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Elevator
An elevator or lift is a transport device used to move goods or people vertically. Languages other than English may have loanwords based on either elevator (e.g. Japanese) or lift (e.g. many European languages, Cantonese). Because of wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a legal requirement in new buildings with multiple floors.
Design
Elevators began as simple rope or chain hoists. An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern day elevator consists of a cab (also called a "cage" or "car") mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft, or in Commonwealth countries called a "hoistway". In the past, elevator drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons. In a "traction" elevator, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced with a counterweight.
Hydraulic elevators use the principles of hydraulics to pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car. Roped Hydraulics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower cars. Recent innovations include permanent earth magnet motors, machine room-less rail mounted gearless machines, and microprocessor controls.
Which technology is used in new installations depends on a variety of factors. Hydraulic elevators are cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than a certain length becomes impractical for very high lift hoistways. For buildings of much over seven stories, traction elevators must be employed instead. Hydraulic elevators are usually slower than traction elevators.
History
The first reference about the elevator is located in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes built his first lift or elevator, probably, in 236 B.C. In some literary sources of later historical period lifts were mentioned as cabs, on the hemp rope and powered by hand or by animal's force. It is supposed that lifts of this type were installed in the Sinai monastery of Egypt. In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the palace buildings of England and France. In 1793 Ivan Kulibin created the elevator with the screw lifting mechanism for the Winter Palace of Saint Petersburg. In 1816 the elevator was established in the main building of sub Moscow village called Arkhangelskoye. In 1823, an "ascending room" made its debut in London.
Henry Waterman, of New York, invented the lift (elevator) in 1850. He intended it to transport barrels of flour.
In 1853, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive speed.
On March 23, 1857 the first Otis elevator was installed at 488 Broadway in New York City. The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction for Peter Cooper's Cooper Union building in New York began in 1853. An elevator shaft was included in the design for Cooper Union, because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be invented. The shaft was circular because Cooper felt it was the most efficient design. Later Otis designed a special elevator for the school. Today the Otis Elevator Company, now a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation, is the world's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems.
The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880. The safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague.
The development of elevators was led by the need for movement of raw materials including coal and lumber from hillsides. The technology developed by these industries and the introduction of steel beam construction worked together to provide the passenger and freight elevators in use today.
In 1874, J.W. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to open and close safely. U.S. Patent 147,853?
In 1929, Clarence Conrad Crispen, with Inclinator Company of America, created the first residential elevator. Crispen also invented the first inclined stairlift.
Elevator safety
Elevators are characterized as being extremely safe. Their safety record of moving millions of passengers every day, with extremely low rate of incident, is unsurpassed by any other vehicle system, although fatalities due to malfunction have been known to occur on occasion. A certain number of passengers do die every year in elevator related incidents. In 1998, in the United States, it was reported that of the estimated 120 billion rides per year in the approximately 600,000 elevators in the U.S., 10,000 people wound up in the emergency room. because of elevator-related accidents. "Statistically, it's a safe ride", says Ray Lapierre, executive director of the Elevator Escalator Safety Foundation.
Past problems with hydraulic elevators meant such elevators built prior to a code change in 1972 were subject to possible catastrophic failure. The code had previously required only single-bottom hydraulic cylinders; in the event of a breach of the cylinder, an uncontrolled fall of the elevator might result. Because it is impossible to verify the system completely without a pressurized casing (as described below), it is necessary to remove the piston to inspect it. The cost of removing the piston is such that it makes no economic sense to re-install the old cylinder, and therefore it is necessary to replace the cylinder and install a new piston. Another solution to protect against a cylinder blowout is to install a "life jacket". This is a device which, in the event of an excessive downward speed, clamps onto the cylinder and stops the car.
In addition to the safety concerns for older hydraulic elevators, there is risk of leaking hydraulic oil into the aquifer and causing potential environmental contamination. This has led to the introduction of PVC liners (casings) around hydraulic cylinders which can be monitored for integrity.
In the past decade, recent innovations in inverted hydraulic jacks have eliminated the costly process of drilling the ground to install a borehole jack. This also eliminates the threat of corrosion to the system and increases safety.
Passenger service
A passenger lift is designed to move people between a building's floors. This apparent simplicity belies a complex and sophisticated mechanical, electrical and microelectronic system.
Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space. Generally passenger elevators are available in capacities from 1,000 to 6,000 lb (455 to 2,727 kg) in 500 lb (230 kg) increments. Generally passenger elevators in buildings eight floors or less are hydraulic or electric, which can reach speeds up to 200 ft/min(1.0 m/s) hydraulic and up to 500 ft/min electric. In buildings up to ten floors, electric & gearless elevators are likely to have speeds up to 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s), and above ten floors speeds begin at 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s) up to 2000ft/min (10 m/s).
Sometimes passenger elevators are used as a city transport along with funiculars. For example, there is a 3-station underground public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, which takes passengers from the top of a hill above the Black Sea on which hotels are perched, to a tunnel located on the beach below.
Types of passenger elevators
Passenger elevators may be specialized for the service they perform, including: Hospital emergency (Code blue), front and rear entrances, double decker, and other uses. Cars may be ornate in their interior appearance, may have audio visual advertising, and may be provided with specialized recorded voice instructions.
An express elevator does not serve all floors. For example, it moves between the ground floor and a skylobby, or it moves from the ground floor or a skylobby to a range of floors, skipping floors in between.
Entrapment
All elevators are required to have communication connection to an outside 24 hour emergency service, automatic recall capability in a fire emergency, and special access for fire fighters' use in a fire. Elevators should not be used by the public if there is a fire in or around the building. Numerous building codes require signs near the elevator to state "USE STAIRS IN CASE OF FIRE". However emergency evacuations in some countries do allow the use of the fire elevators.
Capacity
Residential elevators may be small enough to only accommodate one person while some are large enough for more than a dozen. Wheelchair, or platform lifts, a specialized type of elevator designed to move a wheelchair 6 ft (2 m) or less, often can accommodate just one person in a wheelchair at a time with a maximum load of 1000 lb (455 kg).
Freight elevators
A freight elevator (or goods lift) is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than passengers. Freight elevators are often exempt from some code requirements. Freight elevators or service elevators (goods or service lifts) may be exempt from some of the requirements for fire service. However, new installations would likely be required to comply with these requirements. Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited, though certain freight elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser. Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight Elevators may have manually operated doors, and often have rugged interior finishes to prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although hydraulic freight elevators exist, electric elevators are more energy efficient for the work of freight lifting.
Stage and Orchestra lifts are specialized lifts for use in the performing arts, and are often exempt from some requirements. Local jurisdictions may govern their use, installation and testing, however they are often left out of local code enforcement provisions due to their infrequent installation.
Vehicle elevators
A car lift is installed where ramps are considered space-inconservative for smaller buildings (usually in apartment buildings where frequent access is not an issue). The car platforms are raised and lowered by chained steel gears (resembling bicycle chains in appearance). In addition to the vertical motion, the platforms can rotate about its vertical axis (up to 180 degrees) to ease driver access and/or accommodate building plans. Most parking lots of this type are however unable to accommodate taller vehicles.
In spite of the sheer size of the car platform and its perceived "passenger capacity", there are huge passenger and freight lifts that can accommodate more than the rated capacity of the car lift.
Boat elevators
Main article: Boat lift
In some smaller canals, boats and small ships can pass between different levels of a canal with a boat lift rather than through a canal lock.
Paternoster
Main article: Paternoster
A special type of elevator is the paternoster, a constantly moving chain of boxes. A similar concept moves only a small platform, which the rider mounts while using a handhold and was once seen in multi-story industrial plants.
Material handling belts and belt elevators
A different kind of elevator is used to transport material. It generally consists of an inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs. The conveyor often includes partitions to prevent the material from sliding backwards. These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications. When such mechanisms (or spiral screws or pneumatic transport) are used to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos, the entire structure is called a grain elevator.
There have occasionally been lift belts for humans; these typically have steps about every seven feet along the length of the belt, which moves vertically, so that the passenger can stand on one step and hold on to the one above. These belts are sometimes used, for example, to carry the employees of parking garages, but are considered too dangerous for public use.
電梯
電梯或升降機(jī)是一種垂直移動(dòng)的貨物或人的運(yùn)輸設(shè)備。英語以外的語言可能有外來的基礎(chǔ)上無論是電梯（如日本）或升降機(jī)（如許多歐洲語言，廣東話） 。因?yàn)榉傻妮喴瓮ǖ?，電梯往往是一種在有多層樓的新建筑物的必需設(shè)備。
設(shè)計(jì)
電梯由簡(jiǎn)單的繩索或連鎖式吊籠開始。電梯基本上就是一個(gè)平臺(tái)，用機(jī)械手段或拉高或推高。一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的電梯就是一個(gè)裝在一個(gè)平臺(tái)上的的駕駛室（也稱為“籠”或“車” ），放在一個(gè)被稱為井道的封閉空間，或在英聯(lián)邦國(guó)家被稱為垂直通道的設(shè)備。在過去，電梯驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)制，動(dòng)力由蒸汽和液壓活塞提供。在“牽引”電梯，車是被滾動(dòng)槽皮帶輪通過鋼絲繩帶動(dòng)的，在該行業(yè)稱為帶輪。車的重量是由對(duì)重來平衡與制衡。
液壓電梯工作的原理，壓力迫使活塞向上或向下，以使車上升或下降。液壓電梯由液壓動(dòng)力通過繩索，來提高和降低電梯。最近的改革，包括永久地磁鐵馬達(dá)，無齒輪曳引機(jī)帶動(dòng)的無機(jī)房式，微處理器控制。
其中用在新裝置的技術(shù)取決于多種因素。液壓電梯造價(jià)便宜，但安裝氣缸的長(zhǎng)度過大，需要非常高的電梯垂直通不切實(shí)際。超過7層的建筑物，必須使用電梯牽引。液壓電梯通常是低速電梯。
歷史
第一個(gè)與電梯有關(guān)的參考物，是在羅馬建筑師vitruvius的作品中 ，據(jù)報(bào)道說，阿基米德建立了他的第一臺(tái)升降機(jī)或電梯，大概在公元前236年這個(gè)文學(xué)發(fā)源歷史后期，升降機(jī)被稱為駕駛室，系在大麻繩索上由人力或動(dòng)物的力量提供動(dòng)力。這種類型的升降機(jī)被安裝在西奈半島的埃及修道院。在十七世紀(jì)，這種原始的電梯設(shè)在英格蘭和法國(guó)的總統(tǒng)府的建筑物里。在1793年伊萬庫(kù)歷濱為圣彼得堡的冬宮設(shè)計(jì)了帶有起重螺桿的電梯機(jī)構(gòu)，。在1816年莫斯科村的阿爾汗金斯科主體建筑內(nèi)安裝了電梯。在1823年， “升房”首次在倫敦安裝了。
在1850年紐約人唐英年沃特曼發(fā)明了電梯。他打算用它運(yùn)輸桶裝面粉。
在1853年，以利沙介紹了安全電梯，防止由于繩索發(fā)生斷裂而發(fā)生的電梯降落。奧的斯安全電梯的這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)與今天仍然使用的一種有點(diǎn)類似。調(diào)速器設(shè)備利用刻了痕跡的滾筒，鎖定電梯的速度避免下降速度過高。
在1857年3月23日第一臺(tái)奧的斯被安裝在紐約市的488百老匯。第一電梯井道出現(xiàn)在第一電梯之前四年。建在紐約的彼得庫(kù)珀的庫(kù)珀聯(lián)盟的建筑，開始于1853年。一個(gè)電梯井道被包括在庫(kù)珀聯(lián)盟的設(shè)計(jì)中，因?yàn)閹?kù)珀有信心，一個(gè)安全的乘客電梯，不久將被發(fā)明。井道是圓形，因?yàn)閹?kù)珀認(rèn)為這是最有效的設(shè)計(jì)。后來，奧的斯為學(xué)校設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)特殊的電梯。今天，奧的斯電梯公司，現(xiàn)在的附屬公司聯(lián)合技術(shù)公司，是世界上最大的垂直運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)制造商。
第一臺(tái)電動(dòng)電梯，由維爾納馮西門子于1880年建立。電動(dòng)升降機(jī)的安全和速度均由弗蘭克斯普拉格顯著改進(jìn)。電梯的發(fā)展由原材料包括煤炭和來自山坡的木材所限制。這些行業(yè)的發(fā)展和鋼梁建設(shè)技術(shù)的引進(jìn)一起從而使得客運(yùn)和貨運(yùn)電梯在今天能夠使用。
在1874年， j.w. meaker獲得了一項(xiàng)允許電梯門安全打開和關(guān)閉的專利，美國(guó)專利147853
在1929年，克拉倫斯林康拉德crispen與美國(guó)的inclinator公司，建設(shè)了第一臺(tái)住宅電梯。 crispen還發(fā)明了第一傾斜座椅電梯。
電梯安全
電梯的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是非常安全的。他們的安全紀(jì)錄是以輸送以百萬乘客計(jì)算的，每天的事故率極低，是任何其他車輛系統(tǒng)無法比擬的，雖然已經(jīng)知道由于故障發(fā)生死亡的場(chǎng)合。每年都有一定數(shù)量的乘客這樣死在電梯的相關(guān)的事件。在1998年的美國(guó)，據(jù)報(bào)道，估計(jì)每年有120000000000人次乘坐電梯，當(dāng)時(shí)大約600000電梯在美國(guó)。由于電梯事故1.0萬人死在了急診室。 “按統(tǒng)計(jì)上說，這是一個(gè)安全的旅程” ，雷.拉皮埃爾說，電梯扶手電梯安全基金會(huì)執(zhí)行董事。
液壓電梯過去的問題意味著這種電梯之前確立的原則在1972年可能遇到原則性的失敗而變化。該規(guī)則以前只需要單底部的液壓缸;在汽缸斷裂的事故中，電梯因不受控制而下降。因?yàn)樗遣豢赡苋ズ藢?shí)該系統(tǒng)完全沒有加壓套管（如下所述） ，移開活塞檢查是必要的。移開活塞的代價(jià)正如重新安裝舊缸一樣毫無經(jīng)濟(jì)意義，因此取代缸和安裝一個(gè)新的活塞是必要的。另一種解決辦法，安裝“救生衣”以防止氣缸破裂。這是一種裝置，一旦發(fā)生過度下降的速度時(shí)，會(huì)夾緊缸并車停。
此外，從安全的角度考慮，老化的液壓電梯，有液壓油泄漏進(jìn)入含水層的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，造成環(huán)境的潛在污染。這將導(dǎo)致涂在液壓缸周圍的聚氯乙烯襯板（外殼）的引進(jìn)，它可監(jiān)測(cè)其完整性。
在過去十年中，最近的倒置液壓千斤頂?shù)膭?chuàng)新，已消除了為安裝鉆孔千斤頂?shù)陌嘿F的鉆井地面加工費(fèi)用。這也消除了對(duì)系統(tǒng)腐蝕威脅，并提高安全性。
客運(yùn)服務(wù)
一臺(tái)乘客電梯的設(shè)計(jì)是為了在一座大廈的各樓層運(yùn)輸乘客。這種明顯而簡(jiǎn)單卻包含一個(gè)復(fù)雜和精密的機(jī)械，電氣和微電子系統(tǒng)。
客運(yùn)電梯的能力取決于可用的樓面空間。一般乘客電梯，載重能力以500磅（ 230公斤）增薪點(diǎn)，從1000到6000磅（ 455至2727千克）。一般在8層樓的建筑物乘客電梯或更少是液壓或電動(dòng)的，時(shí)速液壓可以達(dá)到200英尺/分鐘（ 1.0米/秒）和電動(dòng)多達(dá)500英尺/分鐘。在10層以上的建筑物，電氣及無齒輪電梯有可能速度高達(dá)500英尺/分鐘（ 2.5米/秒） ，以及10層以上的速度開始在500英尺/分鐘（ 2.5米/秒）最多有二千英尺/分鐘（ 10米/秒） 。
有時(shí)乘客電梯是用來作為帶著電纜的城市交通工具。舉例來說，在烏克蘭雅爾塔有三站的地下公共電梯，把乘客從有酒店的在黑海上山頭帶到下面海灘的隧道里。
乘客電梯的類型
乘客電梯，可用有專門的用途，包括：醫(yī)院急診（代碼藍(lán)色） ，前方和后方的入口，雙層，及其他用途。車可能在其內(nèi)部的裝飾比較華麗，可能有視聽的廣告，并且可能會(huì)提供專門錄制話音指示。
快速電梯并不在所有樓層服務(wù)。舉例來說，它在底層和頂層之間運(yùn)動(dòng)，或它從底層或頂層運(yùn)動(dòng)到一系列的樓層，或者在兩者之間運(yùn)行。
安全事項(xiàng)
所有電梯都要求能夠溝通，有連接到外面的24小時(shí)緊急服務(wù)，并有自動(dòng)召回的能力，在消防緊急情況，能有消防戰(zhàn)士使用的火災(zāi)特殊通道。如果在建筑里或周圍有火災(zāi)，電梯不應(yīng)供公眾使用。眾多的建筑法規(guī)要求在電梯附近標(biāo)明“一旦火災(zāi)，使用樓梯” 。不過，一些國(guó)家在緊急疏散時(shí)允許使用消防電梯。
載重量
住宅電梯，可能足夠小，只能容納一人，而有些很大，可容納10多個(gè)。輪椅上，或平臺(tái)的升降機(jī)，一種專門的電梯設(shè)計(jì)裝載六英尺（ 2米）或更少的輪椅，往往可以容納一個(gè)人在一個(gè)輪椅上一次最高負(fù)載為1000磅（ 455公斤） 。
貨運(yùn)電梯
貨運(yùn)電梯（或貨物的電梯） ，是一部專門運(yùn)貨的電梯，而非乘客。貨運(yùn)電梯往往免受一些規(guī)則的限制。貨運(yùn)電梯或雜務(wù)電梯（貨物或雜務(wù)升降機(jī)） ，可去掉一些限制，為消防服務(wù)。不過，新裝置可能會(huì)須遵守這些規(guī)定。貨運(yùn)電梯，一般在廂內(nèi)都須展示書面警告乘客禁止使用。雖然某些貨運(yùn)電梯，通過使用一個(gè)不顯眼的豎板可以兩用。貨運(yùn)電梯通常較大，其負(fù)荷量比乘客電梯大，一般在2300至4500公斤之間。貨運(yùn)電梯可能有手動(dòng)式的大門，而且往往有可靠的內(nèi)部完成，以防止在起卸貨物時(shí)有損害。雖然液壓貨運(yùn)電梯存在，電動(dòng)電梯在貨運(yùn)運(yùn)輸?shù)母黜?xiàng)工作中更節(jié)約能源。
舞臺(tái)升降機(jī)，是專門在表演藝術(shù)時(shí)使用，而且往往少一些規(guī)則限制。當(dāng)?shù)厮痉ü茌爡^(qū)可能管理其使用，安裝和測(cè)試，但由于其安裝使用少，它們往往被排除在當(dāng)?shù)氐膱?zhí)法守則之外。
汽車電梯
汽車電梯被安裝在認(rèn)為是非傳統(tǒng)的規(guī)模較小的建筑物斜空間，（通常在頻繁進(jìn)出不是問題的公寓大廈）。汽車平臺(tái)被鐵鏈鋼齒輪所提升和降低（在外觀上類似于自行車鏈條）。此外，以垂直的裝置，該平臺(tái)可以旋轉(zhuǎn)其垂直軸（高達(dá)180度） ，以減輕驅(qū)動(dòng)輪訪問和/或和建筑圖相符。大部分這類型的停車場(chǎng)，無法容納更高的車輛。
盡管龐大的汽車平臺(tái)已知其“載客量” ，有的龐大的客運(yùn)和貨運(yùn)升降機(jī)，比額定載荷量的汽車升降機(jī)可以容納更多。
輪船電梯
在一些較小的運(yùn)河，船只和小型艦可以用同一條船升降機(jī)來通過不同水平的一條運(yùn)河，而不需通過運(yùn)河船閘。
傳送帶
一種特殊類型的電梯是傳送帶，一個(gè)不斷移動(dòng)的鏈盒。類似的概念，只是一個(gè)移動(dòng)的小平臺(tái)，一度被認(rèn)為是在多層工業(yè)廠房。
物料搬運(yùn)安全帶和帶電梯
一種不同類型的電梯是用來運(yùn)輸材料。它通常包括一個(gè)輸送帶運(yùn)行的斜面。輸送帶往往包括分割物，以防止材料滑動(dòng)倒退。這些電梯常常用于工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)。當(dāng)這種機(jī)構(gòu)（或螺旋釘或氣動(dòng)輸送）是用來提高糧食在大型立式筒倉(cāng)貯存，整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)即所謂的糧食電梯。
有時(shí)為人配用電梯安全帶;這些垂直移動(dòng)的皮帶的長(zhǎng)度通常大約7英尺，使乘客能夠立足于一個(gè)臺(tái)階并帶到上一層。這些安全帶有時(shí)使用，例如被公園停車場(chǎng)的員工使用，但供市民使用被認(rèn)為是太危險(xiǎn)的。