高三英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí) 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)總結(jié)歸納講義

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)總結(jié)歸納非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括不定式，動(dòng)名詞和分詞。它們是高中所學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法，也是高考必考內(nèi)容。既是高考的難點(diǎn)又是高考的熱點(diǎn)。真正領(lǐng)悟非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法要具備以下基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)：具有句子結(jié)構(gòu)的知識(shí)，會(huì)分析句子成分。具有簡(jiǎn)單句最基本的五種句型的知識(shí)，要分得清雙賓語(yǔ)和復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。具有扎實(shí)而豐富的動(dòng)詞知識(shí)，要分得清及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。具備各種復(fù)合句的知識(shí)，能夠拆析復(fù)合句和長(zhǎng)難句。1 三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成及變化形式。不定式主動(dòng)被動(dòng) 一般形式（本身包含將去做的含義）To doTo be done進(jìn)行形式To be doing -完成形式To have done To have been done動(dòng)詞的ING 形式主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般形式（本身包含正在進(jìn)行的含義） Ving Being Ved 完成形式Having Ved Having been Ved 過(guò)去分詞 done （無(wú)變化）所有非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定形式都是把否定副詞not,never放在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的前面。2.三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式句法功能比較 功能種類(lèi)主賓 表 定狀 補(bǔ)不定式 動(dòng)名詞 分詞 考點(diǎn)一：非謂語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。1. 在很多情況下沒(méi)有明顯的不同. Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe.2. 不定式做主語(yǔ) 表示某一次具體的,特定的或有待實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作, 而動(dòng)名詞則表示通常的情況. eg:To tell him the truth would be the best. / Painting is an art.動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，另一種形式是在句首用先行代詞it作形式主語(yǔ)，而將動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）移到謂語(yǔ)之后作真正主語(yǔ)。用于這種形式是一些特定形容詞，動(dòng)詞和名詞1)形容詞作表語(yǔ)It is adj/n.(for sb.) to do sth. （常見(jiàn)的形容詞是：necessary,important,possible等） It is adj./n.(of sb.) to do sth. (常見(jiàn)的形容詞是clever,stupid,foolish,wise,cruel等)2)常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：require, cost, amuse, delight, annoy等eg: It takes much time to do sth./ It didnt occur to me to ask him to help me.3)一些名詞作表語(yǔ)eg: It seems a pity to waste them./It is a great pleasure to do this./It is a good idea to think this way動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí) 常用的句型有：It is nice doing sth./Its foolish doing sth./It is useless doing that/Its a waste of time doing this. /Its worth ones while doing sth./ Its no good (use) doing that.Its an awful job doing this. /Its fun doing this.There is/ was no sense in doing/no point in doing 考點(diǎn)二：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ) 詳細(xì)見(jiàn)5+3 P70-72頁(yè)補(bǔ)充:1.begin和start在下列三種情況下, 通常跟不定式, 不跟動(dòng)名詞 1) 當(dāng)begin和start的主語(yǔ)是無(wú)生命之物時(shí). eg: Snow began to melt.2) 當(dāng)begin和start用于進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí). eg: He is beginning to study English.3) 當(dāng)begin和start后面跟著一些表示心理狀態(tài)的詞時(shí). eg: I began to believe his story.2. be afraid to do 不敢去做 be afraid of doing 害怕發(fā)生某事3. be sure to do 一定會(huì) be sure of doing 確信會(huì) eg: Tom is sure to pass the exam.(說(shuō)話(huà)人的看法, 認(rèn)為T(mén)om 一定會(huì)考試通過(guò).) Tom is sure of passing the exam. ( Tom 對(duì)自己通過(guò)考試很有把握.)考點(diǎn)三：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作表語(yǔ)不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞做表語(yǔ)： 1. 不定式做表語(yǔ)常表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。不定式一般緊跟在系動(dòng)詞如: be, seem, remain, appear等后面, 用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)一般為名詞，如：idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention,wish, dream, etc. eg. My purpose is to teach them a lesson. l 有時(shí)句子主語(yǔ)也可以是不定式或名詞性從句。 eg:To be strict with students is to be responsible for them. What I want to do is (to )tell you the truth. 如果主語(yǔ)中含有do的任何形式, 那么不定式可以省去to. 2. 動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ)是對(duì)主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容的解釋?zhuān)@時(shí)主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)位置可互換，動(dòng)名詞常用于口語(yǔ)中。 Its full-time job is laying eggs. 3. 分詞做表語(yǔ): 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ):一般表示主動(dòng)或主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)和特征, “令人”的, 主語(yǔ)多數(shù)情況是sth. 過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ): 一般表示被動(dòng)或說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)情感心理上的感受, “感到的”,主語(yǔ)多數(shù)是sb. exciting, excited/annoying, annoyed /amazing, amazed /boring, bored/confusing, confused/ encouraging, encouraged /embarrassing, embarrassed /frightening, frightened等考點(diǎn)四：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 詳細(xì)見(jiàn)5+3 P68-70頁(yè)補(bǔ)充：1.動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不帶to的不定式: 常用動(dòng)詞: feel (一感) ; hear, listen to(二聽(tīng)); make, let, have(三讓); see, watch, observe, notice, look at(五看);help(半幫助,可帶to或不帶to)etc. 注意一：但改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式要加to.注意二：一定要注意動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)直接的主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系 make oneself understood/heard解題技巧： 牢記固定搭配，辯邏輯關(guān)系。不定式和分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是考察的重點(diǎn) 還要仔細(xì)分析非謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后問(wèn)題。l 固定句型sb/sth be said/believed/ reported/ considered/ thought to do /to be doing /to have done 要分清 eg. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying考點(diǎn)五：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ) 詳細(xì)見(jiàn)5+3 P67-68頁(yè)解題訣竅：找所修飾的詞，辯邏輯關(guān)系，析動(dòng)作先后與被修飾的名詞或代詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系與被修飾的名詞或代詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系正在進(jìn)行doing being + done將要去做 to do to be done 已經(jīng)完成 無(wú)done 考點(diǎn)六：非謂語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ) 詳細(xì)見(jiàn)5+3 P66-67頁(yè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)1)多表示伴隨狀態(tài)，或事情發(fā)生的原因，結(jié)果，時(shí)間，條件等。作狀語(yǔ)2)分詞要和句子主語(yǔ) 關(guān)系保持一致1不定式 1）表示目的，很常用。作目的狀語(yǔ)只能是不定式，也可用in order to / so as to +動(dòng)詞原形(不能放句首)2）表示結(jié)果，很常用。不定式做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的固定搭配 only to do too +adj/adv to doso +adj/adv as to do ， such +n as to do adj/ adv enough to do only（just） to do 常表示意想不到或不愉快的結(jié)果。 3）表示原因 eg.He laughed to see them fall down./He wept to hear the news.4）表示選擇和比較 eg.She opened her lips as through to speak./ He would die rather than give in. 2.分詞 解題訣竅：找邏輯主語(yǔ)，辨邏輯關(guān)系，析動(dòng)作先后 語(yǔ)法作用：1）表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于表示時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于狀語(yǔ)從句when, while。常用于連詞When, before, while, after, since等后面。也可以省略連詞 eg. When allowed, we are supposed to come into the room. Having finished his work, he had a walk. 2) 表示原因 相當(dāng)于原因狀語(yǔ)從句because, since, for 和 as。 eg. Not understanding this, he asked the teacher about it. 3）表示條件，相當(dāng)于條件狀語(yǔ)從句if eg. Given more time, I can finish the work. 4) 表示讓步，相當(dāng)于讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 though, although。 eg. Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. 5) 表示結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，這種分詞前通常有thus 或thereby。 eg. Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. 6) 表示方式或伴隨情況，分詞短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有相當(dāng)?shù)臓钫Z(yǔ)從句，漢譯時(shí)一般譯成并列復(fù)合句 eg. They shook hands, smiling at each other.The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. 7）表示方式 eg. He sat there, as though waiting.考點(diǎn)七：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 詳細(xì)見(jiàn)5+3 P67頁(yè)1 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能 在句中一般作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等;有時(shí)還可以做定語(yǔ)1)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) Spring coming ,the fields are full of life . 2)作條件狀語(yǔ) Weather permitting ,we will have a picnic this Sunday . 3)作原因狀語(yǔ) There being no bus ,they had no choice but to take a taxi . 4)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明 The prisoner stood there ,his hands raised . (伴隨狀語(yǔ))We met many guests ,most of them Americans.(補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明)5)作定語(yǔ)，其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.注意一：“邏輯主語(yǔ)+being+其他”是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的“邏輯主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞-ing形式”的一種形式。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，being往往可以被省去，這種省去being的結(jié)構(gòu)，稱(chēng)之為無(wú)動(dòng)詞“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。2動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可分為兩部分：一部分是名詞或代詞（主格），起著邏輯主語(yǔ)的作用另一部分由形容詞、副詞、名詞、分詞、不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)等構(gòu)成，表示前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)、狀況或動(dòng)作1)動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu): (若動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)為無(wú)生命的東西,只用普通格) 物主代詞或名詞所有格+ 動(dòng)名詞(作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)) 代詞賓格或名詞普通格+ 動(dòng)名詞(作賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)) 2)不定式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”構(gòu)成為：名詞代詞（主格）不定式，動(dòng)詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 eg: His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）3)-ing形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般應(yīng)與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致?？梢员硎緯r(shí)間，原因，條件，方式狀語(yǔ)eg: Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. （=時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句When everyone was ready）The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.（=原因狀語(yǔ)從句Because the boy led the way）My health allowing, I will work far into the night. （=條件狀語(yǔ)從句If my health allows）4)-ed形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)” 與邏輯主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的-ing一樣，若-ed形式的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)不一致的話(huà)，就需要用-ed形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。 eg:The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.注意二：動(dòng)詞不定式表示動(dòng)作沒(méi)有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動(dòng)詞-ed形式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動(dòng)詞-ing形式往往表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。 eg:1.)The manager looks worried，many things to settle.（事情還沒(méi)有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來(lái)處理，用不定式to settle） The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.（事情已經(jīng)處理好了，用動(dòng)詞-ed形式settled表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束）2)The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。（兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行） The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 飯做好了，小孩去睡了。（兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先后，飯已做好，小孩才去睡覺(jué)的）注意三：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being在下列兩種情況下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，二是在邏輯主語(yǔ)是代詞的情況下;其他情況可以省略 eg: There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于沒(méi)有公共汽車(chē)，我們只好走回家。(作賓語(yǔ)時(shí), 通常用there to be結(jié)構(gòu)。Members like there to be plenty of choice.)eg: It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因?yàn)槭切瞧谌眨修k公室都關(guān)門(mén)。eg: He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.（his eyes和sleepy之間省去了being）= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.eg: School over, we all went home.（school和over之間省去了being）= School was over, and we all went home.eg: He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us. 注意四：在“邏輯主語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)里，如果名詞用單數(shù)，可以不用冠詞，同時(shí)介詞短語(yǔ)里的限定詞也可省略。eg:The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.）6、 with、without 引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 介詞withwithout +賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可以構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，上面討論過(guò)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況在此結(jié)構(gòu)中都能體現(xiàn)。A with+名詞代詞+形容詞 eg.He doesnt like to sleep with the windows open.B with+名詞代詞+副詞 eg.Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.C with+名詞代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)eg.He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.D with+名詞代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ed形式eg.With his homework done, Peter went out to play.E with+名詞代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ing形式eg.The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.F with+名詞代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式 eg.The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.提示：在with/without 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。 Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.（without不能省略）考點(diǎn)八：有些分詞短語(yǔ)可以獨(dú)立存在，在句子中沒(méi)有邏輯上的主語(yǔ)，作為習(xí)慣用法。（懸浮式分詞）這些短語(yǔ)有：Generally speaking （總的說(shuō)來(lái)），F(xiàn)rankly speaking （坦率地說(shuō)），Judging from （從判斷），Supposing （假設(shè)），admitting that, supposing that, provided (that), regarding, seeing that, concerning that, granted,有些固定短語(yǔ)是帶 to 的不定式，表明說(shuō)話(huà)人的立場(chǎng)或態(tài)度，在句中作獨(dú)立成分。這些短語(yǔ)有：to be honest（老實(shí)說(shuō)），to be sure （確實(shí)），to tell you the truth （說(shuō)實(shí)話(huà)），to cut a long story short （長(zhǎng)話(huà)短說(shuō)），to be frank （坦率地說(shuō)），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。