奶牛營養(yǎng)與代謝病.ppt

NUTRITIONAL APPROACH FOR CATTLE FOOT CARE,通過營養(yǎng)的辦法護(hù)理牛的體部,INFECTIOUS SKIN DISEASES (MULTIFACTORIAL PROBLEM),Disease organism Spirochaete,Deep Slurry 厚的泥漿泥漿漿漿 Wet Hooves 蹄部潮濕潮潮濕濕 Low Oxygen 氧,FOOT WARTS,Housing System,Nutrition (Protein),感染性皮膚?。ǘ喾N因素引起的問題）,病原生物 螺旋體屬,氧氣含量低,蹄疣（蹄部肉贅）,圈舍條件,營養(yǎng)（蛋白質(zhì)）,CLINICAL LESIONS IN HOOF RESULT FROM: POOR HORN QUALITY DEPENDS ON 決 QUALITY EPIDERMAL TISSUES Nutrition ,Keratinization Intercellular Substances,臨床上蹄部損傷由以下因素造成：,角質(zhì)質(zhì)量差,決定于,表皮組織的質(zhì)量,營養(yǎng),角質(zhì)化,細(xì)胞間的物質(zhì),HORN QUALITY * Keratin filaments and associated proteins * Cross linkages by disulphide bonds to form keratin masses * Intercellular cementing substances REQUIRED NUTRIENTS * Sulphur containing amino acids, cystine, methionine and histidine * Fatty Acids * Calcium, Zinc * Biotin,角質(zhì)質(zhì)量,角質(zhì)蛋白絲和相關(guān)的蛋白,通過二硫鍵的交叉聯(lián)接形成交織基質(zhì),細(xì)胞間的粘接基質(zhì),需要的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),含硫氨基酸，胱氨酸，蛋氨酸和組氨酸,脂肪酸,鈣，鋅,生物素,CONCENTRATE FEEDING AND HOOF DISORDERS Large amount of No Effect Starch or restricted fibre leads Bergsten and Frank (1998) to hoof disorders Olsson et al. (1998) Peterse et al. (1989) Liversay and Fleming (1980) Manson and Lever (1988) (Concrete cubicles) Rubber Mats (Tie Stall),精料喂量與蹄病,大量的淀粉或纖維飼料供給有限導(dǎo)致蹄病,無效,（混凝土隔間）,橡膠墊 （拴系欄位）,RUMEN FERMENTATION PATTERNS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ADAPTION DUE TO pH REGULATION,適應(yīng)PH 值變化規(guī)律的瘤胃發(fā)酵形式,瘤胃PH,醋酸 丙酸 乳酸,克分子（%）,CHANGES OF RUMEN pH THROUGHOUT A 24 HOUR PERIOD IN DAIRY COWS FED CLOVER PASTURE PLUS SMALL AMOUNTS OF MAIZE SILAGE,(Stockdale, 1994),放牧飼喂苜蓿草加少量玉米青貯的奶牛的24間的瘤胃PH值變化情況,時間（小時）,苜蓿草,苜蓿草加青貯,SEQUENCE OF EVENTS LEADING TO LAMINITIS,導(dǎo)致板炎的原因（事件的結(jié)果導(dǎo)致板炎）,營養(yǎng),環(huán)境,傳染病,子宮炎,乳房炎,蹄腐爛,組胺,應(yīng)激,震動,外傷（創(chuàng)傷）,板炎,蹄部變質(zhì),板層破壞,血管收縮/擴(kuò)張,革蘭氏陰性菌死亡和內(nèi)毒素釋放,PH值下降,產(chǎn)生乳酸,谷物過多,粗料切割過細(xì),谷物懶漢喂法（谷物飼喂次數(shù)過少）,PREDICTION OF MICROBIAL NITROGEN FLOWS TO THE DUODENUM IN DRY AND LACTATING COWS (From Firkin et al. 1998),Microbial Nitrogen flows (g/day),Net Energy (Lactation) Mcal/day,Dry Cow,Lactating Rations,N.R.C. Regression,Firkin et al. (1998) (From published data),微生物氮流入干奶牛和泌乳奶牛十二指腸的預(yù)測,干奶牛,泌如日糧,N.R.C.回歸直,(發(fā)表的數(shù)據(jù)),凈能(產(chǎn)奶)Mcal/日,微生物氮流量(克/日),Methionine g/d,REQUIREMENT FOR METHIONINE IN HIGH YIELDING DAIRY COWS COMPARED TO ESTIMATED SYNTHESIS OF MICROBIAL METHIONINE IN RUMEN,40 litres methionine requirement,30 litres methionine requirement,Milk Production L/day,高產(chǎn)奶牛的蛋氨酸需要量與估測的瘤胃微生物蛋氨酸合成的比 較,產(chǎn)40升奶蛋氨酸需要量,產(chǎn)30升奶蛋氨酸需要量,牛奶產(chǎn)量,40升,干奶牛,蛋氨酸 克/日,AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF PROTEIN MEALS AND RUMEN BACTERIAL PROTEIN (G/100G AMINO ACIDS),蛋白飼料的氨基酸組成和微生物蛋白的氨基酸組成,(克/100克氨基酸0,蛋氨酸 胱氨酸 賴氨酸,奶 肉粉,血粉,魚粉,棉粕,葵花粕,菜粕,大豆,玉米 玉米蛋白飼料,高粱,細(xì)菌,最低-最高,PROBLEMS OCCUR AT CALVING * Dry matter intakes fall (Van Saun 1993, Grummer 1995) * Protein accretion of uterus doubles in last 60 days (Bell et al. 1998) * Uterine uptake of amino acids represents 70% of total material pool (Bell 1995) * Colostrum (rich in sulphur amino acids containing immunoglobulins) and the high milk yield drains the animal of these essential amino acids * Histidine and methionine first limiting amino acids for milk protein synthesis * Transient hypocalcaemia reduces calcium pool. (May last up to 6 weeks) * Increased rumen acidity,產(chǎn)犢時出現(xiàn)的問題,干物質(zhì)進(jìn)食量下降,子宮蛋白沉積在最后60天翻番,子宮的氨基酸的獲取量占了總營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)池的70%,初乳(含免疫球蛋白,含硫氨基酸豐富)和高的產(chǎn)奶量排除了動物體內(nèi)的必需氨基酸,組氨酸和蛋氨酸是乳蛋白合成的第一限制性氨基酸,過度期低血鈣降低了鈣池中的鈣(可能會持續(xù)6周),增加了瘤胃的酸度,FEED INTAKE CHANGES PRIOR TO CALVING,Van Saun et al., (1993),Days Prior to Calving,DM Intake (Kg/d),產(chǎn)前的采食量變化,產(chǎn)犢前日齡,干物質(zhì)進(jìn)食量(公斤?日),ROLE OF CALCIUM IN BOVINE HOOF EPIDERMAL INTEGRITY SYNTHESIS OF INCREASED SULPHUR AMINO ACID RICH PROTEINS MANY SULPHYDRAL GROUPS BORDER OF CORNIFICATION PROCESS CHANGE FROM SULPHYDRAL GROUPS TO DISULPHIDE BONDS CORNIFICATION * Sulphur amino acids important for formation of cellular envelope (Marginal Bond) * Acts as protective sheath on inner side of cell membrane of keratinizing epidermal cells CALCIUM IMPORTANT * Activator of epidermal transglutaminase (Cross Links) * Induction of terminal differentation of keratinocytes,鈣在牛蹄部表皮完整性中的作用,含硫氨基酸豐富的蛋白質(zhì)的合成,許多含硫基團(tuán),角質(zhì)化過程的邊界,由含硫基團(tuán)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槎蜴I,角質(zhì)化,含硫氨基酸對細(xì)胞的形成發(fā)展非常重要(邊緣鍵),在角質(zhì)化表皮細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞膜的內(nèi)側(cè)起到保護(hù)套的作用,鈣的重要性,表皮谷氨酰胺轉(zhuǎn)氨酶激活劑,(交聯(lián)鍵),誘導(dǎo)角質(zhì)化細(xì)胞的最終分化,Blood Calcium Concentration (mg/100ml),Lower Level of normal (Hove 1986),PERIPARTURIENT CALCIUM CONCENTRATION IN PLASMA FROM COWS FED AN IONIC OR CATIONIC DIET PRIOR TO CALVING,Day 0 was day of calving (Goff et al. 1991),奶牛產(chǎn)前飼喂陰離子或陽離子日糧在臨產(chǎn)前后血漿鈣的濃度,正常的低水平,血液鈣的濃度(毫克/100毫升,0日為產(chǎn)犢日,陰離子,陽離子,EFFECT OF FORAGE : CONCENTRATE RATIO ON RUMEN BIOTIN SYNTHESIS IN VITRO,(Da Costa Gomez, 1998),精飼料和粗飼料比例體外試驗對瘤胃生物素合成的影響,粗飼料:精飼料,生物素 微克/日,Steinberg et al. 1994,mcg/d,Biotin Balance in lactating dairy cows,泌乳奶牛的生物素平衡,飼料 牛奶 尿 糞,微克/日,Incidence of Hoof Abnormalities: Control vs. Biotin after 12 months at Final Hoof Trimming,*p0.05,(Bergsten et al., 1999),蹄部奇型發(fā)病率:12個月后最后一次修時蹄對照比生物素,占發(fā)病奶牛(%),蹄底出血,雙重蹄底 脊(棱線),蹄跟角質(zhì)糜爛,對照 生物素20毫克,WASHINGTON STATE BIOTIN FIELD STUDY,150 cows, high producing herd computer feeder system allowed control and treatment groups: 0 or 20 mg/day biotin 1 year trial; clinical hoof evaluations 4x, hooftrimmed 3x milk production from DHIA records outstanding LOL nutritionist,(Bergsten et al., 1999),華盛頓洲進(jìn)行的生物素領(lǐng)域研究,150頭高產(chǎn)奶牛,電腦喂料系統(tǒng)保證了對照和處理組:0或20毫克生物素/日,試驗1年；蹄部臨床癥狀評價4次，修蹄三次,由牛群改良委員會記錄產(chǎn)奶量,湖手牛奶公司杰出的營養(yǎng)專家,Influence of Biotin on Milk Production in Dairy Cows (Washington State Biotin Field Study),n = 94,(Bergsten et al., 1999),*p0.01,生物素對奶牛產(chǎn)奶量的影響（在華盛頓洲進(jìn)行的生物素領(lǐng)域研究）,與對照比增加,生物素20毫克,高出的產(chǎn)奶量（公斤/305天）,RAINFALL PATTERN AND NUMBER OF WET DAYS/MONTHS IN THE MILLAA MILLAA REGION OF NTH QLD,(T. Fitzgerald, B.W. Norton, R. Elliott and O.L. Svendsen, 1998),北昆氏蘭州米拉米拉地區(qū)個月的降雨量和降雨天數(shù),降雨天數(shù) 降雨量 毫米/月,97年5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月12月98年1月2月 3月 4月 5月,MEAN LOCOMOTION SCORES OF HERDS WITH OR WITHOUT BIOTIN SUPPLEMENTATION,*,*,Significant Difference : P0.05,(T. Fitzgerald, B.W. Norton, R. Elliott and O.L. Svendsen, 1998),補(bǔ)充生物素與不補(bǔ)充生物素牛群的平均運動評分,對照 生物素,運動評分,顯著水平：P0.05,97年5月 7月 9月 11月 98年1月 3月 5月,REPORTED MONTHLY INCIDENCE OF LAMENESS IN CATTLE WITH OR WITHOUT BIOTIN SUPPLEMENTATION,*,*,*,*,*,*,Significant Difference : * P0.05, *P0.01, *P0.001,(T. Fitzgerald, B.W. Norton, R. Elliott and O.L. Svendsen, 1998),補(bǔ)充或不補(bǔ)充生物素的奶牛個月的跛行發(fā)病率,生物素 對照,跛行奶牛頭數(shù)/月,97年 5月,6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月,98年 1月,2月 3月 4月 5月,顯著水平: *P0.05 *P0.01 *P0.001,INFLUENCE OF BIOTIN SUPPLEMENTATION ON HOOF HEALTH (Totals For Year),(T. Fitzgerald, B.W. Norton, R. Elliott and O.L. Svendsen, 1998),補(bǔ)充生物素對蹄部健康狀況的影響,(年合計),變量 沒有補(bǔ)充生物素 補(bǔ)充生物素 顯著水平,蹄部和蹄趾表現(xiàn)為中等或嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷,左后蹄,右后蹄,左前蹄,右前蹄,蹄趾病變,內(nèi)側(cè),外側(cè),穿鞋或掛掌奶牛數(shù),抗生素治療奶牛數(shù),Kaplan-Meir Plot of Survival Function in Biotin Supplement and Unsupplemented Cows,補(bǔ)充生物素和不補(bǔ)充生物奶牛卡普蘭-梅爾(人名)存活函數(shù)圖,時間(天),沒有補(bǔ)充生物素,補(bǔ)充生物素,存活函數(shù)值,SOLE HORN MOISTURE CONTENT (%) IN COWS WITH CLINICAL LAMINITIS AND COWS WITH SOUND HOOVES.,*Signifcant difference (P 0.01),Sole Horn Moisture Content (%),*,臨床上為蹄板炎的奶牛和蹄部完好的奶牛的蹄底角質(zhì)含水量(%),蹄板炎奶牛,蹄部完好奶牛,顯著水平(P0.01),蹄底角質(zhì)濕度(%),Mean serum Biotin Concentration (pg/ml) of cows with clinical laminitis and cows with sound hooves,Serum Biotin concentrations (pg/ml),*,臨床上表現(xiàn)為蹄板炎奶牛和蹄完好奶牛的血清平均生物素含量 (微微克/毫升),蹄板炎奶牛,蹄完好奶牛,血清生物素濃度 (微微克/毫升),n=14 r=0.903 p0.001,Serum Biotin Concentration (pg/ml),Sole horn moisture content (%),CORRELATION BETWEEN SERUM BIOTIN CONCENTRATIONS (pg/ml) MOISTURE CONTENT OF SOLE HORNS OF COWS WITH CLINICAL LAMINITIS AND COWS WITH SOUND HOOVES.,臨床上蹄板炎奶牛和蹄部完好奶牛的蹄底角質(zhì)含水量 與血清生物素濃度(微微克/毫升)的關(guān)系,血清生物素濃度(微微克/毫升),蹄底角質(zhì)含水量(%),補(bǔ)充生物素對產(chǎn)奶量影響的實驗結(jié)果總結(jié),出處 處理 設(shè)計 反應(yīng)(結(jié)果),應(yīng)用研究，圈養(yǎng)，一個農(nóng)場 305天增加320公斤校正產(chǎn)奶量,(處理組12,110 公斤比對照組 的11,790公斤， P0.05),0或20毫克/日,0或20毫克/日 應(yīng)用研究，經(jīng)電腦喂料器補(bǔ)充 305天校正產(chǎn)奶量增加878公斤（P0.01),一個農(nóng)場,牛群滾動平均 產(chǎn)奶量=9800 公斤,0或20毫克/日 應(yīng)用研究，每個處理10個農(nóng)場,放牧（澳大利亞）,對產(chǎn)奶量沒有作用。對照每天約產(chǎn)奶 19公斤，處 理約產(chǎn)奶18 公斤,0，10，20毫克/日 對照研究，每個處理15頭奶牛,產(chǎn)奶最出100天,線形反應(yīng)（P0.05)；0，10，和20毫克 各處理的產(chǎn) 奶量為36.9， 37.8和39.7 公斤/日。,產(chǎn)奶周齡,產(chǎn)奶量，公斤/日,每天補(bǔ)充生物素對產(chǎn)奶量的影響（ =對照， =10毫克 ， =20毫克）,丙酰CoA 丙酸鹽 丙酸鹽,丙酮酸鹽 丙酮酸鹽 乳酸鹽,甲基丙二 酰CoA,葡萄糖,脂肪酸,丙二酰CoA,細(xì)胞質(zhì),乙酸鹽 乙酰CoA,枸櫞酸鹽,草酰乙酸鹽-？,丙酮酸磷酸脂-？,蘋果酸鹽,蘋果酸鹽,線粒體,三羧酸循環(huán),拘櫞酸鹽,乙酰CoA,草酰乙酸鹽-？,圖2.糖原異生和脂肪合成通路需要生物素參加1=丙酮酸羧化酶，2=乙酰CoA羧化酶 3=丙酰CoA羧化酶。B-甲基巴豆酸酰CoA羧化酶參與亮氨酸代謝通路，圖中沒有顯示。,CONTROL OF RUMEN ACIDITY,Prevention of endotoxins,Vitamins A D E,Physical maintenance of good hoof structure,Maintenance of vascular integrity,Diffusion of nutrients to epidermis,Amino Acids,Intracellular synthesis of protein,Keratins,Proteins of cellular envelope,Cornification,Minerals,Vitamins,Biotin,Synthesis of long fatty acids,Intercellular cementing substance,(Prevention of excessive hydration),Zinc (Other trace elements) Calcium,Sulphur rich amino acids,瘤胃酸度控制,內(nèi)毒素防治,維生素,蹄部良好結(jié)構(gòu)的物理維護(hù),血管完整性的維護(hù),營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)向表皮擴(kuò)散,礦物質(zhì),氨基酸,維生素,富含硫的氨基酸,生物素,長鏈脂肪酸的合成,蛋白質(zhì)的細(xì)胞內(nèi)合成,細(xì)胞間的粘接物質(zhì),（防止過渡水化）,鋅,（其他微量元素）,鈣,角蛋白,細(xì)胞外殼蛋白質(zhì),角質(zhì)化,