0168-三面翻廣告牌傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)【全套11張CAD圖】
0168-三面翻廣告牌傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)【全套11張CAD圖】,全套11張CAD圖,三面翻,廣告牌,傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng),設(shè)計(jì),全套,11,十一,cad
一、選題的意義
戶外廣告是一種典型的城市廣告形式，隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，戶外廣告已不僅僅是廣告業(yè)發(fā)展的一種傳播媒介手段，而是現(xiàn)代化城市環(huán)境建設(shè)布局中的一個(gè)重要組成部分。本設(shè)計(jì)為三面翻廣告牌的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，三面翻廣告牌是由一組并排的三棱柱組成，三棱柱可由鋁型材制成，且可圍繞自身中心軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，將三種廣告畫面分別設(shè)置在改組三棱柱的三個(gè)面上，從而利用三棱柱的三個(gè)側(cè)面可形成三副畫面，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)三棱柱即可變換廣告畫面。因此，三面翻廣告牌具有同一面積可三陪表現(xiàn)的空間和視覺感的優(yōu)點(diǎn)?，F(xiàn)有三面翻廣告牌通常由傳動(dòng)裝置來實(shí)現(xiàn)其不斷變換畫面的功能，但現(xiàn)有的傳動(dòng)裝置結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)使其制造成本較高，而且使用上容易出現(xiàn)故障，使得三面翻廣告牌的工作可靠性降低。針對(duì)上述現(xiàn)有技術(shù)的不足，本設(shè)計(jì)的主要目的是提供三面翻廣告牌的傳動(dòng)裝置，其結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、成本低且工作可靠度高。為實(shí)現(xiàn)上述目的，本三面翻廣告牌傳動(dòng)裝置包括一用于連接電機(jī)的第一傳動(dòng)軸、一用于連接廣告牌的第二傳動(dòng)軸，連接在第一傳動(dòng)軸的第一傳動(dòng)輪及連接在第二傳動(dòng)軸的第二傳動(dòng)輪垂直設(shè)置，第一傳動(dòng)輪可以帶動(dòng)第二傳動(dòng)輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，而第二傳動(dòng)輪的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)帶動(dòng)第二傳動(dòng)軸及廣告牌進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，所述述第二傳動(dòng)輪包括一第一齒輪于一第二齒輪，所述凸起可推動(dòng)第一齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，而所述凹槽則可配合且以其側(cè)壁帶動(dòng)第二齒輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，且在凹槽和凸起分別于第一和第二齒輪完成一次嚙合后，第二傳動(dòng)輪繞第二傳動(dòng)軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)120°。
三面翻廣告牌的傳動(dòng)裝置，其中，所述第一于第二齒輪分別具有三個(gè)等角度間隔設(shè)計(jì)的齒，且第一于第二齒輪分別呈三角形狀。第一與第二齒輪沿其中心線重疊設(shè)計(jì)，且六個(gè)齒為等角度間隔設(shè)計(jì)。凹槽與凸起沿第一傳動(dòng)輪的徑向設(shè)計(jì)，凸起大致呈圓弧狀，且其兩端設(shè)有導(dǎo)引面；凹槽的相對(duì)兩壁設(shè)有導(dǎo)引面，且大致呈八字狀。
傳動(dòng)裝置包括數(shù)個(gè)第一、第二傳動(dòng)輪及第二傳動(dòng)軸，且所述第一傳動(dòng)輪的凹槽與凸起排列在同一條直線上，沿廣告牌中心將數(shù)個(gè)第一傳動(dòng)輪分成呈鏡像對(duì)稱設(shè)置的兩部分，且每一部分的凹槽與凸起依次沿一條曲線排列設(shè)置。
國(guó)內(nèi)外三面翻廣告的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)：
日前，由國(guó)家發(fā)改委工業(yè)司牽頭編制的專項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告《國(guó)際裝備三面翻業(yè)的最新發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)與趨勢(shì)》出爐。該報(bào)告對(duì)2000～2006年美國(guó)、日本、德國(guó)、法國(guó)、意大利、韓國(guó)、巴西、印度和國(guó)九個(gè)國(guó)家的裝備三面翻業(yè)總產(chǎn)值、增加值等數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了全面統(tǒng)計(jì)，以定量分析的方法研究了國(guó)際裝備三面翻業(yè)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀、動(dòng)態(tài)及趨勢(shì)，以及國(guó)際裝備三面翻業(yè)的技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)與組織結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整演變。
該報(bào)告預(yù)測(cè)，在國(guó)內(nèi)需求拉動(dòng)與國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移的“雙重動(dòng)力”帶動(dòng)下，我國(guó)裝備三面翻業(yè)將繼續(xù)保持快速穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)的良好勢(shì)頭，預(yù)計(jì)未來五年內(nèi)利潤(rùn)增長(zhǎng)率仍可持續(xù)在30%左右，而行業(yè)發(fā)展也將體現(xiàn)以下四個(gè)方面的特征：
第一、產(chǎn)業(yè)總規(guī)模進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大，基礎(chǔ)地位不斷增強(qiáng)。作為為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和國(guó)防建設(shè)提供技術(shù)裝備的基礎(chǔ)性、支柱性和戰(zhàn)略性的產(chǎn)業(yè)，裝備三面翻業(yè)目前已成為我國(guó)規(guī)模最大的產(chǎn)業(yè)門類之一。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，2007年我國(guó)裝備三面翻業(yè)總產(chǎn)值首次突破7萬億元，比2006年增長(zhǎng)近32%，連續(xù)5年以超過20%的速度持續(xù)快速發(fā)展；國(guó)內(nèi)規(guī)模以上裝備三面翻企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤(rùn)3886.66億元，同比增長(zhǎng)47.79%。
第二、研發(fā)投入進(jìn)一步增加，創(chuàng)新能力不斷提高。今后一段時(shí)期，我國(guó)增強(qiáng)自主創(chuàng)新能力、振興裝備三面翻業(yè)的一系列重大項(xiàng)目將繼續(xù)實(shí)施，對(duì)于引導(dǎo)企業(yè)等社會(huì)各方面加大對(duì)裝備三面翻業(yè)的研發(fā)投入，提升裝備三面翻企業(yè)的創(chuàng)新能力，具有十分重要的意義。報(bào)告預(yù)測(cè)，未來5年內(nèi)我國(guó)裝備三面翻企業(yè)研發(fā)投入占銷售收入的比重將由現(xiàn)在的1.4%左右增長(zhǎng)到2%左右。
第三、創(chuàng)造的自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)總量進(jìn)一步增大，核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力不斷提升。我國(guó)裝備三面翻業(yè)九大重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域（發(fā)電設(shè)備、石化設(shè)備、冶金設(shè)備、機(jī)床、儀器儀表、煤炭機(jī)械、工程機(jī)械、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械、環(huán)保設(shè)備）的國(guó)內(nèi)單位或個(gè)人，在華申請(qǐng)專利數(shù)量呈現(xiàn)出持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的態(tài)勢(shì)。報(bào)告預(yù)測(cè)，未來5年內(nèi)裝備三面翻業(yè)九大重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域的國(guó)內(nèi)單位或個(gè)人在華發(fā)明專利授權(quán)總量、發(fā)明專利申請(qǐng)總量和實(shí)用新型專利總量的增長(zhǎng)率都將達(dá)到30%以上；我國(guó)裝備三面翻業(yè)被授予國(guó)馳名商標(biāo)的數(shù)量仍會(huì)進(jìn)一步增加，年均增長(zhǎng)率將達(dá)到30%以上。
第四、國(guó)家重大工程項(xiàng)目進(jìn)一步實(shí)施，一大批重大技術(shù)裝備不斷實(shí)現(xiàn)自主化。報(bào)告預(yù)測(cè)，未來5年內(nèi)，依托國(guó)家重大工程，在能源、材料、機(jī)械三面翻等領(lǐng)域，加快研制開發(fā)大容量高水頭水電機(jī)組、百萬千瓦壓水堆核電關(guān)鍵設(shè)備、大型石油天然氣長(zhǎng)輸管線成套裝備、大型煤礦綜合采掘及洗選成套裝備、百萬噸級(jí)大型乙烯成套設(shè)備、大型煤化工成套設(shè)備、大型寬帶薄板及寬厚鋼板生產(chǎn)關(guān)鍵裝備、新型船舶和海洋石油工程設(shè)備等，一大批重大技術(shù)裝備必將逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)自主化。
二、研究的主要內(nèi)容
1.確定三面翻廣告牌傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)方案（主要是間隙傳動(dòng)為主，輔以其他傳動(dòng)方式），要求能實(shí)現(xiàn)多種翻動(dòng)效果（也就是說能不能利用所設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)，可以通過方便的調(diào)整，實(shí)現(xiàn)非單一的翻動(dòng)效果）；
2.完成三面翻廣告牌傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中關(guān)鍵零部件的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)，包括傳動(dòng)部件的設(shè)計(jì)（齒輪，間隙機(jī)構(gòu)等），軸的設(shè)計(jì)與校核，電機(jī)的選擇等
3.完成三面翻廣告牌結(jié)構(gòu)裝配圖與相關(guān)零件圖（A0兩張）
4.三面翻廣告牌傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)三維造型（選作簡(jiǎn)單控制系統(tǒng)）
三、設(shè)計(jì)步驟、方法及措施
1．設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)備階段 2周
2．?dāng)M定總體方案 2周
3. 繪制圖紙 5 周
4．傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì) 3周
5．設(shè)計(jì)說明書撰寫 3周
6．準(zhǔn)備答辯講稿、進(jìn)行答辯 1周
四、畢業(yè)論文提綱
1．前言
2．總體方案的論證
3．傳動(dòng)方案的論證
4．選用電動(dòng)機(jī)
5．機(jī)械傳動(dòng)裝置的總體設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算
6．機(jī)械傳動(dòng)件的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算
7．間隙機(jī)構(gòu)方案的選擇
8．不完全齒輪效果造型
9．軸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算
10．軸承的選擇和潤(rùn)滑
11．軸承蓋的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算
12．結(jié)論
參考文獻(xiàn)
致 謝
五、主要參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 王旭, 王積森. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2003.
[2] 成大先. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè) 單行版 機(jī)械傳動(dòng)[M].北京：化工工業(yè)出版社，2004.
[3] 成大先. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè) 單行版 軸及其聯(lián)接[M].北京：化工工業(yè)出版社，2004.
[4] 成大先. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè) 單行版 軸承[M].北京：化工工業(yè)出版社，2004.
[5] 錢志峰，劉蘇.工程圖學(xué)基礎(chǔ)教程[M].北京：科學(xué)出版社，2001.
[6] 沈世德. 機(jī)械原理[M].北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2001.
[7] 瞿燕南,機(jī)械制造技術(shù)[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2001.
[8] 徐 灝. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1991.
[9] 機(jī)械工程手冊(cè)，電機(jī)工程手冊(cè)編輯委員會(huì). 機(jī)械工程手冊(cè)[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1995.
[10] 徐 灝. 新編機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師手冊(cè)[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1995.
[11] 胡家秀. 機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)用手冊(cè)[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1999.
[12] 李益民. 機(jī)械制造工藝設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1995.
[13] 張耀宸. 機(jī)械加工工藝設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M]. 北京：航空工業(yè)出版社，1987.
[14] 孟憲源. 現(xiàn)代機(jī)構(gòu)手冊(cè) [M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1994.
[15] 徐錦康. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京：高等教育出版社，2004.
[16] 吉衛(wèi)喜. 機(jī)械制造技術(shù)[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2001.
摘要：戶外廣告是一種典型的城市廣告形式，隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，戶外廣告已不僅僅是廣告業(yè)發(fā)展的一種傳播媒介手段，而是現(xiàn)代化城市環(huán)境建設(shè)布局中的一個(gè)重要組成部分。本設(shè)計(jì)為三面翻廣告牌的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，三面翻廣告牌是由一組并排的三棱柱組成，三棱柱可由鋁型材制成，且可圍繞自身中心軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，將三種廣告畫面分別設(shè)置在改組三棱柱的三個(gè)面上，從而利用三棱柱的三個(gè)側(cè)面可形成三副畫面，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)三棱柱即可變換廣告畫面。
本文介紹了三面翻廣告牌傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)方案，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)多種翻動(dòng)效果，實(shí)現(xiàn)非單一的翻動(dòng)效果，并完成三面翻廣告牌傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中關(guān)鍵零部件的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)，包括傳動(dòng)部件的設(shè)計(jì)，軸的設(shè)計(jì)與校核，電機(jī)的選擇等。運(yùn)用CAD軟件完成了三面翻廣告牌結(jié)構(gòu)裝配圖與相關(guān)零件圖，并運(yùn)用Pro/e軟件對(duì)三面翻廣告牌傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行三維造型設(shè)計(jì)。
關(guān)鍵字：三面翻、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、廣告牌、設(shè)計(jì)
Abstract：Outdoor advertising is a typical urban forms of advertising, with the social and economic development, outdoor advertising is not only the development of the advertising industry as a means of mass media, but the layout of modern urban environment is an important component. The design for the three billboards in the transmission system, three billboards side by side by a group composed of three prism, triangular prism can be made of aluminum, and can rotate around its central axis, the three ad screens were set up in the restructuring of The three prism surface to take advantage of the three prism can be formed three pictures side, turn the prism to change advertising display.
This article describes three billboards drive solution that can achieve a variety of flip effects, to achieve non-single flip effects, and complete the three billboards drive the structural parameters in the design of key components, including the design of transmission components, the axis design and verification, motor selection. The use of CAD software to complete the structure of the three billboards assembly drawing and related parts diagram, and the use of Pro / e software, three billboards on the three-dimensional drive system design.
朗讀
顯示對(duì)應(yīng)的拉丁字符的拼音
Key words: Three sides、Transmission、Billboard、Design
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理論
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一門通過設(shè)計(jì)新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品來滿足人類需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它涉及工程技術(shù)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，主要研究產(chǎn)品的尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本構(gòu)思，還要研究產(chǎn)品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的問題。
進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工作的人員通常被稱為設(shè)計(jì)人員或者機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)工程師。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性，還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。
如前所訴，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識(shí)本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。
應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如，即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。
一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí)，就使用原來的方法。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)?所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì)，要求屏棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法，在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理，將其與未經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來。
新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí)，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。
在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不受各種約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法，也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期，即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常，要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作，因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對(duì)所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。
另一個(gè)重要問題，設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開始階段，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商，并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。為了進(jìn)行有效的交流 ，需要解決下列問題：
（1） 所設(shè)計(jì)的這個(gè)產(chǎn)品是否真正為人們所需要？
（2） 此產(chǎn)品與其他公司的現(xiàn)有同類產(chǎn)品相比有無競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力？
（3） 生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟(jì)？
（4） 產(chǎn)品的維修是否方便？
（5） 產(chǎn)品有無銷路？是否可以盈利？
只有時(shí)間能對(duì)上述問題給出正確答案。但是， 產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、制造和銷售只能在對(duì)上述問題的初步肯定答案的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。設(shè)計(jì)工程師還應(yīng)該通過零件圖和裝配圖，與制造部門一起對(duì)最終設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行磋商。
通常 ，在制造過程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)問題?？赡軙?huì)要求對(duì)某個(gè)零件尺寸或公差作一些更改，使零件的生產(chǎn)變得容易。但是，工程上的更改必須要經(jīng)過設(shè)計(jì)人員批準(zhǔn)，以保證不會(huì)損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時(shí)，在產(chǎn)品的裝配時(shí)或者裝箱外運(yùn)前的試驗(yàn)中才發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說明了設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過程?？偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉硗瓿稍O(shè)計(jì)工作，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該不斷努力，尋找這些更好的方法。
近些年來，工程材料的選擇已經(jīng)顯得重要。此外，選擇過程應(yīng)該是一個(gè)對(duì)材料的連續(xù)不斷的重新評(píng)價(jià)過程。新材料不斷出現(xiàn)，而一些原有的材料的能夠獲得的數(shù)量可能會(huì)減少。環(huán)境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面經(jīng)常會(huì)對(duì)材料選擇附加新的限制條件。為了減輕重量或者節(jié)約能源，可能會(huì)要求使用不同的材料。來自國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、對(duì)產(chǎn)品維修保養(yǎng)方便性要求的提高和顧客的反饋等方面的壓力，都會(huì)促使人們對(duì)材料進(jìn)行重新評(píng)價(jià)。由于材料選用不當(dāng)造成的產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。此外，材料與材料加工之間的相互依賴關(guān)系已經(jīng)被人們認(rèn)識(shí)得更清楚。因此，為了能在合理的成本和確保質(zhì)量的前提下獲得滿意的結(jié)果，設(shè)計(jì)工程師的制造工程師都必須認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地選擇、確定和使用材料。
制造任何產(chǎn)品的第一步工作都是設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)通?？梢苑譃閹讉€(gè)明確的階段：（a）初步設(shè)計(jì)；（b）功能設(shè)計(jì)；（c）生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)。在初步設(shè)計(jì)階段，設(shè)計(jì)者著重考慮產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該具有的功能。通常要設(shè)想和考慮幾個(gè)方案，然后決定這種思想是否可行；如果可行，則應(yīng)該對(duì)其中一個(gè)或幾個(gè)方案作進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)。在此階段，關(guān)于材料選擇唯一要考慮的問題是：是否有性能符合要求的材料可供選擇；如果沒有的話，是否有較大的把握在成本和時(shí)間都允許的限度內(nèi)研制出一種新材料。
在功能設(shè)計(jì)和工程設(shè)計(jì)階段，要做出一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的設(shè)計(jì)。在這個(gè)階段要繪制出相當(dāng)完整的圖紙，選擇并確定各種零件的材料。通常要制造出樣機(jī)或者實(shí)物模型，并對(duì)其進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)，評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等。雖然這種試驗(yàn)可能會(huì)表明，在產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入到生產(chǎn)階段之前，應(yīng)該更換某些材料，但是，絕對(duì)不能將這一點(diǎn)作為不認(rèn)真選擇材料的借口。應(yīng)該結(jié)合產(chǎn)品的功能，認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地考慮產(chǎn)品的外觀、成本和可靠性。一個(gè)很有成就的公司在制造所有的樣機(jī)時(shí)，所選用的材料應(yīng)該和其生產(chǎn)中使用的材料相同，并盡可能使用同樣的制造技術(shù)。這樣對(duì)公司是很有好處的。功能完備的樣機(jī)如果不能根據(jù)預(yù)期的銷售量經(jīng)濟(jì)地制造出來，或者是樣機(jī)與正式生產(chǎn)的裝置在質(zhì)量和可靠性方面有很大不同，則這種樣機(jī)就沒有多大的價(jià)值。設(shè)計(jì)工程師最好能在這一階段完全完成材料的分析、選擇和確定工作，而不是將其留到生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段去做。因?yàn)?，在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段材料的更換是由其他人進(jìn)行的，這些人對(duì)產(chǎn)品的所有功能的了解不如設(shè)計(jì)工程師。
在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)階段中，與材料有關(guān)的主要問題是應(yīng)該把材料完全確定下來，使它們與現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備相適應(yīng)，能夠利用現(xiàn)有設(shè)備經(jīng)濟(jì)地進(jìn)行加工，而且材料的數(shù)量能夠比較容易保證供應(yīng)。
在制造過程中，不可避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)對(duì)使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，可采用某些便宜材料作為替代品。然而，在大多數(shù)情況下，在進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)以后改換材料要比在開始生產(chǎn)前改換材料所花費(fèi)的代價(jià)要高。在設(shè)計(jì)階段做好材料選擇工作，可以避免多數(shù)這樣的情況。在生產(chǎn)制造開始后出現(xiàn)了可供使用的新材料是更換材料的最常見的原因。當(dāng)然，這些新材料可能降低成本、改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的性能。但是，必須對(duì)新材料進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的評(píng)價(jià)，以確保其所有性能都滿足要求。應(yīng)當(dāng)記住，新材料的性能和可靠性很少像現(xiàn)有材料那樣為人們所了解。大部分的產(chǎn)品失效和產(chǎn)品責(zé)任事故案件是由于在選用新材料作為替代材料之前，沒有真正了解它們的長(zhǎng)期使用性能而引起的。
產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時(shí)，采用最好的程序。在材料過程中，五個(gè)最常見的問題為：（a）不了解或者不會(huì)使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料；(b)未能預(yù)見和考慮擦黑年品可能的合理用途（如有可能，設(shè)計(jì)人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測(cè)和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中，由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當(dāng)其長(zhǎng)期性能數(shù)據(jù)是如此的時(shí)候；(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證；(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。
通過對(duì)上述五個(gè)問題的分析，可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由存在的結(jié)論。對(duì)這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，設(shè)計(jì)人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。
從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對(duì)材料的性質(zhì)，特點(diǎn)和加工方法有一個(gè)全面而基本的了解。
4
Machine design theory
The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.
Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.
If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product
Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.
A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.
Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.
In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.
How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel's basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.
Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem:
(1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability
(2) does this product compare with other companies' existing similar products?
(3) produces this kind of product is whether economical?
(4) product service is whether convenient?
(5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?
Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal.
Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method.
Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker's health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer's aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material.
Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.
In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. I
n the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply.
In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.
The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence.
In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material.
Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.
May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.
6
收藏