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機械工業(yè)近期行業(yè)技術發(fā)展重點
第一章 行業(yè)技術發(fā)展現狀
機械工業(yè)是為國民經濟提供技術裝備和為人民生活提供耐用消費品的裝備產業(yè)。國民經濟各部門生產技術的進步和經濟效益的高低，在很大程度上取決于它所采用機械裝備的性能和質量，機械工業(yè)的技術水平是衡量一個國家科技水平和經濟實力的重要標志之一。
經過近50年的發(fā)展，機械工業(yè)已經成為我國工業(yè)中具有相當規(guī)模和一定技術基礎的最大產業(yè)之一。1997年實現銷售收入13651億元，占全國工業(yè)的21%；利潤257億元，稅621億元，分別占全國工業(yè)的15%；出口創(chuàng)匯363億美元，占全國外貿出口額的20%。其發(fā)展速度高于同期工業(yè)的平均增長速度。
近年來，機械工業(yè)企業(yè)自主開發(fā)創(chuàng)新能力有所增強，1997年科技人員總數達48萬人，技術開發(fā)經費支出達85億元，占全行業(yè)銷售收入的0.62%，有57家大型企業(yè)建立了國家級技術中心，有9%的企業(yè)建立了專門技術開發(fā)機構，行業(yè)整體技術水平有了明顯進步，主要表現在：為國民經濟提供成套技術裝備和汽車的能力有較大提高；產品結構正向合理化方向發(fā)展。
盡管機械工業(yè)的綜合技術水平近幾年有了大幅度提高，但與工業(yè)發(fā)達國家相比，仍存在著階段性的差距。主要問題在于：
1．科技進步對機械工業(yè)增長的貢獻率目前僅為34%，先進國家高達70%以上。
2．產品設計技術、制造工藝及裝備、制造過程自動化技術、管理技術落后，是制約機械產品水平的主要因素。
3．機械產品技術水平不高，達到80年代末、90年代初國際先進水平的僅占18%，達到80年代中期國際水平的占27%，其余產品均在80年代以前的水平線上。
從總體上看，機械工業(yè)技術開發(fā)能力和技術基礎薄弱，發(fā)展后勁不足；技術來源主要依靠引進國外技術，對國外技術的依存度較高，對引進技術的消化吸收仍停留在掌握已有技術和提高國產化率上，沒有上升到形成產品自主開發(fā)能力和技術創(chuàng)新能力的高度。
第二章 技術發(fā)展的總體目標
以數控機床、電力電子應用及自動化技術、大型農業(yè)機械和施工機械、轎車關鍵技術、環(huán)保裝備五個方面作為重點，以發(fā)展和應用先進制造技術為手段，以高新技術和產品的產業(yè)化為突破口，以提高企業(yè)技術創(chuàng)新能力和競爭力為目標，提高企業(yè)技術創(chuàng)新水平。到2001年，提供1000種具有自主知識產權和較大市場需求潛力的產品。主要產品品種的40%達到90年代初國際水平，5%達到國際先進水平，90%的重點骨干企業(yè)產品標準接近或達到國際先進企業(yè)標準。
第三章 技術發(fā)展的方向和重點
3.1以數控機床為代表的基礎機械
數控機床是先進制造業(yè)的基礎機械，是最典型的多品種、小批量、高技術含量的機電一體化產品。目前世界數控機床年產量超過15萬臺，品種超過1500種。1997年我國數控機床產量已達9051臺（占機床總產值20%以上），但由于國產數控機床不能滿足市場需求，在國內市場上的占有率逐年下降，每年仍需大量進口數控機床，進口額度大幅度增加。1996年進口達13924臺（價值12.46億美元）。
目前我國數控機床技術發(fā)展中存在的主要問題是：
?。?）產品成熟度差，可靠性不高
國外數控系統(tǒng)平均無故障時間（MTBF）在10000小時以上，國內自主開發(fā)的數控系統(tǒng)僅3000～5000小時；整機平均無故障工作時間國外達800小時以上，國內最好只有300小時。
（2）產品品種少，不能滿足市場需求
國外數控機床品種已達到1500種，國內只有500多種,且性能水平低，高速、高效、高精度產品幾乎沒有。
?。?）創(chuàng)新能力低，市場競爭力不強
生產數控機床的企業(yè)雖達百余家，但大多數都未能形成規(guī)模生產，企業(yè)效益差，創(chuàng)新能力低，制造成本高，產品市場競爭能力不強。
?。?）數控機床行業(yè)的專業(yè)化零配件及部件的協(xié)作生產配套體系不健全，大多數企業(yè)都是“大而全、小而全”的結構模式。
近期我國在數控機床的發(fā)展方面，要采取跟蹤高級型、發(fā)展普及型、擴大經濟型，以普及型為主的策略，重點發(fā)展：
?。?）經濟適用、量大面廣的產品
經濟適用的普及型數控車床、加工中心、數控銑床。
（2）高速、高效和專用、成套數控機床
高速、高效數控車床及加工中心；高效數控鍛壓成套裝備，其中包括，可自動換頭沖壓機床、復合式柔性沖壓中心、四邊折彎機等；大型精密模具數控成套裝備，其中包括數控仿型銑床及龍門式數控銑床、智能化電加工機床等。
?。?）數控機床專業(yè)化配套系統(tǒng)
新一代數控及伺服系統(tǒng)系列產品；數控機床高速主軸、電主軸電機系列產品；數控機床機械手、刀庫及動力刀架系列產品；數控機床高速配套零部件及輔件系列產品；其中包括，高速滾珠絲桿、高速陶瓷軸承、高速防護裝置等系列產品。
發(fā)展目標：
（1）扶植重點企業(yè)開發(fā)經濟適用、量大面廣的數控機床并形成批量生產，使這些企業(yè)產品的市場占有率有明顯提高，成為名牌產品；
?。?）發(fā)展數十種高速、高效、專用、成套數控機床系列新品種，以滿足汽車、農機、航空、模具等行業(yè)的需求；
?。?）數控機床關鍵配套產品：數控系統(tǒng)，滿足國內數控機床50%的配套需求；高速主軸及電主軸年產達千套；機械手、刀庫、動力刀架及數控機床高速配套零部件、輔件系列產品滿足國內50%的配套需求。
3.2電力電子應用及自動化技術
電力電子技術是集微電子、計算機和自動化技術于一體的綜合技術，是節(jié)能節(jié)材的最佳技術之一。目前，國外電力電子技術已經發(fā)展到以IGBT為代表的第三代，并向智能電力電子時代發(fā)展，我國現在仍處于以晶閘管為代表的第二代。國內電力電子市場品種滿足率僅35%，新產品市場基本上被國外產品占領。
現場總線智能儀表和總線式自動測試系統(tǒng)是集自動化技術、計算機技術和通信技術于一體的新一代自動化儀表系統(tǒng)，已成為世界范圍自動化技術發(fā)展的熱點，是當代工業(yè)自動化的主要標志。我國仍處于由模擬式儀表系統(tǒng)向數字式儀表系統(tǒng)過渡的模數混合式儀表系統(tǒng)階段，水平落后10～15年，因此在低技術產品市場上還占有80%左右份額，但在高技術產品市場的占有率不到60%，新產品市場幾乎全為國外產品占領。
因此，抓住當前時機在2～3年內以IGBT，現場總線智能儀表和自動測試系統(tǒng)為突破，攻克重點技術和產品，并實現產業(yè)化。這一領域重點發(fā)展：
（1）IGBT器件及其裝置，大功率晶閘管及其裝置
研制新一代雙極晶體管IGBT、高品質大電流IGBT等大功率晶閘管制造技術，并開發(fā)變頻調速裝置、逆變開關電源、大容量整濾源等的工程應用。
（2）現場總線智能儀表
研制開發(fā)變送、執(zhí)行、配套等類現場總線儀表。產品產業(yè)化技術開發(fā)、并開展示范工程的應用研究。
（3）自動測儀系統(tǒng)和設備
開發(fā)總線式自動測試系統(tǒng)的基礎產品，形成適度規(guī)模，同時建立用于機電產品和社會公益事業(yè)的典型自動測試系統(tǒng)，做好示范和推廣應用。
3.3大型農業(yè)機械和施工機械
3.31農業(yè)機械
工業(yè)發(fā)達國家農機產品在不斷采用新技術的基礎上，正業(yè)環(huán)境方向發(fā)展。目前我國已能生產14大類、3000多個品種的農機產品，但是產品的綜合技術水平僅相當于國外70年代水平。主要問題在于：
1）產品水平不高，品種不全 綜合技術經濟指標落后，可靠性差，壽命短。以拖拉機為例，MTBF值國外可以達到330小時以上，而我國僅100余小時。品種上：大型缺，小型雜，不成系列。
2）產品生產達到經濟規(guī)模的少，重復生產、小規(guī)模生產，難以保證質量。
農機領域重點發(fā)展：
1）促進農業(yè)生產產業(yè)化的大中型拖拉機及配套農具 拖拉機平均無故障時間從110小時提高到300小時以上；
2）聯(lián)合收割機 聯(lián)合收割機可靠性系數從0.5～0.7提高到0.9以上；
3）主要農產品加工機械（含烘干倉儲機械） 農村產業(yè)化和中西部地區(qū)脫貧致富需要的農產品深加工機械；
4）節(jié)水灌溉設備 噴、滴灌設備將灌溉水的有效利用率由大水漫灌的40%提高到80%以上。
農機產品的使用可靠性及壽命指標普遍提高一倍以上，主要產品的技術標準與國際標準接軌。
3.32施工機械
施工機械是國民經濟大型工程項目建設必須的關鍵設備。我國已初步具備16個大類，3100多個品種規(guī)格產品的生產能力，部分產品已開始進入國際市場。但與國民經濟發(fā)展要求和國際先進水平相比較，差距還是很大。一是產品的綜合技術水平不高，尤其是產品的質量、壽命、可靠性、安全舒適性等指標以及機電一體化等高新技術的應用與國外先進水平還有很大的差距；二是產品結構性短缺，成套服務能力差，遠不能滿足需要，如路面施工機械基本上還要靠進口；三是大部分企業(yè)生產規(guī)模小，制約著行業(yè)經濟效益的進一步提高。
施工機械重點發(fā)展：
1）推土機、液壓挖掘機、輪式裝載機；
2）汽車起重機、大型叉車；
3）攤鋪機、壓路機；
4）無開挖式管道鋪設機；
5）江河湖庫清淤設備。
發(fā)展目標：
大型工程機械可靠性指標達到400小時，壽命指標達到10000小時。
3.4轎車關鍵技術
我國汽車工業(yè)長期以卡車為主要產品，改革開放以后，轎車產品得到了快速發(fā)展。1998年轎車產量達到52萬輛。
我國汽車工業(yè)存在的主要問題：
?。?）重復建設嚴重，造成無序競爭，難以集中形成實力，發(fā)揮規(guī)模效益。
?。?）自主開發(fā)能力薄弱，大多數企業(yè)“九五”期間仍偏重于對生產環(huán)節(jié)進行改造，包括多數中外合資的零部件企業(yè)對產品開發(fā)能力建設幾乎沒有投入。目前，國內對轎車產品尚不具備自主開發(fā)能力，機電一體化的高新技術零部件產品還必須引進技術。
近期轎車重點發(fā)展：
?。?）經濟型轎車
以轎車車身為突破口，利用技貿結合、與國外公司合作等方式，先抓車身聯(lián)合研制，并建立經濟型轎車的公用設計數據庫，與CAS、CAD、CAE、CAM等技術結合，形成我國汽車工業(yè)在經濟型轎車方面的自主開發(fā)能力。
?。?）轎車動力總成
消化吸收引進技術，與國外有實力的企業(yè)進行合資、合作、聯(lián)合開發(fā)，在國產汽油機上普及電控燃油噴射技術（EMS），并研究開發(fā)缸內直噴（GDI）技術，開發(fā)應用電控機械變速器（AMT）技術。
（3）轎車關鍵零部件
以機電一體化汽車電子部件為突破口，從引進技術、合資入手，在保證高起點、大批量、專業(yè)化生產的同時，要集中力量抓緊下一代新產品的研制開發(fā)和應用，重點是電控防抱死制動系統(tǒng)（ABS）、安全氣囊（Air Bag）、高效穩(wěn)定的汽車尾氣三元催化轉換器，并達到與整車同步或超前發(fā)展。
?。?）高附加值專用汽車和客車
重點開發(fā)各類高性能專用底盤。對專用汽車以低底盤車輛和沙漠越野車輛為主；客車以低地板城市客車為主，要求具有良好的動力性、操縱性、舒適性和低污染。
3.5環(huán)保裝備
環(huán)保產業(yè)是防治環(huán)境污染、改善生態(tài)環(huán)境、促進資源優(yōu)化配置、支持資源綜合利用的支柱產業(yè)。全世界環(huán)保機械的年銷售額約2000億美元，集中于美國、歐州、日本等經濟發(fā)達國家。我國環(huán)保機械行業(yè)基礎弱、起步晚，年產值僅100多億人民幣。隨著各方面對環(huán)境保護的日益重視，可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的實施，市場需求不斷增長，環(huán)保機械將成為機械工業(yè)新的經濟增長點。
環(huán)保機械行業(yè)主要差距在于：
?。?）產品結構不合理，品種少
初級產品所占比重較大，具有當代水平的機電一體化產品少，急需的大型成套設備不能滿足現實市場需求。在目前3000多種環(huán)保機械產品中，約有五分之一的產品由于性能、可靠性、 適用性、結構設計等原因，應該限制生產或限期淘汰。大型煙氣脫硫、脫氮成套設備、大型城市污水處理廠成套設備、大型城市垃圾處理廠成套設備目前主要依賴進口，高濃度有機廢水、難降解工業(yè)廢水處理
技術及設備發(fā)展緩慢。
（2）產品質量、技術水平比國際先進水平落后20年
相當多的產品沒有行業(yè)或國家標準，產品規(guī)格型號、基本性能參數不統(tǒng)一，質量檢測無依據。
（3）生產企業(yè)規(guī)模小、開發(fā)能力薄弱
規(guī)模小、裝備條件差、檢測手段不全的中小企業(yè)占全行業(yè)企業(yè)總數的78%。年產值在3000萬元以上的企業(yè)僅占全行業(yè)的3.2%，并且主要集中在電除塵器、袋式除塵器等少數幾種產品生產領域。
近期環(huán)保機械重點發(fā)展：
（1）煙氣脫硫設備
循環(huán)流化床鍋爐及爐內脫硫脫硝技術（CFPBC、PFBC技術）、大型整體煤氣化燃氣蒸汽聯(lián)合循環(huán)技術及裝備（IGCC技術）。
?。?）城市污水處理成套設備
活性污泥法、氧化溝法、移動曝氣法為主體的城市污水處理成套設備，以日處理10～25萬噸污水處理廠為目標，提供污水處理成套設備、污泥利用和處置成套設備、控制和監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)。
（3）城市固體垃圾處理和綜合利用裝備
城市生活垃圾分類、焚燒、堆肥技術及裝備，以日處理100噸、300噸處理廠為目標，提供垃圾處理成套裝備。
（4）環(huán)境監(jiān)測儀器
便攜式多功能多參數水質監(jiān)測儀、12種總量控制的污染物監(jiān)測儀、大氣環(huán)境污染監(jiān)測儀器和系統(tǒng)以及水處理過程自動控制系統(tǒng)等。提高產品檔次、水平、可靠性和精度。
主要目標：
?。?）大型成套設備的國產化率達到70%以上；一般工程項目的設備國產化率達到90%以上；高濃度有機廢水和難降解工業(yè)廢水處理技術及成套設備國產化率達到80%以上。
（2）一般環(huán)保機械60%以上的產品達到90年代初水平，5%～10%的產品達到當代國際水平。
?。?）發(fā)展新產品品種，開發(fā)新產品200種以上。
晉中工業(yè)信息網向高效、節(jié)能、保護農
Chapter 1 Industry and Technology Development Status
Machinery industry is the provision of technical equipment for the national economy and people's lives for the provision of consumer durable goods, equipment industry. National economic departments production and technological progress and economic benefits of high and low, to a large extent it depends on the use of the machinery and equipment and the performance and quality, machine-building industry is the skill level of a country's technological level and economic strength of one of the important symbols.
After nearly 50 years of development, China's machinery industry has become a considerable size in the industry and certain technical basis of one of the largest industries. 1997 sales income 1.3651 trillion yuan, accounting for 21 percent of the national industry; profits 25.7 billion yuan, 62.1 billion yuan tax, which accounted for 15 percent of the national industry; export 36.3 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 20 per cent of foreign trade exports. Its growth rate higher than the same period the average industrial growth rate.
In recent years, the machinery industrial enterprises in the development of independent innovation capability has increased, scientific and technical personnel in 1997 amounted to 480,000 the total number of people, technology development expenditures amounted to 8.5 billion yuan, the industry-wide sales revenue of 0.62 percent, with 57 large enterprises to establish a national - Class technology center, nine percent of the enterprises set up special technology development institutions, the overall technological level of industries with significant progress, the main problems: the national economy to provide complete sets of equipment and vehicles have greater ability to improve the product structure being rationalized Direction.
Although the machinery industry's integrated technical level in recent years has significantly increased, compared with the industrialized countries, there is a stage in the gap. The main question is:
1. Scientific and technological progress of the machinery industry's contribution to the growth rate at present is only 34 percent in advanced countries are as high as 70 percent.
2. Product design technology, manufacturing technology and equipment, manufacturing process automation technology, management, backward technology, mechanical products is restricting the level of the main factors.
3. Mechanical products of high technological level, to the late 1980s and early 1990s, the international advanced level of only 18 percent to the mid-1980s the international level of 27 per cent and the remaining products in the 1980s before the level of online.
Overall, machinery industrial technological development capability and technical foundation is weak, the development potential shortage of technology sources rely mainly on the introduction of foreign technology, the higher the degree of dependence on foreign technology, the introduction of technology digestion and absorption are still in control technology and has been Guochanhuashuai increase, the products did not rise to the formation of independent development capability and a high degree of technological innovation capability
Chapter II of the overall objectives of technological development
To CNC machine tools, power electronics applications and automation technology, large-scale agricultural machinery and construction machinery, car key technology, environmental protection equipment in five aspects as a key to the development and application of advanced manufacturing technology as a means to high-tech industries and products into The breakthrough point, to enhance their technological innovation capacity and competitiveness as the goal, enhance their level of technological innovation. By 2001, to provide 1,000 kinds of independent intellectual property rights and greater potential for market demand of products. The main products reached 40 percent of species of the early 1990s, the international standard, five percent up to international advanced level, 90 percent of key enterprise product standards close to or reached advanced international business standards.
Chapter III of technological development in the direction and focus
3.1 to CNC machine tools as the representative of the basic machinery
NC machine tools is the foundation of advanced manufacturing machinery, is the most typical variety, low-volume, high-tech electromechanical integration of the products. The world annual production of CNC machine tools more than 150,000 Taiwan, more than 1,500 kinds of species. 1997 China's output of CNC machine tools has reached 9051 Taiwan (accounting for over 20 percent of total output value of machine tools), but because China-made CNC machine tools can not meet the market demand in the domestic market share decline year by year, a year still importing large quantities of CNC machine tools, A substantial increase in the amount of imports. 1996 imports amounted to 13,924 Taiwan (worth 1.246 billion U.S. dollars).
At present, China's CNC machine tool technology in the development of the main problems are:
(1) maturity poor, reliability is not high
CNC average foreign trouble-free time (MTBF) in more than 10,000 hours, the domestic independent development of numerical control system only 3,000 to 5,000 hours;整機trouble-free an average working hours of 800 hours over foreign and domestic best only 300 hours.
(2) less product variety, can not meet the market demand
Foreign NC machine tools has reached 1,500 kinds of species, only 500 domestic and low levels of performance, high-speed, highly efficient, almost no high-precision products.
(3) low innovation capacity, are on the market
CNC machine tool production of the enterprises must raise about 8 per though, but most have failed to scale production, poor corporate efficiency, low innovation capacity, high manufacturing costs, product market competitiveness is not strong.
(4) the professionalization of CNC machine tools industry spare parts and components produced in collaboration supporting system is not perfect, most businesses are "Dear Quean, the small but complete" model of the structure.
CNC machine tools in China's recent development, to take the High-tracking the development of universal, and expand economic, universal-oriented strategy, focusing on development:
(1) application of economic, Damian-volume products
The universal application of economic CNC lathes, machining centers, CNC milling machine.
(2) high-speed, efficient and dedicated, complete sets of CNC machine tools
High-speed, efficient CNC lathes and machining centers; efficient NC forging equipment, including that automatically for the first punching machine, the composite flexible stamping center, four sides bending machines; large precision molds NC equipment, including several - Profile milling machines and gantry milling machine, intelligent processing, machine tools, etc..
(3) of CNC machine tools specialized support system
NC Servo System and a new generation of products, high-speed spindle CNC machine tools, electric spindle motor products; manipulator NC machine tools, knives and the driving force Turret products; high-speed CNC machine tool parts and accessories supporting products which Including, high-speed ball screw, high-speed ceramic bearings, protective devices, such as high-speed products.
Development Goals:
(1) to foster the economic development of key enterprises apply, Damian wide of the NC machine tools and of mass production, so that the products of these enterprises have significantly increased market share, abrand-name products;
(2) the development of dozens of high-speed, highly efficient, dedicated, complete sets of CNC machine tools series of new varieties to meet the automotive, agricultural machinery, aviation, mold, and other industry needs;
(3) of CNC machine tools supporting key products: NC system, meet the domestic CNC machine tools 50 percent of the matching demand and high-speed main spindle with an annual output of 1,000 sets of mechanical hand, the knife, power tool carrier and supporting high-speed CNC machine tools Parts, accessories series of products to meet domestic demand for 50% of the supporting
3.2 power electronic applications and automation technology
Power electronics technology is set microelectronics, computers and automation technology in an integrated technology, energy-saving materials is the one of the best technology. At present, foreign power electronics technology has been developed to the IGBT as the representative to the third generation, power electronics and smart development of the times, our country is still in the SCR as the representative to the second generation. Domestic varieties to meet the power electronics market rate of only 35 per cent, new products market is basically occupied by foreign products.
Field Bus-Bus smart instrumentation and automatic test system is set automation technology, computer technology and communication technology in one of the new generation of automated instrumentation systems, automation technology has become the worldwide development of the hot and contemporary industrial automation is the main hallmark. China still in the system from analog to digital dashboard instrumentation systems transition module hybrid instrument system stage, behind the level of 10 to 15, low-technology products in the market still occupied about 80 percent share, but in high-tech products market The share of less than 60 percent, the new product markets for foreign products for almost the entire occupation.
Therefore, seize the current opportunity in two to three years to IGBT, Fieldbus smart instrumentation and automatic test system for the breakthrough, capturing key technologies and products and to achieve industrialization. The key development areas:
(1) IGBT devices and devices, high-power devices and SCR
Developing a new generation of bipolar transistors IGBT, high-quality high-current, such as high-power IGBT SCR manufacturing technology and the development of Frequency Control device, switch power inverter, high-capacity filter sources such as the entire application.
(2) Fieldbus intelligent instrument
Development of transmission, implementation, support and other types of Fieldbus instrumentation. Products industrialization of technological development and demonstration projects of applied research.
(3) Automatic measuring instrument systems and equipment
Bus-developed the basis automatic test system products, a moderate scale, while machinery and electrical products and for the establishment of social welfare undertakings of the typical automatic test system, to model and promote the use of.
3.3 large-scale agricultural machinery and construction machinery
3.31 Agricultural Machinery
Agricultural Machinery products in the industrialized countries continue to adopt a new technology based on the industry are environmental direction. China has been able to produce 14 categories, more than 3,000 varieties of agricultural machinery products, but products of integrated technical level equivalent to only the level of foreign 1970s. The main question is:
1) product level is not high, incomplete varieties comprehensive technical and economic indicators backward, poor reliability and short life. A tractor as an example, MTBF values abroad can reach more than 330 hours, but China only 100 hours. Variety: the lack of large and small miscellaneous, not series.
2)The production to achieve economy of scale of less duplication of production, small-scale production, it is difficult to guarantee quality.
Farm Machinery key development areas:
1) To promote the industrialization of agricultural production of large and medium-sized tractor and a tractor tools trouble-free time from an average of 110 hours to 300 hours or more.
2) Combine the reliability coefficient of combine harvesters from 0.5 to 0.7 to 0.9 above;
3) major agricultural products processing machinery (including dry storage machinery) and the industrialization of rural central and western regions become prosperous in need of deep processing of agricultural machinery;
4) water-saving irrigation equipment spray, drip irrigation equipment will be the effective utilization of water from the flood Manguan 40 percent to more than 80 percent.
The use of agricultural machinery products and the reliability of life indicators generally improve more than doubled, the main products of the technical standards with international standards.
3.32 Construction Machinery
Construction machinery and the national economy is large-scale construction projects must be of key equipment. China has initially have 16 categories, more than 3,100 different specifications of the product production capacity of some products have begun to enter the international market. But with the development of the national economy and international advanced level, compared to the gap is big. First, the integrated products of high technological level, in particular the quality of the product, life expectancy, reliability, safety and comfort, and other indicators, such as high-tech electromechanical integration and application of advanced foreign standards also is a wide gap between the second is structural products Shortage of packages of services is poor, far can not meet the needs, such as road construction machinery largely depends on imports; Third, most of the production of small scale enterprises, constraining the industry to further improve economic efficiency.
Focus on the development of construction machinery:
1) bulldozers, hydraulic excavators and wheel loaders;
2) truck crane, forklift large;
3) paver, roller;
4) No excavation for the laying of pipelines;
5) the rivers, lakes dredging equipment.
Development Goals:
Large-scale construction machinery reliability index reached 400 hours, life indicators have reached 10,000 hours.
3.4 sedan key technologies
China's automobile industry to long-term truck as the main product of reform and opening up, the car has been rapid development of products. 1998 car output reached 520,000.
China's automobile industry the main problems:
(1) duplicate construction, causing disorderly competition, difficult to concentrate on a power play of scale.
(2)Weak independent development capabilities, the majority of enterprises "9th Five-Year" period is still a strong bias towards the production processes to be transformed, including the majority of Sino-foreign joint venture enterprises parts of the product development capacity-building almost no input. At present, the domestic passenger car products do not have the self-development capacity, electromechanical integration of high-tech parts must also introduce advanced technology products.
Car recent focus on development:
(1) economic cars
To car body to make a breakthrough, combining the use Jimao, cooperation with foreign companies, including through the body to grasp the joint development, economic cars and the establishment of the common design database, with the CAS, CAD, CAE, CAM, and other technical integration, forming China's automobile industry Economic cars in the independent development capability.
(2) car powertrain
Digest and absorb foreign technology and foreign enterprises strength of the joint venture, cooperation, joint development and in domestic gasoline engine on the universal electronic control fuel injection technology (EMS), and research and development of direct injection (GDI) technology, development and application of electronic control machinery Transmission (AMT) technology.
(3) car key parts
To electromechanical integration automotive electronics components as a breakthrough point, from the introduction of technology, starting with a joint venture, to ensure a high starting point, high-volume, specialized production at the same time, efforts should be concentrated on the next generation step up research and development of new products and applications, with a focus on prevention, control Baosi braking system (ABS), airbags (Air Bag), high efficiency and stability of ternary automobile exhaust catalytic converters and achieve synchronization with the vehicle ahead or development.
(4)High value-added specialized vehicles and minibuses
Special focus on the development of various types of high-performance chassis. The Special Purpose Vehicle to lower the chassis of vehicles and desert off-road vehicles mainly low-floor bus to the main city bus, requires a good dynamic, handling, comfort and low pollution.
3.5 environmental protection equipment
Environmental protection industry is the prevention and treatment of environmental pollution and improved the ecological environment and promote optimal allocation of resources, comprehensive utilization of resources to support the pillar industries. The world of environmental protection machinery of the annual sales of about 200 billion U.S. dollars, concentrated in the United States, Europe, Japan and other developed economies. China's environmental protection machinery industry based on the weak, late start, the annual output value over 100 billion yuan only. With all the face of the increasing emphasis on environmental protection, the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development, market demand is growwing, environmental protection machinery machinery industry will become new points of economic growth.
Environmental protection machinery industry is the main difference:
(1) product structure is irrational, less variety
Larger proportion of primary products, with the contemporary level of integration of mechanical and electrical products less urgent need of large complete sets of equipment can not meet the real needs of the market. In the current more than 3,000 kinds of environmental protection machinery products, about one-fifth of the product because of performance, reliability, suitability, structural design, and other factors, should limit production deadlines or eliminated. Large-scale flue gas desulphurization, nitrogen and complete sets of equipment, large urban sewage treatment plant complete sets of equipment, large-scale urban garbage treatment plant complete sets of equipment currently relies mainly on imports, high concentrations of organic wastewater, industrial wastewater treatment refractory
Slow development of technology and equipment.
(2)Product quality and technical level than the advanced international level behind 20
A considerable number of products no industry or national standards, product specifications models, the basic performance parameters are not unified, quality testing without basis.
(3) Manufacturing enterprises are small, weak development capacity
Small in scale, poor equipment, means of detecting the failure of SMEs industry-wide 78 per cent of the total number of enterprises. In more than 30 million yuan in output value of enterprises accounted for only 3.2 percent of the entire industry, and are mainly concentrated in the ESP, bag filter, and so on a few product areas.
The recent focus on the development of environmental protection machinery:
(1) flue gas desulfurization equipment
Circulating fluidized bed boiler and furnace desulfurization denitrification technology (CFPBC, PFBC technology), large-scale integrated gasification combined-cycle gas steam technology and equipment (IGCC technology).
(2) sets of urban sewage treatment equipment
Activated sludge process, oxidation ditch, moving aeration law as the mainstay of urban sewage treatment complete sets of equipment to deal with the 10 to 250,000 tons of sewage treatment plants as the goal, to provide sewage treatment c