bit surprising actually. A. that B. when C. what D. which 4. (08浙-8) Yesterday she sold her car, _____ she bought a mo

36、nth ago. A. when B. where C. that D. which ABDD】 Immediately John Snow told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the water pump so it could not be used.立刻，約翰斯諾要感到吃驚的寬街人移除水泵的把手，以使它不能再用。 Soon the disease began to slow down.很快，疾病傳播開始緩慢下來。

37、 John Snow had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.約翰斯諾早已表明霍亂是由細菌傳播，而不是由云氣傳播。 In addition, he found two other deaths in another part of London that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.另外，他發(fā)現(xiàn)在倫敦的另外一個地方的另外兩例死亡與寬街霍亂爆發(fā)有關(guān)?！咀⑨專篿n addition副詞短語，單獨作狀語，用于句首或句中，在句末相當于as well；

38、 in addition to介詞短語，用在句首或句中，后須加賓語。如： 1) When Diane fell, she hurt her arm and , in addition, broke her glasses. 2) In addition to a good diet, she keeps on taking exercise to keep fit.】 A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water so much that she had had it delivered from the pu

39、mp to her house every day.一位婦女，她已經(jīng)離開寬街，但，她如此喜歡那里的水，以致于她每天讓人從那個水泵里把水運到家?！咀⑨專篽ave sth. done. 讓人做某事。Have sth. to be done.(指未來）讓某人做某事。 have sb. do sth.讓某人做某事; have sb. doing sth.讓某人持續(xù)不停地做某事。Have sth. To do（指自己）有事要做?！?Both she and her daughter, who often visited her, died of cholera after drinking the wa

40、ter.她和她的女兒，她女兒常去看她，倆人在飲用了那里的水之后都死于霍亂。 With this extra evidence, John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the disease.有了這個額外的證據(jù)，約翰斯諾就能夠確切地宣布：被污染的河水含有這種疾病。 To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies (should) be exam

41、ined and new methods of dealing with polluted water be found.為了避免這種疾病再次發(fā)生，約翰斯諾建議所有的水供應(yīng)源都應(yīng)該進行檢查，也應(yīng)該尋找新的處理污水的方法。 The water companies were also instructed not to expose people to pulluted water anymore.指示自來水公司不要讓人再接觸到受污染的水。 Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.最終，“霍亂王”被擊敗了?！嫖觯簑in，beat，defeat (1) w

42、in 的意思是“贏”、“獲勝”、“得到成功”，作及物動詞時，它的賓語往往是獎品、獎學金、名譽、財產(chǎn)、戰(zhàn)爭或運動等。win后不能接人(對手)，如不說win sb.。 win the race/the battle/the war/a prize/the game/a medal/success/friendship/reward贏得了賽跑/戰(zhàn)斗/戰(zhàn)爭/獎品/比賽/獎牌/成功/友誼/獎賞 Our team won the game 8 to 7.我們隊以8比7贏了那場比賽。 (2) beat也有“贏”、“取勝”、“戰(zhàn)勝”之意，但跟win的用法不同，這個動詞后面跟的是比賽、競爭中的對手或戰(zhàn)爭中

43、的敵人。且beat還有連續(xù)敲打，(心臟)跳動之意。過去式為beat，過去分詞為beaten。 You beat me in the race，but I’ll beat you at tennis.賽跑你贏了我，但打網(wǎng)球我會贏你。 He was so nervous that he could feel his heart beating faster.他如此緊張，以至于能感到自己的心跳加快了。 Listen！The rain is beating against the window.聽！雨點在敲打著窗戶。 (3) defeat本來用于描述戰(zhàn)爭中打敗敵人，現(xiàn)在可與beat換用，以表示

44、擊敗對手。 He was badly defeated/beaten in the election.他在選舉中慘敗。 考題： Zhang Yining________Wang Nan and won the gold medal in the 29th Olympic Games. A．won B．defeat C．beat D．hit 重點句型： 1．Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. 【精提取】　neither...nor...既不……，也不……，連接句中兩個相同成分。 【巧應(yīng)用】　我

45、既不想知道，也不關(guān)心。 Neither do I want to know it，____ ____ _____ ____ ____ _____. 答案：nor do I care about it 2．So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. 【精提取】　every(each，any，next，first，last)time作連詞使用，引導時間狀語從句。 【巧應(yīng)用】　杰克每次來城里都會來看望我。 Jack ___ ___ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

46、he comes to town. 答案：will drop in on me every time 3．The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. 【精提取】　suggest vt.暗示，表明了 【巧應(yīng)用】　他臉上的表情說明他非常高興。 The look on his face ____ ____ ____ _____ _____. 答案：suggested that he was happy 4．Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the ot

47、her planets in the sky make sense. 【精提取】　only＋介詞短語/狀語從句/副詞放在句首時后面(主)句用倒裝語序。 【巧應(yīng)用】　我只有找到工作才能有足夠的錢繼續(xù)大學的學業(yè)。 ___ ___ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ _____to continue my studies at college. 答案：Only if I get a job can I have enough money 常備動詞短語： 1. put forward　提出，建議；推薦；將……提前；put aside節(jié)省，儲蓄

48、，儲存; put out熄滅，撲滅 put away放好，積蓄； put off延期，推遲； put up舉起，張貼，公布，掛起，建造 試題： —Why is he feeling down today? —Because the suggestion he________has been turned down. A．put away B．put up C．put down D．put forward 2. look into注視…的內(nèi)部，注視；調(diào)查； look after照看，照管；　lo

49、ok down upon看不起 look forward to盼望； look out注意； look up to尊重 試題： (2009贛)It is reported that the police will soon ____ the case of the two missing children. A．look upon B．look after C．look into D．look out The building around the corner caught fire last night.The p

50、olice are now ______ the matter. A．seeing through B．working out C．looking into D．watching over 3. make sense　有意義；有道理；講得通； make sense of理解，明白; make no sense沒道理，沒意義； there is no sense in doing sth.做……沒道理; in a sense在某一方面；就某種意義來說； in no sense決不 試題： There are so many new wo

51、rds in the passage that I could hardly make any _____ of them at all. A．meaning B．use C．idea D．sense No matter how hard I tried to read it，the sentence didn’t________to me. A．make out B．understand C．make sense D．work out It doesn’t make ____ to buy that expensive c

52、oat when these cheaper ones are just as good. A．sense B．opinion C．use D．Difference 每日一背范文： (2009年高考全國卷Ⅰ)假定你是李華，正在英國接受英語培訓，住在一戶英國人家里。今天你的房東Mrs.Wilson不在家，你準備外出，請給Mrs.Wilson寫一留言條，內(nèi)容包括： 1． 外出購物； 2．替房東還書； 3．Tracy來電話留言： 1)咖啡屋(Bolton Coffee)見面取消 2)此事已告知Susan 3)盡快回電 注意：1.詞數(shù)100

53、左右； 2．可以適當增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫。 Mrs.Wilson，________________________________________________________________________________ Li Hua 范文： Mrs.Wilson， I’m going out shopping，and won’t be back until about 5∶00 p．m..I have taken with me the two books you aske

54、d me to return to the City Library.At about 1 o’clock this afternoon，Tracy called，saying that she couldn’t meet you at Bolton Coffee tomorrow morning as she has something important to attend to.She felt very sorry about that，but said that you could set some other time for the meeting.She wanted you

55、to call her back as soon as you are home.She has already told Susan about this change. Li Hua 小草急急忙忙的返青依舊；細雨迷迷濛濛的飄灑依舊。 　　盈盈月下來，照亮你的山歌依舊；燦燦星升起，白楊樹綠影婆娑依舊。 　　好風似水，不驚你安眠依舊；鳥兒呢噥，愛的春天依舊。 　　可我，望盡了我的花季，望盡了長長的

56、一路落英繽紛呵！岑凱倫的綿綿春雨依舊，戴望舒的深深雨巷依舊！ 　　漂泊的船，尋找一個溫馨港口；孤寂的心，渴望一聲溫暖問候。 　　是你在我最落寞的時候，把親切放在我左右；是你在我最失意的時候，把慰藉放在我心頭。 　　紅酥手，黃藤酒；春如舊，人空瘦。蝴蝶雙飛影孤單，淚痕紅浥鮫綃透！ 　　那一葉小舟，那一雙眼眸，望穿了幾層山水幾層樓？那一縷相思，那一縷離愁，孤獨了多少暮風晨雨后？ 　　春風依舊，桃花依舊；春水依舊，明月依舊；渡口依舊，時光依舊。前世的情緣，今生的守候，多少次夢里相逢，追憶難收，點點相思堆成無言的愁。 　　紅塵多少愛，化作春水流。時光悠悠，歲月悠悠；韶華易逝 真情難留。 　　忘情川上誰因離恨淚流？三生石前誰為癡情消廋？ 　　縱然我望斷天涯孤獨依舊，在桃花飄落的渡口，我依然會為你采擷相思的紅豆；在海鷗飛翔的碼頭，我依然會為你升起祝福的星斗。 　　你若微笑，我青山嫵媚；你若安好，我綠水無憂！ 　　你若想我，我春風盈袖；你若念我，我春住心頭！