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附錄一 外文譯文 視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)是安全防范系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，是一種防范能力較強的綜合系統(tǒng)。視頻監(jiān)控以其直觀、方便、信息內(nèi)容豐富而廣泛應(yīng)用于許多場合。近年來，隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展特別是網(wǎng)絡(luò)帶寬、計算機處理能力和存儲容量的迅速提高一級各種實用視頻信息處理技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)，視頻監(jiān)控技術(shù)也有長足的發(fā)展，視頻監(jiān)控進入了全數(shù)字化的網(wǎng)絡(luò)時代，日益受到人們的重視和關(guān)注。視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展基本上是從早期的模擬閉路電視監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)向數(shù)模結(jié)合的視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)和現(xiàn)在的數(shù)字視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)演變的過程，而現(xiàn)在的數(shù)字視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)根據(jù)技術(shù)的發(fā)展又分為三個階段：數(shù)字監(jiān)控的多媒體階段、數(shù)字監(jiān)控的DVR階段和數(shù)字監(jiān)控的網(wǎng)絡(luò)階段。 1.模擬視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)：模擬視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)分為基于微處理器的視頻切換控制加PC機的多媒體管理和基于PC機實現(xiàn)對矩陣主機的切換控制及對系統(tǒng)的多媒體管理兩種類型。模擬閉路電視監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)實際上就是許多模擬監(jiān)控設(shè)備的組合，系統(tǒng)主要由“前端設(shè)備”和“終端控制設(shè)備”以及“信號傳輸介質(zhì)”三個部分組成，其中：前端設(shè)備主要由攝像機、云臺、解碼器等，控制設(shè)備主要由切換矩陣、畫面分割器、監(jiān)視器、控制鍵盤、錄像機等、傳輸介質(zhì)包括電纜、控制線等。隨著微處理器、微機的功能、性能、可靠性、結(jié)構(gòu)方式等方面都發(fā)生了很大的變化，視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成更加方便靈活、與其它技術(shù)系統(tǒng)的接口趨于規(guī)范，人機交互界面更為友好。但由于視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)中信息流的形態(tài)沒有變，仍為模擬的視頻信號，系統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)主要是一種單功能、單向、集總方式的信息采集網(wǎng)絡(luò)，因此系統(tǒng)盡管已發(fā)展到很高的水平，已無太多潛力可挖，其局限性依然存在，要滿足更高的要求，數(shù)字化是必經(jīng)之路。模擬監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的主要缺點有：通常只適合于小范圍的區(qū)域監(jiān)控，模擬視頻信號的傳輸工具主要是同軸電纜，而同軸電纜傳輸模擬信號的距離不大于1Km，雙絞線的距離更短，這就決定了模擬監(jiān)控只適合于單個大樓、小的居民區(qū)以及其他小范圍的場所。系統(tǒng)的擴展能力差。對于已經(jīng)建好的系統(tǒng)，如要增加新的監(jiān)控點，往往是牽一發(fā)而動全身，新的設(shè)備也很難添加到原有的系統(tǒng)之中。無法形成有效的報警聯(lián)動，由于各部分獨立運作，相互之間的控制協(xié)議很難互通，聯(lián)動只能在有限的范圍內(nèi)運行。 2.數(shù)字視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)：隨著多媒體技術(shù)、視頻壓縮編碼技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊技術(shù)的發(fā)展、數(shù)字視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)迅速崛起，現(xiàn)今市場上有兩種數(shù)字視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)類型，一種是以數(shù)字錄像設(shè)備為核心的視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，另一種是以嵌入式視頻Web服務(wù)器為核心的視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)。 數(shù)字視頻壓縮編碼技術(shù)日益成熟，計算機的普及化，為基于PC機的多媒體監(jiān)控創(chuàng)造了條件。這種新型視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)迅速崛起，部分地取代了以視頻矩陣圖像分割器、錄像機為核心，輔以其他傳送器的模擬視頻監(jiān)控模式，其優(yōu)越性主要表現(xiàn)在：PC機的多媒體監(jiān)控主機綜合了視頻矩陣、圖像分割器、錄像機等的眾多功能，使系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)大為簡化。由于采用計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)，數(shù)字多媒體遠程網(wǎng)絡(luò)監(jiān)控不受距離限制。由于采用大容量磁盤陣列存盤器或光盤存儲器，可以節(jié)省大量的磁帶介質(zhì)，同時有利于系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)多媒體信息查詢。 但隨著基于PC機的視頻監(jiān)控錄像系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，在實際工程使用過程中，也暴露出一些不足，主要是系統(tǒng)工作的不穩(wěn)定性。基于PC的視頻監(jiān)控錄像系統(tǒng)的組成結(jié)構(gòu)為：兼容/工控PC機+視頻采集卡+普通/較可靠的操作平臺+應(yīng)用軟件。從系統(tǒng)的組成結(jié)構(gòu)來分析：PC機用于24小時不間斷工作時，其性能是不很穩(wěn)定的，工控PC機相對兼容PC機的穩(wěn)定性有一個檔次上的提高，使用于較復(fù)雜的工作環(huán)境。操作系統(tǒng)：以Windos 98為操作平臺的系統(tǒng)，業(yè)內(nèi)人士都知道，Win 98的穩(wěn)定性是有一定問題的，如果同時應(yīng)用軟件又不是很規(guī)范，這樣就容易在使用過程中出現(xiàn)工作不穩(wěn)定、死機等問題，而基于PC機的視頻監(jiān)控錄像系統(tǒng)其軟件的實現(xiàn)是在Windos 95/98/NT、Unix、Linux等通用操作系統(tǒng)上，同時系統(tǒng)文件、應(yīng)用軟件和圖像文件都存儲在硬盤上，視頻處理必須高密度輸入大量數(shù)據(jù)，同時硬盤要進行多工作，普通的硬盤邏輯已無法適應(yīng)，以致極易產(chǎn)生系統(tǒng)的不穩(wěn)定性，造成死機的現(xiàn)象。應(yīng)用軟件：采用簡易應(yīng)用軟件的系統(tǒng)是不能夠用于安防領(lǐng)域的，視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用軟件能力上應(yīng)支持多任務(wù)并發(fā)處理，如見識、錄像、回訪、備份、報警、控制、遠程連接等的多工處理能力。視頻采集卡：視頻監(jiān)控錄像系統(tǒng)通常均為多路輸入系統(tǒng)，視頻采集卡可采用多卡方式，也可采用單卡方式。一般說，單卡方式集成度高，穩(wěn)定性會優(yōu)于多卡方式，很多采用一路一卡的方式很容易形成硬件沖突，其穩(wěn)定性會有較大的影響。嵌入式系統(tǒng)是以應(yīng)用為中心，軟硬件可裁剪的，適應(yīng)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)對功能、可靠性、成本、體積等綜合性嚴格要求的專用計算機系統(tǒng)，亦即為監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)量體裁衣的專用計算機系統(tǒng)。 嵌入式系統(tǒng)主要由嵌入式處理器、相關(guān)支撐硬件、嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)及軟件系統(tǒng)等組成，它是集軟硬件于一體的可獨立工作的“器件”。嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)是一種實時的，支持嵌入式系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用的操作系統(tǒng)軟件，它是嵌入式系統(tǒng)極為重要的組成部分，通常包括與硬件相關(guān)的底層驅(qū)動軟件、系統(tǒng)內(nèi)核、設(shè)備驅(qū)動接口、通信協(xié)議、圖形界面、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化瀏覽器等，嵌入式曹組喲系統(tǒng)在系統(tǒng)實時高效性、硬件的相關(guān)依靠性、軟件固態(tài)化及應(yīng)用的專用性等方面具有較為突出的特點。嵌入式系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)缺點：系統(tǒng)為專用系統(tǒng)，所以系統(tǒng)小，指令精簡，處理速度快。系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)置于ROM/FLASH/MEMORY。調(diào)用速度快，不會被改變，穩(wěn)定性好。系統(tǒng)處理實時性好，性能穩(wěn)定。文件管理系統(tǒng)更適合于大量的視頻數(shù)據(jù)。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能、音視頻同步等方面也難令人滿意。 嵌入式視頻Web服務(wù)器方式，服務(wù)器內(nèi)置一個嵌入式Web服務(wù)器，采用嵌入式實時多任務(wù)操作系統(tǒng)。攝像機送來的視頻信號數(shù)字化后由高效壓縮芯片壓縮，通過內(nèi)部總線送到內(nèi)置的Web服務(wù)器，網(wǎng)絡(luò)上用戶可以直接用瀏覽器觀看Web服務(wù)器上的攝像機圖像，授權(quán)用戶還可以控制攝像機、云臺、鏡頭的動作或?qū)ο到y(tǒng)配置進行操作。 由于把視頻壓縮和Web功能集中到一個體積很小的設(shè)備內(nèi)，可以直接連入局域網(wǎng)，達到即插即看，省掉多種復(fù)雜的電纜，安裝方便，用戶也無需安裝任何硬件設(shè)備，僅用瀏覽器即可觀看。嵌入式視頻Web服務(wù)器監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)與其他的監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的比較有如下特點：不空區(qū)域廣闊，嵌入式視頻Web服務(wù)器監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的Web服務(wù)器直接連入網(wǎng)絡(luò)，沒有線纜長度和信號衰減的限制，同時網(wǎng)絡(luò)是沒有距離概念的，徹底拋棄了地域的概念，擴展布控區(qū)域。系統(tǒng)具有幾乎無限的無縫擴展能力。所有設(shè)備都以IP地址進行表示，增加設(shè)備只是意味著IP地址的擴充?？山M成非常復(fù)雜的監(jiān)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)。采用基于嵌入式Web服務(wù)器為核心的監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，在組網(wǎng)方式上與傳統(tǒng)的模擬監(jiān)控和基于PC平臺的監(jiān)控方式有極大的不同，由于Web服務(wù)器輸出已完成模擬到數(shù)字的轉(zhuǎn)換并壓縮，采用統(tǒng)一的協(xié)議在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上傳輸，支持跨網(wǎng)關(guān)、跨路由器的遠程視頻傳輸。性能穩(wěn)定可靠，無需專人管理。嵌入式Web服務(wù)器實際上基于嵌入式電腦技術(shù)，采用嵌入式實時多任務(wù)操作系統(tǒng)，又由于視頻壓縮和Web功能集中到一個體積很小的設(shè)備內(nèi)，直接連入局域網(wǎng)或廣域網(wǎng)，即插即看，系統(tǒng)的實時性、穩(wěn)定性、可靠性大大提高，也無需專人管理，非常適合于無人值守的環(huán)境。當(dāng)監(jiān)控中心需要同時觀看較多個攝像機圖像時，對網(wǎng)絡(luò)帶寬就會有一定要求。 視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展 1.視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展方向 前端一體化、視頻數(shù)字化、監(jiān)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、系統(tǒng)集成化是視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)公認的發(fā)揮在那方向，而數(shù)字化是網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的前提，網(wǎng)絡(luò)化又是系統(tǒng)集成化的基礎(chǔ)，所以，視頻監(jiān)控房展的最大兩個特點就是數(shù)字化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)化。 2.數(shù)字化 數(shù)字化是21世紀(jì)的特征，是以信息技術(shù)為核心的電子技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然，數(shù)字化是邁向成長的通行證，隨著時代的發(fā)展，我們的生存環(huán)境將變的越來越數(shù)字化。 視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的數(shù)字化首先應(yīng)該是系統(tǒng)中信息流從模擬狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)為數(shù)字狀態(tài)，這將徹底打破“經(jīng)典閉路電視系統(tǒng)是以攝像機成像技術(shù)為中心”的結(jié)構(gòu)，根本上改變視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)從信息采集、數(shù)據(jù)處理、傳輸、系統(tǒng)控制等的方式和結(jié)構(gòu)形式。信息流的數(shù)字化、編碼壓縮、開放式的謝意，使視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)與安防系統(tǒng)中其他各子系統(tǒng)間實現(xiàn)無縫連接，并在同一的操作平臺上實現(xiàn)管理和控制，這也是系統(tǒng)集成化的含義。 3.網(wǎng)絡(luò)化 視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化將意味著系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)將由集總式向集散式系統(tǒng)過渡。集散式系統(tǒng)采用多層分級的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，具有微內(nèi)核技術(shù)的實時多任務(wù)、多用戶、分布式操作系統(tǒng)以實現(xiàn)搶先任務(wù)調(diào)度算法的快速響應(yīng)。組成集散式監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的硬件和軟件采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、模塊化和系列化的設(shè)計，系統(tǒng)設(shè)備的配置具有通用性強、開放性好、系統(tǒng)組態(tài)靈活、控制功能完善、數(shù)據(jù)處理方便、人機界面友好以及系統(tǒng)安裝、調(diào)試和維修簡單化，系統(tǒng)運行互為熱備份，容錯可靠等優(yōu)點。系統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化在某種程度上打破了布控區(qū)域和設(shè)備擴展的地域和數(shù)量界限。系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)化將使整個網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)硬件和軟件資源的共享以及任何和負載的共享，這也是系統(tǒng)集成的一個重要概念。從以可以看出，視頻技術(shù)的發(fā)展大致經(jīng)歷了模擬視頻、PC視頻、網(wǎng)絡(luò)視頻三個階段，并以網(wǎng)絡(luò)、通信技術(shù)為依托和傳輸平臺。 10 附錄二 外文原文 Video surveillance system is an important part of the security system, and it is a comprehensive system with strong prevention ability. Video surveillance is widely used in many occasions for its intuitive, convenient, and informative content. In recent years, with the continuous development of modern science and technology, especially the rapid increase in network bandwidth, computer processing capacity and storage capacity, the emergence of various practical video information processing technologies, video surveillance technology has also made great progress, video surveillance has entered the whole The digital network era has received increasing attention and attention from people. The development of video surveillance systems is basically the evolution from the early analog CCTV surveillance system to the digital-analog video surveillance system and the current digital video surveillance system. Now the digital video surveillance system is divided into three according to the development of technology. Stages: Digital stage for multimedia surveillance, DVR stage for digital surveillance, and network stage for digital surveillance. 1. Analog Video Surveillance System: The analog video surveillance system is divided into two types: microprocessor-based video switching control plus PC multimedia management and PC-based matrix host switching control and multimedia management of the system. Analog CCTV monitoring system is actually a combination of many analog monitoring equipment. The system is mainly composed of three parts: “front-end equipment”, “terminal control equipment” and “signal transmission medium”. Among them: the front-end equipment is mainly composed of cameras, heads, Decoder, etc., control equipment mainly consists of switching matrix, picture divider, monitor, control keyboard, video recorder, etc., transmission media including cables, control lines, etc. With the great changes in the functions, performance, reliability, and structural methods of microprocessors and microcomputers, the composition of video surveillance systems is more convenient and flexible, the interface with other technical systems tends to be standardized, and human-computer interaction interfaces More friendly. However, because the form of information flow in the video surveillance system has not changed, it is still an analog video signal. The network structure of the system is mainly a single-function, one-way, lumped-based information acquisition network. Therefore, although the system has developed to a very high level, The level has not had much potential to be tapped, and its limitations still exist. To meet higher requirements, digitization is the only way to go. The main disadvantages of the analog monitoring system are: usually only suitable for small-scale area monitoring. The transmission tool for analog video signals is mainly coaxial cables, and the distance for analog signals transmitted by coaxial cables is less than 1Km. The distance between twisted-pair cables is shorter. This determines that analog surveillance is only suitable for individual buildings, small residential areas, and other small-scale locations. The system has poor scalability. For a system that has already been built, if new monitoring points are to be added, it is often the case that the new equipment is difficult to add to the original system. No effective alarm linkage can be formed. Since each part operates independently, the control protocol between them is difficult to communicate with each other, and the linkage can only be operated within a limited range. 2. Digital Video Surveillance System: With the development of multimedia technology, video compression coding technology, network communication technology, and the rapid rise of digital video surveillance systems, there are currently two types of digital video surveillance systems on the market. One is digital video equipment. The core of the video surveillance system, the other is the embedded video Web server as the core of the video surveillance system. Digital video compression coding technology has become more and more mature, and the popularity of computers has created conditions for multimedia monitoring based on PCs. The rapid emergence of this new type of video surveillance system partially replaced the analog video surveillance mode with the video matrix image segmenter and recorder as the core, supplemented with other transmitters. The superiority of the new video surveillance system mainly manifested in the following: Many functions such as video matrix, image segmentation, and video recorder greatly simplify the system structure. Due to the use of computer network technology, digital multimedia remote network monitoring is not limited by distance. Due to the use of a large-capacity disk array storage device or optical disk storage, a large amount of tape media can be saved, and at the same time, the system can facilitate multimedia information query. However, with the development of PC-based video surveillance video recording systems, some deficiencies have also been exposed during the actual project use, mainly due to the instability of the systems work. PC-based video surveillance video recording system is composed of: compatible / industrial PC + video capture card + ordinary / more reliable operating platform + application software. Analysis from the systems structure: When the PC is used for 24 hours, the performance is not very stable, and the PC-based PC is relatively compatible with the stability of the PC. It is used in more complex work. surroundings. Operating system: Using Windos 98 as the operating platform system, people in the industry all know that the stability of Win 98 has certain problems. If the application software is not very standardized at the same time, it is easy to work instability and crash during use. Other issues, and PC-based video surveillance video system, the software is implemented in Windos 95/98/NT, Unix, Linux and other general operating systems, while system files, application software and image files are stored on the hard disk, video The processing must input a large amount of data at a high density. At the same time, the hard disk needs to perform more work. The ordinary hard disk logic can no longer be adapted, so that the instability of the system can easily occur, resulting in a crash. Application software: The system with simple application software cannot be used in the security field. The application software capacity of the video surveillance system should support multi-task concurrent processing such as knowledge, video, return visit, backup, alarm, control, remote connection, etc. Multiplex processing capacity. Video capture card: Video surveillance video systems are usually multiple input systems, video capture card can be multi-card mode, can also be a single card. In general, the single-card mode has a high degree of integration, and the stability will be better than the multi-card mode. Many methods that use the one-card and one-card method are easy to form hardware conflicts, and their stability will have a greater impact. The embedded system is an application-centric, special-purpose computer system that can be tailored to suit the application systems strict requirements for functions, reliability, cost, and volume, and is a special-purpose computer system tailored for the monitoring system. The embedded system is mainly composed of an embedded processor, related supporting hardware, an embedded operating system, and a software system. It is an "operational device" that integrates software and hardware into one body. The embedded operating system is a real-time operating system software that supports embedded system applications. It is an extremely important component of an embedded system and usually includes hardware-related underlying driver software, a system kernel, a device driver interface, and a communication protocol. , Graphical interfaces, standardized browsers, etc., embedded Cao system has more prominent features in terms of system real-time efficiency, hardware dependencies, software solid-state and application specificity. Advantages and disadvantages of embedded systems: The system is a dedicated system, so the system is small, instructions are streamlined, and the processing speed is fast. System data is placed in ROM/FLASH/MEMORY. Call speed is fast, will not be changed, and stability is good. The system handles real-time performance and stable performance. The file management system is more suitable for a large amount of video data. In the network function, audio and video synchronization and other aspects are also difficult to satisfy. Embedded video web server mode, the server has an embedded web server built-in, using an embedded real-time multi-tasking operating system. The video signal sent from the camera is digitized and compressed by an efficient compression chip. It is sent to the built-in Web server through the internal bus. Users on the network can directly use the browser to view the camera image on the Web server. The authorized user can also control the camera, PTZ, The action of the lens or operation of the system configuration. Since the video compression and Web functions are centralized in a small device, they can be directly connected to the LAN to achieve plug-and-play, eliminating a variety of complicated cables, easy installation, and users do not need to install any hardware devices. Browser to watch. Compared with other monitoring systems, the embedded video Web server monitoring system has the following characteristics: wide area is not empty, Web server of the embedded video Web server monitoring system is directly connected to the network, there is no limitation of cable length and signal attenuation, and the network There is no concept of distance, completely abandoning the concept of territory and expanding the area of ??control. The system has virtually unlimited seamless expansion capabilities. All devices are represented by IP addresses. Adding devices only means the expansion of IP addresses. Can form a very complex monitoring network. The monitoring system based on the embedded Web server is very different from the traditional analog monitoring and PC-based monitoring methods in the networking mode. Since the Web server output has been converted from analog to digital and compressed, it adopts The unified protocol is transmitted over the network and supports remote video transmission across gateways and routers. The performance is stable and reliable, without special management. The embedded Web server is actually based on embedded computer technology and uses an embedded real-time multitasking operating system. Since the video compression and Web functions are concentrated in a small device, they can be directly connected to the LAN or WAN. The systems real-time performance, stability, and reliability are greatly improved, and no special personnel management is required, making it ideal for unattended environments. When the monitoring center needs to view more than one camera image at the same time, there is a certain requirement for the network bandwidth. The development of video surveillance system 1. The development direction of video surveillance system Front-end integration, video digitalization, network monitoring, and system integration are all recognized as the direction of video surveillance systems. Digitalization is the premise of networking, and networkization is the foundation of system integration. Therefore, the largest video surveillance room is available. Two features are digitization and networking. 2. Digitization Digitization is a feature of the 21st century. It is the inevitable development of electronic technology with the core of information technology. Digitization is the passport to growth. With the development of the times, our living environment will become more and more digitized. The digitization of the video surveillance system should first be the transition of the information flow from the analog state to the digital state in the system. This will completely break the structure that the “classic closed-circuit television system is based on the camera imaging technology” and fundamentally change the video surveillance system from information acquisition. Data processing, transmission, system control and other methods and structures. Digitalization of information flow, encoding compression, open gratitude, seamless connection between the video surveillance system and other subsystems in the security system, and management and control on the same operating platform, which is also the meaning of system integration . 3. Networking The networking of video surveillance systems will mean that the structure of the system will transition from a lumped to a hub-and-spoke system. The distributed system adopts a multi-level hierarchical structure and has a micro-kernel real-time multi-tasking, multi-user, distributed operating system to achieve rapid response of the preemptive task scheduling algorithm. The hardware and software of the distributed monitoring system are standardized, modularized and serialized. The configuration of the system equipment has strong versatility, good openness, flexible system configuration, complete control function, convenient data processing, and friendly man-machine interface. And the system installation, debugging and maintenance are simple, the system operation is mutual hot backup, fault tolerance and reliability. The network of the system breaks the geographical and quantitative boundaries of deployment areas and equipment expansion to some extent. Networking of the system will enable the sharing of hardware and software resources of the entire network system and any sharing with the load. This is also an important concept of system integration. From the above, we can see that the development of video technology has gone through three stages: analog video, PC video, and network video, and is based on network and communication technologies and a transmission platform.